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{{Short description|Traditional Buddhist new year in parts of Asia}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{
{{Disputed|date=October 2017}}
{{
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Songkran
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|bullets=yes
|title=Regional names
|มหาสงกรานต์ ([[Thai language|Thai]])
|သင်္ကြန် ([[Burmese language|Burmese]])
|ປີໃໝ່ ([[Lao language|Lao]])
|泼水节 ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]])
|संक्रांति ([[Sanskrit]])
|අලුත් අවුරුද්ද ([[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]])
|
}}
| nickname = Southeast Asian New Year
| observedby = [[
| litcolor =
| longtype =
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}}
▲</ref> in traditional [[new year]] for [[Buddhist calendar]] widely celebrated across South and Southeast Asia in [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], parts of [[northeast India]], parts of [[Vietnam]] and [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Xishuangbanna]], [[China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opentimes.cn/Abstract/1223.html|title=制造传统 关于傣族泼水节及其相关新年话语的研究 |date=February 2010|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Open Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316090358/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2015|title=Donald K. Swearer The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia|website=Ahandfulofleaves.org|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> begins on 13th April of the year.
== Etymology ==
* United States Department of State. (1984). "Touring and Outdoor Activities", [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102338959 ''Thailand Post Report'']. Washington, D.C.: The U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 15. "Songkran (mid-April) is Thai New Year's Day. Young girls dressed in Thai national costumes go to the banks of river in colorful processions."▼
* [[George B. McFarland|Ach Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra]]. (1944). "สงกรานต์", ''Thai-English Dictionary''. California: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp. p. 802. {{ISBN|978-080-4-70383-3}}</ref> or '''Songkrant'''<ref>[[Dhani Nivat|H.H. Prince Bidyalabh Bridhyakon]]. (1969). ''Collected Articles By H.H. Prince Dhani Nivat Kromamun Bidayalabh Brdihyakorn, Honorary President The Siam Society: Reprinted From The Journal of The Siam Society on The Occasion of His Eighty-fourth Birthday''. Bangkok: Siam Society. 194 pp. p. 25. "according to this the date of the entry of the sun into Aries (April the 13th) was popularly observed under the name of Songkrant (Sankranti)."▼
* [[Samuel J. Smith]]. (1871). "Article 75 Summary of News (Weekending Feb. 23rd, 1871.): SIAMESE KRUT", ''The Siam Repository: A Summary of Asiatic Intelligence, Vol. 3, No. 4. by Samuel J. Smith for the Year of Our Lord 1871''. Bangkok: S.J. Smith's Office. p. 225. "At the palace will be publicly announced the precise day of Songkrant, the Siamese astronomical new year day. It is said it will occur this year April 9th."▼
* The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]). "SONGKRANT FESTIVAL IN THAILAND", ''Unesco Features: A Fortnightly Press Service'', 409(1963). p. 20. "Songkrant is very old and probably came to Thailand from Southern India, Songkrant (the accent is on the second syllable, the 't' is not pronounced) was a mythical character."▼
▲* The Siam Society Under Royal Patronage. "No. IV. The "Toa Songkrant". ตัวสงกรานต์", ''The Journal of the Siam Society'', Vol. 10., 1935. p. 63. "about the time of the Songkrant, that is March and April, for Songkrant in Siam falls on the 13th April."</ref> (outdated Thai form), is also a [[Thai language|Thai]] word<ref>V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", ''Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism''. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262. {{ISBN|978-817-8-35722-5}}. "Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'..."
* Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). ''Teipei: 2008 Yearbook''. [臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp. {{ISBN|978-986-0-14421-5}}. p. 269. "(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., "Water Splashing Festival."
* Komlosy, A. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170814175634/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/7293/AnouskaKomlosyPhDThesis.pdf?sequence=3 ''Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna'']. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. [https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293 'https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293']. p. 334. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year". pp. 334–335. "The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China."
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* Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). [https://search.worldcat.org/title/21156065 ''Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia'']. (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp. p. 26. "‘SONGKRAN’ is a Traditional New Year of the Thai people and this day normally fulls in the month of April. 'SONGKRAN' is a Thai word meaning change of exchange."
