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m Fixing broken anchor: 2021-11-03 #Northern Kresy dialect→Dialects of Polish#Northern Borderlands dialect |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type
| name
| native_name
| image_flag
| image_shield
| flag_size
| shield_size
| image_skyline
| photo1a = Минск немига.jpg|300px{{!}}
| photo2a = Miensk, old town (34221353642).jpg
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| foot_montage =
}}
| image_caption
| image_map
| map_caption
| pushpin_map_caption
| pushpin_map
| pushpin_relief
| subdivision_type
| subdivision_name
| leader_title
| leader_name
| established_title
| established_date
| area_magnitude
| area_blank1_title
| area_total_km2
| area_metro_km2
| area_land_km2
| area_water_km2
| demographics_type1
| demographics1_footnotes
| demographics1_title1
| demographics1_info1
| demographics1_title2
| demographics1_info2
| population_total
| population_as_of
| population_footnotes
| population_metro
| population_note
| population_density_km2
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_urban
| population_est
| population_est_as_of
| timezone
| utc_offset
| coordinates
| elevation_m
| postal_code_type
| postal_code
| area_code
| iso_code
| blank_name
| blank_info
| website
| footnotes
| image_map1 = Minsk_in_Belarus.svg
}}
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=== Climate ===
Minsk has a warm summer [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer continental or hemiboreal climates|Köppen ''Dfb'']]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-05-29|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Köppen climate classification#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer continental or hemiboreal climates|reason= The anchor (Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer continental or hemiboreal climates) [[Special:Diff/1151881583|has been deleted]].}}) though unpredictable many a times, owing to its location between the strong influence of the moist air of the Atlantic Ocean and the dry air of the [[Eurasia]]n landmass. Its weather is unstable and tends to change relatively often. The average January temperature is {{convert|−4.2|°C}}, while the average July temperature is {{convert|19.1|°C|1|abbr=on}}. The lowest temperature was recorded on 17 January 1940, at {{convert|−39.1|°C|0|abbr=on}} and the warmest on 8 August 2015 at {{convert|35.8|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Fog is frequent, especially in the autumn and spring. Minsk receives annual [[precipitation]] of {{convert|686|mm|in}}, of which one third falls during the cold period (as snow and rain) and two-thirds in the warm period. Throughout the year, most winds are westerly and northwesterly, bringing cool and moist air from the Atlantic.
{{Clear}}[[File:2019 07 17 16 41 IMG 4786.jpg|thumb|Panorama to the center of Minsk]]{{Weather box|location= Minsk (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1887–present)
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|May record high C = 30.9
|Jun record high C = 35.8
|Jul record high C = 35.
|Aug record high C = 35.8
|Sep record high C = 31.0
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=== Languages ===
[[File:Chinese sinage, Main Railway Station, Minsk, Belarus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Chinese signage, Minsk railway station (2018)]]
Throughout its history Minsk has been a city of many languages. Initially most of its residents spoke [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] (which later developed into modern [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]). However, after 1569 the [[official language]] was [[Dialects of Polish#Northern
A short period of Belarusian national revival in the early 1990s saw a rise in the numbers of Belarusian speakers. However, in 1994 the newly elected president [[Alexander Lukashenko]] slowly reversed this trend. Most residents of Minsk now use Russian exclusively in their everyday lives at home and at work, although Belarusian is understood as well. Substantial numbers of recent migrants from the rural areas use [[Trasianka|Trasyanka]] (a Russo-Belarusian mixed language) in their everyday lives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liskovets |first=Irina |date=2009 |title=Trasjanka: A code of rural migrants in Minsk |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006909348678 |journal=International Journal of Bilingualism |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=396–412 |doi=10.1177/1367006909348678 |s2cid=144716155 |issn=1367-0069}}</ref>
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Major industrial employers include:
