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{{other uses|Protest (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the grouping of eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, nor fungi|Protist}}
{{distinguish|Political demonstration}}
{{redirect|Public outcry|other uses|Outcry (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Demonstration against Ahmadinejad in Rio.jpg|thumb|Demonstration against the president of Iran, [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], during the [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development|Rio+20]] conference in Brazil, June 2012]]
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{{Revolution sidebar}}
Various forms of self-expression and protest are sometimes restricted by governmental policy (such as the requirement of [[protest permit]]s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Controlling+public+protest%3a+First+Amendment+implications.-a016473804|title=Controlling Public Protest: First Amendment Implications|access-date=16 December 2009|author=Daniel L. Schofield, S.J.D.|date=November 1994|publisher=in the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s [[FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin|Law Enforcement Bulletin]]}}</ref> economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. One state reaction to protests is the use of [[riot police]]. Observers have noted an increased [[Militarization of police|militarization of protest policing]] in many countries, with police deploying [[Vehicle armour|armored vehicles]] and snipers against protesters. When such restrictions occur, protests may assume the form of open [[civil disobedience]], more subtle forms of resistance against the restrictions, or may spill over into other areas such as culture and emigration.
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==Historical examples==
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[[File:
[[File:London Palestine Protest Equestrian Statue Whitehall.jpg|thumb|Protest in London over the Israel-Hamas conflict, October 2023]]
[[File:고 이한열 추모 군중.jpg|thumb|Crowds gather at the state funeral of [[Lee Han-yeol]] in Seoul, July 9, 1987]]
Unaddressed protests may grow and widen into [[civil resistance]], dissent, activism, riots, [[insurgency]], revolts, and political or social revolution. Some examples of protests include:
* Northern Europe in the early 16th century ([[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Reformation]])
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* [[New York shirtwaist strike of 1909]]
* [[Mohandas Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi's]] 1930 [[Salt March]] to protest the [[History of the British salt tax in India|colonial salt tax in India]]
* 1963 [[
* 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], a key moment in the Civil rights movement
* [[Selma to Montgomery marches]] of 1965, part of the Civil Rights Movement
* [[List of protests against the Vietnam War|Protests against the Vietnam War]]
* [[Mexico 68]]
* The [[
* The [[Stonewall riots]] in 1969, protesting the treatment of homosexuals in New York City
* The [[People Power Revolution]] in the [[Philippines]]
* 1976 Thai military personnel, police and
* The [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)]] Movement's protests against Soviet Communism in Poland from 1980 to 1989.
* [[June Democratic Struggle]], South Korean pro-democracy movement in 1987
* The [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]]
* The [[Alexanderplatz]] demonstrations from November 4–9, 1989, which culminated in the [[Fall of the Berlin Wall]]
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* Anti-globalization protests in [[Genoa]] from 18 to 22 July 2001
* [[February 15, 2003 anti-war protest|15 February 2003 Iraq War Protest]]
* [[Anti-nuclear protests]]
* [[2007 Bersih rally]]
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* [[March for Our Lives]] protests
* [[2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution]]
* [[
* [[2018–2020 Serbian protests]]
* [[2019 Venezuelan protests]]
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* [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
* [[2019–20 Lebanese protests]]
* [[2019–2021 Iraqi protests]]
* [[George Floyd protests]]
* [[2020–21 Belarusian protests]]
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* [[COVID-19 protests and riots in Serbia]]
* [[2020 Thai protests]]
* [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]
* [[2020–2021 United States election protests]]
* [[Mahsa Amini protests]]
* [[Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* [[Peruvian protests (2022–2023)]]
* [[2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation]]
==Forms==
{{see also|Repertoire of contention}}
[[File:Vicent-van-Volkmer-Bienen-Aktivist-Demo-29.08.2020 Berlin Covid-19 Pandemie.jpg|thumb|Protester with a "Free The Bee" placard during the COVID-19 protests in Berlin on 29th of August 2020, near the [[Brandenburg Gate]]]]
A protest can take many forms.<ref>{{cite web|last1=
Willingness to participate is influenced by individuals' ties within [[social network]]s. Social connections can affect both the spread of factual information about a protest and [[social pressure]]s on participants.<ref name="Larson"/>
Willing to participate will also vary depending on the type of protest.
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* '''Information distribution''': Tabling/petition gathering, lobbying, letter-writing campaigns, or [[teach-in]]s.
* '''Symbolic display''': e.g., a [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]] or [[Nativity scene|creche scene]], graffiti, [[cross burning]], sign, or standing display.