* [[Philip Ward|Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen]]. (1974). "THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL", ''Bangkok: Portrait of a City''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. {{ISBN|978-090-2-67544-5}}. "Thai word ' Songkran ' literally means a move or change".
* James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray. (1912). "FESTIVALS AND FACTS (Siamese)", [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56056 ''Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5'']. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 886.</ref>
*
▲* United States Department of State. (1984). "Touring and Outdoor Activities", [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102338959 ''Thailand Post Report'']. Washington, D.C.: The U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 15. "Songkran (mid-April) is Thai New Year's Day. Young girls dressed in Thai national costumes go to the banks of river in colorful processions."
▲* [[George B. McFarland|Ach Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra]]. (1944). "สงกรานต์", ''Thai-English Dictionary''. California: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp. p. 802. {{ISBN|978-080-4-70383-3}}</ref> or
▲* [[Samuel J. Smith]]. (1871). "Article 75 Summary of News (Weekending Feb. 23rd, 1871.): SIAMESE KRUT", ''The Siam Repository: A Summary of Asiatic Intelligence, Vol. 3, No. 4. by Samuel J. Smith for the Year of Our Lord 1871''. Bangkok: S.J. Smith's Office. p. 225. "At the palace will be publicly announced the precise day of Songkrant, the Siamese astronomical new year day. It is said it will occur this year April 9th."
▲* The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]). "SONGKRANT FESTIVAL IN THAILAND", ''Unesco Features: A Fortnightly Press Service'', 409(1963). p. 20. "Songkrant is very old and probably came to Thailand from Southern India, Songkrant (the accent is on the second syllable, the 't' is not pronounced) was a mythical character."
* The Siam Society Under Royal Patronage. "No. IV. The "Toa Songkrant". ตัวสงกรานต์", ''The Journal of the Siam Society'', Vol. 10., 1935. p. 63. "about the time of the Songkrant, that is March and April, for Songkrant in Siam falls on the 13th April."</ref> is a contractive form of Sangkran (sim kranti), which itself is a [[loanword]]<ref>Kingkham, W. (2001). ''Phasa Thai thin'' [Thai dialects, ภาษาไทยถิ่น (in Thai)]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University. 281 pp. p. 23. {{ISBN|978-974-9-93471-5}}</ref><ref>Buapanngam, S. "''Influences of Pali-Sanskrit loanwords on Thai''", [https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/huru/article/view/64283 Ramkhamhaeng University Journal, 35(1)(January-June 2016)]:105–122.</ref> from [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|[[saṅkrānti]]}}'' (or, more specifically, ''{{IAST|meṣha saṅkrānti}}'')<ref>Sir W. M. Jones, Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India). (1869). "The Adjustment of the Hindu Calendar; by Babu Pratapachandra Ghosha.", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. XXXVII (Part II.–Physical Sciense, No. IV.–1868)''. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 188.
* SEWELL, R., Gustav Schram, R., and Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit. (1896). "Years and Cycles", ''The Indian Calendar with Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates, and vice versa''. LONDON: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd. 169 pp. pp. 9, 25–31.