*[[Minsk Tractor Works|Minsk Tractor Plant]] – specialised in manufacturing tractors. Established in 1946 in eastern Minsk, is among major manufacturers of wheeled tractors in the CIS. Employs about 30,000 staff.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/belarus-opposition-calls-national-strike-key-test-protest/story?id=73842209|title = Belarus opposition calls for national strike in what could be key test for protest movement|website = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>
*[[Minsk Automobile Plant]] – specialising in producing trucks, buses, and mini-vans. Established in 1944 in south-eastern Minsk, is among major vehicle manufacturers in the CIS.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
*[[Minsk Refrigerator Plant]] (also known as Atlant) – specialised in manufacturing household goods, such as refrigerators, freezers, and recently also of [[washing machine]]s. Established in 1959 in the north-west of the city.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
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*The impressive Neo-Romanesque Roman Catholic [[Church of Saints Simon and Helena|Red Church]] (Cathedral of Sts. Simeon and Helene) was built in 1906–10 immediately after religious freedoms were proclaimed in Imperial Russia and the tsar allowed dissidents to build their churches;
*The largest church built in the Russian imperial period of the town's history is dedicated to St. [[Mary Magdalene]];
*[[Church of St. Adalbert and Benedictine monastery]] was a [[Roman Catholic]] monastic complex in Minsk originally belonging to the [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] order. Currently, the General Prosecutor's Office of Belarus is located on this site;
*Many Orthodox churches were built after the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|dissolution of the USSR]] in a variety of styles, although most remain true to the Neo-Russian idiom. A good example is St. Elisabeth's Convent, founded in 1999.
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[[File:First stations of Zielienalužskaja Line of Minsk Metro.webm|thumb|Stations of the new [[Zelenaluzhskaya Line|Zielienalužskaja line]] on video]]
Trains use 243 standard Russian metro-cars. On a typical day Minsk metro is used by 800,000 passengers. In 2007 ridership of Minsk metro was 262.1 million passengers,<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2010 |title=CIS Metro Statistics |url=http://www.mrl.ucsb.edu/~yopopov/rrt/maps/statistics.html |access-date=4 July 2010 |publisher=Mrl.ucsb.edu |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804050310/http://www.mrl.ucsb.edu/~yopopov/rrt/maps/statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2017 ridership of Minsk metro was 284,1 million passengers,<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Метро сегодня |url=http://metropoliten.by/o_metropolitene/metro_today |publisher=metropoliten.b}}</ref>
making it the 5th busiest metro network in the [[Post-Soviet states|former USSR]] (behind Moscow, [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]]). During peak hours trains run each 2–2.5 minutes. The metro network employs 3,
Most of the urban transport is being renovated to modern standards. For instance, all metro stations built since 2001 have passenger lifts from platform to street level, thus enabling the use of the newer stations by disabled passengers.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Minsk Metro|url=https://www.belarus.by/en/travel/transport-in-belarus/minsk-metro|access-date=26 June 2021|website=www.belarus.by}}</ref>
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=== Railway and intercity bus ===
[[File:Minsk-Central-Bus-Station.jpg|thumb|Minsk Central Bus Station Nowadays]]
[[File:Stadler Astra train, Minsk train station, Belarus, pic. 01.JPG|thumb|Stadler
Minsk is the largest transport hub in Belarus. Minsk is located at the junction of the [[Warsaw]]-Moscow railway (built in 1871) running from the southwest to the northeast of the city and the [[Liepāja|Liepaja]]-[[Romny]] railway (built in 1873) running from the northwest to the south. The first railway connects Russia with Poland and Germany; the second connects Ukraine with Lithuania and Latvia. They cross at the [[Minsk Passazhirsky railway station|Minsk-''Pasažyrski'']] railway station, the main railway station of Minsk. The station was built in 1873 as Vilenski Vazkal. The initial wooden building was demolished in 1890 and rebuilt in stone. During World War II the Minsk railway station was completely destroyed. It was rebuilt in 1945 and 1946 and served until 1991. The new building of the Minsk-''Pasažyrski'' railway station was built during 1991–2002. Its construction was delayed due to financial difficulties; now, however, Minsk boasts one of the most modern and up-to-date railway stations in the CIS. There