* '''Attack''' by collective group (not-one-on-one [[assault]], crime, rape): Motivation for attack is the "other group's identity",{{Quote without source|date=July 2020}}
* '''Riot, melee, mob violence''': Large-scale (50+),{{Clarify|reason=50+ participants?|date=July 2020}}
* '''Strike, slow down, sick-ins, and employee work protest of any kind''': Regular air strike{{Definition needed|date=July 2020}} through failure of negotiations or wildcat air strike. (Make note if a [[Wildcat strike action|wildcat strike]].)
* '''Boycott''': Organized refusal to buy or use a product or service. Examples: [[rent strike]]s, [[Montgomery bus boycott]]s
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* '''Organization formation announcement''' or '''meeting announcement''': Meeting or press conference to announce the formation of a new organization.
* '''Conflict, attack or clash (no instigator)''': This includes any boundary conflict in which no instigator can be identified, i.e. Black/white conflicts, abortion/anti-abortion conflicts.
*'''Prayer Walk:''' A prayer walk is an activity that consists of walking and praying at the same time. {{Citation needed span|text=It
* '''Lawsuit''': Legal maneuver by social movement organization or group.
*'''[[Peopleless protest|Peopleless Protest]]:''' Simultaneous online and offline protests involving physical representations of protesters in public spaces that are subsequently assembled online. Developed in Europe during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].
[[File:CommunistLiberty.webm|thumb|[[Union communiste libertaire|UCL]], [[anarchist]] protest in France, on October 16th during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]]]
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[[File:We Stand with Ukraine 2022 Helsinki - Finland (51905533738).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Street protester]]s with signs are demonstrating in [[Helsinki|Helsinki, Finland]] after [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invaded Ukraine]] in February 2022]]
Thomas Ratliff and Lori Hall<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Practicing the Art of Dissent: Toward a Typology of Protest Activity in the United States|last=Ratliff|first=Thomas|year=2014|journal=Humanity & Science|volume=38|issue=3|pages=268–294|doi=10.1177/0160597614537796|s2cid=147285566}}</ref> have devised a typology of six broad activity categories of the protest activities described in the Dynamics of Collective Action project.
* '''Literal, symbolic, aesthetic and sensory''' - Artistic, dramaturgical, and symbolic displays (street theater, dancing, etc.) including use of images, objects, graphic art, musical performances, or vocal/auditory exhibitions (speech-making, chanting, etc.).<ref>Tom Bieling (Ed.): Design (&) Activism – Perspectives on Design as Activism and Activism as Design. Mimesis, Milano, 2019, {{ISBN|978-88-6977-241-2}}.</ref> May also include tactile exchanges of information (petitions, leaflets, etc.) and the destruction of objects of symbolic or political value. Highly visible and most diverse category of activity; impacts on society (police response, media focus, impact on potential allies, etc.) often are underestimated.{{By whom|date=July 2020}}
* '''Solemnity and the sacred''' – Vigils, prayer, or rallies, in the form of religious service, [[candlelight vigil]]s, cross or coffin bearing etc. All directly related to the [[Durkheimian]] "[[sacred]]", or some form of religious or spiritual practice, belief, or ideology. Events where sacred activity is the primary focus are rarely responded to by police with force or presence. Solemnity usually provides a distinct quietness or stillness, changing the energy, description, and interpretation of such events.
* '''Institutional and conventional''' – Institutionalized activity or activity highly dependent on formal political processes and social institutions (press conferences, lawsuits, lobbying, etc.). Often conflated with non-confrontational and nonviolent activities in research as the ''other'' or reference category. More ''acceptable'' because it operates, to some degree, within the system. Historically contentious issue in regard to the practice of protest due to this integration within the system.
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===Against a planning application or development===
* [[NIMBY]] ("not in my backyard") – protest by residents of an area against a development in the area they see as undesirable
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===In sports===
In modern times, sports protests have become increasingly significant, causing more people to take notice. Sporting protests can be about any number of things ranging from racial justice to political wrongdoings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaufman |first1=Peter |last2=Wolf |first2=Eli |title=Playing and Protesting: Sport as a Vehicle for Social Change |journal=Journal of Sport and Social Issues |date=February 16, 2010 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=154–175 |doi=10.1177/0193723509360218 |s2cid=144155586 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0193723509360218 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Some of the most prominent sports figures being Tommie Smith, Jhon Carlos, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robison, Colin Kaepernick and Billie Jean King have all pushed forward change by this method of protest. However, the majority of people
During a sporting event, under certain circumstances, one side may choose to play a game "under protest", usually when they feel the rules are not being correctly applied. The event continues as normal, and the events causing the protest are reviewed after the fact. If the protest is held to be valid, then the results of the event are changed. Each sport has different rules for protests.
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