* Swamikannu Pillai, Dewan Bahadur L. D. (Lewis Dominic). (1911). ''Indian Chronology (solar, Lunar and Planetary): A Practical Guide to the Interpretation and Verification of Tithis, Nakshatras, Horoscopes and other Indian Time-records. B.C. 1 TO A.D. 2000''. NJ: Grant & Co., Madras. 347 pp. p. 10.</ref> or [[Pali]]
[[Oxford English Dictionary]] defines ''Songkran'' as "The festival of the Thai New Year, characterized by various observances involving the pouring or splashing of water (1727–present.)".<ref>[https://www.oed.com/dictionary/songkran_n?tab=meaning_and_use#190072726 "Songkran"]. (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online). Retrieved on 17 April 2024.</ref> Term has also entered other languages, such as {{lang-fr|La fête du Songkran}},<ref>DE FELS, JACQUELINE. (1993). Promotion de la littérature en Thaïlande vers les prix littéraires (1882-1982). Paris: INALCO. p. 620.</ref> {{lang-nl|Sonkraen}},<ref>Erdmann H. J. and Kaempfer E. (1977). Southeast Asia and the Germans. Tübingen, Basel: Erdmann. p. 21. {{ISBN|978-377-1-10287-6}}</ref> {{lang-ja|ソンクラーン}},<ref>Aoyagi, Machiko. (2003). 「''『文化交流学を拓く』 (Bunka Koryugaku o Hiraku)」''. Kyoto-shi: Sekai Shisousha. p. 80. {{ISBN|978-479-0-70982-4}}</ref> {{lang-zh|宋干节}}<ref>He, Tian, Fang Ye, Zhou and Institute of Asia-Pacific and Global Strategy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. (2016). 「''『第一章、 概 览』、 泰国 (Thailand)」''. Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press Liguozhi Publishing Center. p. 51. {{ISBN|978-750-9-78859-2}}</ref> and {{lang-ko|송끄란}}.<ref>Dodd S.J. and Techaikovskaya. (2015). ''「세계의 가장 놀라운 축제들」 The World's Most Astonshing Festivals''. (Translated by Kim Ji-eun). Paju, South Korea: Darakwon. p. 82. {{ISBN|978-892-7-75051-2}}</ref>
=== Ethnic Groups ===
The word Songkran written in different ethnic groups, languages or cultures as the following,
* '''Da Gyan''' or '''Thingyan''' ([[Myanmar]]).<ref name=":3">Roy, C. (2005). ''Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia''. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 488. {{ISBN|978-185-1-09689-3}}</ref><ref name=":1"/>{{rp|230}}<ref>Irwin, Alfred Macdonald Bulteel. (1909). ''The Burmese & Arakanese Calendars''. Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Printing Works. p. 14.</ref>
* '''Gin Sip Sèe''' ([[Tai Dón people|Tai Don]], [[Tai Dam people|Tai Dam]] and Tai Tac in [[Sơn La province]], [[Vietnam]])<ref>Satayasanguan, N., et al. (1998). ''Thai Life Permanent Exhibition Hall''. Bangkok: The National Culture Committee, Ministry of Education Thailand. 131 pp. {{ISBN|978-974-7-10243-7}}</ref>
* '''Maha Sangkran''',<ref>Rajesh Kumar Chopra. (2023). ''Evolution and Science of Indian Hindu and Other Calendars''. New Delhi: Anuradha Prakashan. 111 pp. p 62. {{ISBN|978-939-1-87382-0}}</ref>
* '''Mahasang Krane''' (Khmer, in [[French language|French]]),<ref>FARAUT, F. G. (1910). "CALENDRIER (1re PARTIE)", Astronomie Cambodgienne. SAIGON: F.H. Schneider. pp. 61–62.</ref>
* '''Poeng Songkran''', '''Poeng Sakran''' or '''Poeng Sangkran''' (ပုၚ် သၚ်ကြာန်) (Thai-Ramanna, the Mon community in [[Nonthaburi province]], [[Thailand]]).<ref name="poeng-songkran">Ministry of Education Thailand, Office of the National Culture Commission. (1985). ''Thai Cultural Newsletter'', 3(1)(1985). p 5.
* PhrakhruPalat tin Sundaro (Vasasakun). (2017). [https://e-thesis.mcu.ac.th/thesis/236 ''A Study of Dhamma Principle and Beliefs In Sangkran Festival of Mon Community, in Kohkret, Nonthaburi Province'']. [Masters Dissertation (Buddhist Studies), Maha Chulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya University]. Maha Chulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya University Thesis Repository. [https://e-thesis.mcu.ac.th/thesis/236 'https://e-thesis.mcu.ac.th/thesis/236']. pp. 3, 6-7, 23, 44.
</ref>
* '''Poy Sangkhan''' ([[Khün language|Tai Khuen]]).<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|237}}
* '''Poy Son Nam''', '''Poy Sad Nam''' or '''Sangkhan Pee Mai''' ([[Tai Lue people]] in [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Xishuangbanna]]).<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|233}}
* '''Poy Sang Khan''' and '''Poy Sang Jan''' ([[Tai Nuea language]] and [[Tai Le script|Tai-Dehong]]).<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|233}}
* '''Sangkhan''', '''Boon Pee Mai''' or '''Pi Mai''' ([[Laos]]),<ref name=":3"/>{{rp|488}}<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|233}}
* '''Sangxaan''' ([[Tai Lue people]]).<ref>[https://www.webonary.work/dailu/g13bcc214-08b8-47e5-9926-92815b2ec0f5/?lang=en "ᦉᧂᦃᦱᧃ", Dai Lue Dictionary]. ''SIL International''. Retrieved on 21 April 2024.</ref>
* '''Songkān''' or '''Pōshuǐjié''' (泼水节, 潑水節) ([[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] and [[Dai people|Dai]] in [[Yunnan]]).<ref>Schein, L. (1993). ''Popular Culture and the Production of Difference the Miao and China''. CA: University of California, Berkeley. 902 pp. p. 266.