''Uschodni'' (East), Minsk-''Paŭdniovy'' (South) and Minsk-''Paŭnočny'' (North), by 2020. However, those plans were scrapped in favour of developing a more integrated system of suburban rail (branded as City Lines, operated by Belarusian Railways state enterprise). The system currently consists of 3 routes (to stations Bielaruś, Čyrvony Ściah, Rudziensk) all terminating at the central train station and is being served by 6 Stadler FLIRT train sets. {{citation needed|date=
There are three intercity bus stations that link Minsk with the suburbs and other cities in Belarus and the neighboring countries. There are frequent services to Moscow, [[Smolensk]], [[Vilnius]], [[Riga]], [[Kyiv]] and [[Warsaw]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}▼
▲There
=== Cycling ===
According to the 2019 survey of 1934 people,<ref>{{cite web |title=(SATIO) ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЙ И ОТНОШЕНИЯ К ВЕЛОСИПЕДУ В ГОРОДАХ БЕЛАРУСИ (24-09-2019).pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8yso-CRBAwwVzE0MFRIRVc1LWJaUXR2QkVUeG1Zd2M3eFVB/view |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> Minsk had around 811,000 adult bicycles and 232,000 child and adolescent bicycles. In Minsk there is one bike for every 1.9 people. The total number of bicycles in Minsk exceeds the total number of cars (770,000 personal automobiles). 39% of Minsk residents have a personal bike. 43% of Minsk residents ride a bicycle once a month or more. As of 2017, the level of bicycle use is about 1% of all transport movements (for comparison: 12% in [[Cycling in Berlin|Berlin]], 50% in [[Copenhagen]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Развитие_городского_велосипедного_движения_в_Беларуси 2017-2019.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1E81dRIdl0xQC4XZkBozFWqmY4J8_Uu1u/view |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>
[[File:Vieladarožka, Minsk, Belarus - panoramio (14).jpg|thumb|Bike path in Minsk]]
Since 2015, an annual bicycle parade / bicycle carnival is held in Minsk, during which vehicles are blocked for several hours along Pobediteley (Peramohi) Avenue. The number of participants in 2019 was more than 20,000 and the number of registrations was about 12,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Belarus in pictures {{!}} Belarus in photo {{!}} Belarus in images {{!}} International VIVA, Bike carnival-parade in Minsk {{!}} Belarus in pictures {{!}} Belarus in photo {{!}} Belarus in images |url=https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/photo/international-viva-bike-carnival-parade-in-minsk_i_26116.html |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=www.belarus.by}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bike carnival in Minsk gathers over 20K cyclists – in pictures |url=https://euroradio.fm/en/bike-carnival-minsk-gathers-over-20k-cyclists-pictures |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=euroradio.fm |date=19 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Video about bicycle parade / carnival |website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDsVmf61nlc | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/qDsVmf61nlc| archive-date=2021-10-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Text and video about cycling parade |url=https://www.tvr.by/eng/news/obshchestvo/viva_rovar_v_5_y_raz_proshel_v_minske_/ |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=www.tvr.by}}</ref> In 2017, the [[European Union]] funded the project "Urban cycling in Belarus" at a cost of €560,000, within the framework of which the public association Minsk Cycling Society together with the Council of Ministers created the regulatory document National Concept for the Development of Cycling in Belarus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development of urban cycling for public benefit in Belarus |url=https://euprojects.by/projects/Green-Economy-Environment-and-Sustainable-development/development-of-urban-cycling-for-public-benefit-in-belarus/ |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=euprojects.by |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 July 2017 |title=Project "Urban cycling in Belarus" |url=https://bike.org.by/news/minsk/project-urban-cycling-in-belarus/ |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=Minsk Cycling Community NGO |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605191614/https://bike.org.by/news/minsk/project-urban-cycling-in-belarus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, Minsk entered the top 3 most cycling cities in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] – after Moscow and [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Minsk among top three CIS bike-friendly cities |url=https://eng.belta.by/society/view/minsk-among-top-three-cis-bike-friendly-cities-130792-2020/ |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=eng.belta.by |language=en-EN}}</ref>
=== Airports ===
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