* Wanlong, G., and Weightman, F.. (2012). ''A Handbook of Chinese Cultural Terms''. Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing. 312 pp. p. 148. {{ISBN|978-146-6-92005-7}}</ref>
* '''Songkaan''' ([[Phu Thai language|Southwestern Tai (Phu Thai)]] and central Laos).<ref>Khanittanan, W. (1977). Phasa Phu Thai (Phu Thai language) [ภาษาผู้ไท (in Thai). Bangkok: Thammasat University. 109 pp. p. 97.</ref><ref>Ong Bunjoon. "Khang sumrub Laos: Khwam mai thong tak tang ra wang sumrub chao baan khup shao wang", Silpa Wattanatham, 42(1), (November 2020):57.</ref>
* '''Sangkran''' ([[Mon people|Mon]], [[Lan Na|Lanna-Thai]], Thai-Ramanna, [[Khmer people|Khmer]], and [[Tai peoples]] in [[Northeast India]].)<ref name=":4"/><ref>Tandart, S. (1910). ''Dictionnaire Français-Cambodgien Vol. I''. Paris: Société des Missions-Etrangèrs de Paris. 2,242 pp. p. 63.</ref><ref name="poeng-songkran"/>
* '''Sangkyan''' ([[Shan people]] and upper [[Burmese people]]).<ref>Hardiman, J. P.. (1900). ''Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States Part I, Vol. II''. superintendent, Government printing, Burma. p. 47. "Sangkyan days as the beginning of the year."</ref>
* '''Sangken'''<ref name=":4">Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti. ''Journal of the Assam Research Society'', Vol. 38, 2007. p. 76. {{ISSN|2349-7459}}. "Tai New Year’s festival or Water spraying festival commence from the day of sangken or sangkran or sankranti. The day is open on the first full moon of April."</ref> found in archive of ''[[Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti]]'' (Assam Research Society) recorded by the oldest Research institution in North-East [[India]] mentions the Tai New Year’s festival or Water spraying festival of [[Tai peoples]] in [[Northeast India]].
* '''Songkrant tai''' or '''Xadasite Songkrant''' (Siam Basu in Siamese Astronomical System), recorded by Sir [[John Bowring]].<ref>[[John Bowring|Bowring, J.]] (2005). ''The King of Siam : Sir John Bowring''. (Translated by Charnvit Kasetsiri and Kanthika Sriudom of Foundation for the Promotion of Social Science and Humanities). Bangkok: Toyota Thailand Foundation. 463 pp. {{ISBN|978-974-9-36477-2}}. p. 6. "...16th year of our reign is in Siamese Astronomical System called in Siam Basu Songkrant tai or in sansckrit Xadasite songkrant i.e. the sun's diameter being largest, ..."</ref>
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=== Khmer language ===
Songkran written as '''Sankranti''' can be found in many [[Khmer language|Khmer]] inscriptions,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cik.efeo.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Inventaire-CIK-09042017.pdf|title=INVENTAIRE CIK DES INSCRIPTIONS KHMÈRES|website=École française d'Extrême Orient}}</ref>
* Stone Inscription of [[Phimeanakas]]<ref name="K291">{{cite web |url= http://sealang.net/oldkhmer/corpus.htm|title=Corpus of Khmer Inscriptions |website=SEA classics Khmer |at=K.291|quote=Raṅko liḥ 4 pratidina saṅkrānta. 4 liḥ of milled rice daily [and] for the New Year.}}</ref> (K.291) dated 910 CE found in [[Siem Reap Province]] in [[Cambodia]].
* Stone Inscription of Prasat Hin Pimai 2<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/395 จารึกปราสาทหินพิมาย 2]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (N.M.29, K.953) 1025 CE, [[Phimai Historical Park]], [[Nakhon Ratchasima province]], written as '''Sankranti'''.<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|9}} (Read and translated by Prof. Cham Thongkhamsuwan.)
* Stone Inscription of Wat Sa Kamphaeng Yai<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/511 จารึกวัดสระกำแพงใหญ่]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (S.K.1, K.374) 1042 CE, [[Sisaket province]], written as '''Vishuva Sankranti'''.<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|9}} (Read and translated by Amphai Khamtho, the Fine Art Department of Thailand.)
* Stone Inscription of Prasat Phanom Wan<ref>[[:th:สงกรานต์#cite note-15|จารึกปราสาทหินพนมวัน 3]]. The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (SAC). 13 February 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref><ref name=":2">Plainoi, S. (National Artist for 2010 of Literature discipline). (2004). "ตำนาน", ตรุษสงกรานต์: ประมวลความเป็นมาของปีใหม่ไทยในสมัยต่างๆ. (2nd Ed.) Bangkok: Matichon. 159 pp.</ref>{{rp|5}} (N.M.1, K.391) 1082 CE, [[Nakhon Ratchasima province]], written as '''Sankranti''' which marked the beginning of the New Year. (Read and translated by Thongsub Subhamark.)
* Stone Inscription of Wat Phra That Choeng Chum<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/433 จารึกวัดพระธาตุเชิงชุม]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (S.N.2, K.369) 1000-1100 CE, [[Sakon Nakhon province]], written as '''Kranti''', meaning of Songkran. (Read and translated by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Pakdekham, Ph.D.).<ref>The [[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]] (SAC). (2007). ''Inscriptions: Wat Phra That Choeng Chum, Epigraph Line 11''. Bangkok: SAC. cited in ''Inscriptions in Thailand Database Project Staffs'' (2555 B.E.), SAC., and ''Khom Script, 15th-16th Buddhist century''. Bangkok: The National Library of Thailand, NLT, 2529, pp. 284-286. "จำมลกฺรานฺต นุ ชา ปี ทุกฺ นา องฺคุยฺ". (Epigraph), "แด่สงกรานต์ และไว้ประจำแก่". (Translation).</ref>
Songkran in Cambodia written as '''Maha Sankran'''<ref name="aymonier-1904">Aymonier, É. (De L'école Coloniale). (1904). [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k84132g/f570.item.texteImage ''Le groupe d'Angkor et L'histoire Vol. III : Le Cambodge'']. Paris: Ernest Leroux. p. 565. "Aujourd’hui, chez les Cambodgiens, l'expression ''Mahâ Sankrân'' ne se rapporte plus qu'au petit calendrier officiel qui doit paraître pour la nouvelle année; mais chez les Siamois, rentrée du soleil dans le signe du Bélier, qui marque le commencement de l'année, est encore appelé ''Sankranta'', terme qu’ils prononcent ''songkran''."</ref> in 1904 by [[Étienne Aymonier]] and '''Maha sankrant'''<ref name="leclere-1909">Leclère, Adhémard. (1909). "[https://www.aefek.fr/wa_files/almanach_leclere_1909.pdf L’ALMANACH CAMBODGIEN ET SON CALENDRIER POUR 1907-1908]", ''Revue des études Ethnographiques et Sociologiques''. p. 367, 370-371.</ref> or '''Sankrant'''<ref name="leclere-1909"/> in 1909 by [[Adhémard Leclère]] which marked the beginning of Cambodia New Year found in ''The Cambodian's Almanac and Its Calendar for 1907–1908''.
[[Étienne Aymonier]] also distinguished the difference of the term ''Maha Sankran'' in Cambodia that only refers to the small official calendar which must appear for the new year, while in Siam (Thailand) which refers to the beginning of New year, Siamese called ''Sankranta'', which pronounced as ''Songkran''.<ref name="aymonier-1904"/>
=== Thailand ===
Songkran in Sanskrit forms, written as '''Vishuva Sankranti''' in [[Khom]]{{efn-ua|The term [[Khom]] denotation given by Assoc. Prof. Santi Phakdeekham as it refers to the Tai ethnicity prior 1800 CE, inhabited in lower part of [[Chao Phraya River]] which is distinct separation between [[Angkor]] and [[Cambodia]].<ref>Phakdeekham, S. (2019). ''Laelang kham Khamen-Thai. Khmer-Thai Words [แลหลังคำเขมร-ไทย (in Thai)]''. Bangkok: Matichon. 376 pp. pp. 70-71. {{ISBN|978-974-02-1687-2}}</ref>}} script epigraphs, which marked the beginning of the New Year in the Odisha calendar and referred to the sun on midday has equally orbited in the day and night, was found in [[Thailand]] at these locations;
* ''The Royal Chronicle of [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Krung Sri Ayutthaya]] (The edition of Luang Prasoet Aksorn Niti)'', written in 1681 the reign of [[Narai|King Narai the Great]], mentioned the word '''Songkran''' in event of [[Naresuan|King Naresuan the Great]] of [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] marched his troops against [[Taungoo]] in 1599<ref>''พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่าฉบับหลวงประเสริฐ'' [The Royal Chronicle of Krung Sri Ayutthaya, the edition of Luang Prasoet (in English)]. (20th Ed.). Bangkok: The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, 1986. 78 pp. {{ISBN|978-974-9-94331-1}}</ref>{{rp|29}}<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|11}}
* ''Nirat Than Sok''. A poetic work composed by Prince [[Thammathibet|Thammathibet Chaiyachet Suriyawong]] (1715–1755),<ref>Royal Society of Thailand. (2007). The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand, 32(1–2), (2007, January–June). p 414.</ref> son of King [[Borommakot]] of Ayutthaya Kingdom. The poem said of the Royal Ceremony of Marching Field and mentioned the word '''Songkran''' in month of Aries (according to Surya Siddhanta).<ref>Prince Thammathibet. (1919). Nirat Chaofa Thammathibet (กาพย์ห่อโคลงนิราศเจ้าฟ้าธรรมธิเบศร์), A poetic work composed in the form of Kap Ho Khlong. An explanation thereon, given by Prince [[Damrongrachanuphap]]. Bangkok: Sophon Phiphat Thanakon Printing House. {{LCCN|n90632866|Thammathibēt, Prince, son of Bō̜rommakōt, King of Siam, 1715-1755}}.</ref>
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The word Songkran not only can be found those Thai archaeological evidences, but also being recorded by foreigners who ever lived in Thailand. Its meaning especially marked the beginning of Songkran festival, holidays, water-splashing and Siamese new year observances different the meaning of the Sanskrit word, ''saṅkrānti'' which can be found in these contemporary archives;
* ''De Beschryving van Japan'' (The History of Japan) recorded by [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] in 1690 after he sailed reached to Siam in reign of King [[Phetracha]] of Ayutthaya Kingdom, Engelbert Kaempfer handwrote of Siamese New year observance as '''Sonkraen'''<ref>Engelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727). ''De Beschryving van Japan. Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche''... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. "Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in ’t begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel Ktimbac, ..."
* [https://www.oed.com/dictionary/songkran_n?tab=meaning_and_use#190072726 "Songkran" (noun) in ''Oxford English Dictionary (Online)
* The Fine Art Department of Thailand. (2002). [https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2021/02/file/C9jlCS45qqkxZ6lzHQSWVLT9KmvIZPjy2F51u4rl.pdf ''Thai nai chodhmaihet kaempfer''] [ไทยในจดหมายเหตุแกมป์เฟอร์ (in Thai)]. (5th Ed.) Bangkok: Arthit Communication. 99 pp. {{ISBN|974-419-467-7}}. p. 97. "นอกจากนี้ ยังมีพิธีประจำปีอีกหลายอย่าง เช่น พิธีซึ่งทำเมื่อขึ้นปีใหม่เรียกว่าสงกรานต์ (Sonkraen)"</ref> in old-17th century Dutch.
* ''Grammatica Linguæ Thai version of J. Bapt. Pallegoix''<ref>Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1850). "Utendum est ส in sequentibus", ''Grammatica Linguæ Thai, AUCTORE D. J. BAPT. PALLEGOIX EPISCOPO MALLENSI VICARIO APOSTOLICO SIAMENSI''. Ex typographià collegii Assumptionis B. M. V. in civitate rcgià Krüng Thèph mahá nàkhon sí Ajùthâja, vulgó. BANGKOK: Anno Domini. p. 7 "สีห ปราช สงกรานต, Sí prãt sôngkran"</ref> written by [[Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix]] in 1850 while was living in Siam in reign of King [[Rama III]]. There are the word Songkran both in Thai and English.
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Songkran celebrations often occur in cities which host large [[Sri Lankan Americans|Sri Lankan]], [[Thai Americans|Thai]], [[Burmese Americans|Burmese]], [[Laotian Americans|Laotian]] and [[Cambodian Americans|Cambodian]] populations. The UW Khmer Student Association hosts a new year celebration at the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]]. The White Center Cambodian New Year Street Festival is held at the Golden House Bakery & Deli in Seattle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ethnicseattle.com/2016/04/12/5920/|title=April Marks The New Year For Southeast Asians|first=Kae|last=Saeteurn|date=12 April 2016|website=Ethnicseattle.com|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> The Los Angeles Buddhist Vihara in [[Pasadena, California]] celebrates the Songkran festival with a focus on the Sri Lankan New Year. The Brahma Vihara in [[Azusa, California]] also holds celebrations with a Burmese New Year focus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wisdomquarterly.blogspot.com/2013/04/happy-southeast-asian-buddhist-new-year.html|title=Wisdom Quarterly: American Buddhist Journal: Happy Southeast Asian Buddhist New Year!|date=13 April 2013|website=Wisdomquarterly.blogspot.com|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> The International Lao New Year Festival is held annually in [[San Francisco]] and celebrates the Lao New Year with acknowledgment of other Asian communities, Thai, Cambodian, Burmese, Sri Lankan and the Dai people of southern China, who also celebrate the same festival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.laonewyear.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=48 |title=International Lao New Year Festival - About ILNYF |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171741/http://www.laonewyear.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=48 |archive-date=2017-01-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In February 2015, the [[Freer Gallery of Art|Freer and Sackler]] gallery in [[Washington D.C.]] held a Lunar New Year event celebrating the "[[Goat (zodiac)|Year of the Sheep]]" which also celebrated the Lunar New Year that occurs in mid-April for many other Asian countries. It included activities, information and food from China, Korea, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries that celebrated either of the two new year celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bento.si.edu/from-the-collections/chinese-art/celebrate-the-lunar-new-year-at-freersackler/|title=Celebrate the Lunar New Year at Freer-Sackler|website=Bento.si.edu|accessdate=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024001734/https://bento.si.edu/from-the-collections/chinese-art/celebrate-the-lunar-new-year-at-freersackler/|archive-date=24 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly in 2016, [[Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience|The Wing]] in [[Seattle]] held a Lunar New Year celebration centered around the East Asian Lunar New Year however also focused on New Year customs in Laos as part of its "New Years All Year Round" exhibit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wingluke.org/familyprograms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102093145/http://www.wingluke.org/familyprograms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2017|title=Family Programs > Wing Luke Museum|date=2 January 2017|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref>
On April 2, 2024, The legislative assembly of [[New York (state)|New York State]], adopted legislative bill of Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state as Assembly Resolution No. 1059:<ref>[https://www.thaipbsworld.com/new-york-officially-recognises-songkran-as-an-important-cultural-event/ New York officially recognises Songkran as an important cultural event]. ''ThaiPBS Worlds''. (April 19, 2024). Retrieved on 19 April 2024.</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Songkran is Thailand's most famous festival; this water festival marks the beginning of the traditional Thai New Year<ref>"[https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/K1059 Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April]". Assembly Resolution No. 1059. (2023-K1059). ''The New York State Senate''. Retrieved on 19 April 2024.</ref>
|author=The legislative assembly of New York State
|source=Assembly Resolution No. 1059, The [[New York State Senate]]. (April 2, 2024).}}
==Notes==▼
{{Notelist-ua}}▼
==See also==
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* [[Water Festival]], a tradition practiced during certain Songkran celebrations
* [[Thai calendar]]
▲==Notes==
▲{{Notelist-ua}}
==References==
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[[Category:Religious festivals in Cambodia]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Water-splashing festivals]]
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