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{{Short description|Geological formation in England}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Taynton Limestone
Line 24 ⟶ 25:
| location_ts = Lee's Quarry, Taynton Down, Oxfordshire
}}
The '''Taynton Limestone'''<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution">Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Middle Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 538–541. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref> is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[Oxfordshire]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. It dates to the [[Middle Jurassic]], mid-[[Bathonian]] stage.<ref name=benson2009>Benson, R.B.J. (2009). "An assessment of variability in theropod dinosaur remains from the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of Stonesfield and New Park Quarry, UK and taxonomic implications for ''Megalosaurus bucklandii'' and ''Iliosuchus incognitus''." ''Palaeontology'', {{doi|10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00884.x}}</ref> It predominantypredominantly consists of [[Oolite|ooidal]] [[grainstone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=TY|title=Taynton Limestone Formation|last=|first=|date=|website=BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units|publisher=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> The term "'''Stonesfield Slate'''" refers to slaty limestone horizons within the formation that during the 18th and 19th centuries were extensively quarried for use in roof tiling within the vicinity of [[Stonesfield]], [[Oxfordshire]]. Previously these were thought to belong to the [[Sharp's Hill Formation]], but boreholes and shaft sections suggest that at least three horizons within the Taynton Limestone were quarried for the slate.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Boneham|firstfirst1=B.F.W.|last2=Wyatt|first2=R.J.|date=January 1993|title=The stratigraphical position of the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Stonesfield Slate of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016787808800144|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|volume=104|issue=2|pages=123–136|doi=10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80014-4|bibcode=1993PrGA..104..123B }}</ref> These horizons are well known for producing a diverse set of fossils including those of plants, insects as well as vertebrates, including some of the earliest known mammals, pterosaurs as well as those of first dinosaur ever described, ''[[Megalosaurus]].''
 
== Vertebrate fauna ==
=== DinosaursReptiles ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="57" align="center" |'''[[Dinosaur]]sReptiles of the Stonesfield Slate'''<ref name=":0" />
|-
! Taxa
!Species
! Presence
! Material
! Description
!Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|''[[Iliosuchus]]''
|
|''I. incognitus''
* [[Dinosauria]]<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|Two ilia
# Possible dinosaur eggs.<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|
|A theropod dinosaur. Not distingusiable from ''[[Megalosaurus]]''
# Geographically present in Oxfordshire, England.<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Megalosaurus dinosaur.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Megalosaurus]]'']]
|-
|''[[Megalosaurus]]''
|
|''M. bucklandii''
* ''[[Iliosuchus]]''<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|Isolated remains including several dentaries, maxillas and postcranial bones from multiple individuals
# ''I. incognitus''<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|
|A [[Megalosauridae|megalosaurid]] theropod dinosaur, also present in the [[Chipping Norton Formation|Chipping Norton]] and [[Sharp's Hill Formation]]s
# Geographically present in Oxfordshire, England.<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|[[File:Megalosaurus 5.svg|center|frameless]]
|
Two ilia.<ref name="table-4-1-73">"Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 73.</ref>
|-
|''[[Klobiodon]]<ref name="Martill18">Michael O’Sullivan; David M. Martill (2018). "Pterosauria of the Great Oolite Group (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, England". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Online edition. doi:10.4202/app.00490.2018.</ref>''
|
|''K. rochei''
* ''[[Megalosaurus]]''<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|Partial dentary with teeth
# ''M. bucklandii''<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|
|A [[Rhamphorhynchidae|rhamphorhynchid]] [[pterosaur]]
# Geographically present in Oxfordshire, England.<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|[[File:Klobiodon rochei.jpg|center|frameless]]
|
|-
|''[[Protochelys]]''
|
|''P. blakii''
* ''[[Cetiosaurus]]''<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|Isolated epidermal scales, coracoid, plastron fragment<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anquetin|first1=Jérémy|last2=Claude|first2=Julien|date=2008|title=Reassessment of the oldest British turtle: Protochelys from the Middle Jurassic Stonesfield Slate of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228495390|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=30|issue=2|pages=331–344}}</ref>
# .''C. oxoniensis''<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|
|Nomen dubium, [[Testudinata]] indet
# Geographically present in Oxfordshire, England.<ref name="middlejurassicdistribution" />
|
#
|-
|}
 
=== Pterosaurs ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Pterosaur]]s of the Stonesfield Slate'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Notes
! Images
|-
|''[[Teleosaurus]]''
|''T. geoffroyi''
|
* ''"Pterodactylus" bucklandi''<ref name="jurptersum">Wellnhofer, Peter (1991). "Summary of Middle Jurassic Pterosaurs." ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs.'' London, UK: Salamander Books Limited. p. 81. {{ISBN|0-86101-566-5}}.</ref>
|
|An indeterminate [[Teleosauridae|Teleosaurid]]. Probably the same animal as ''Teleosaurus cadomensis''.
* Geographically present at [[Stonesfield]], Oxfordshire.<ref name="jurptersum" />
|
| rowspan="99" align="center"|
|-
|[[Monofenestrata]]<ref name="Martill18" />
|Indeterminate
|Vertebrae
|
|
* ''"Rhamphorhynchus" depressirostris''<ref name="jurptersum"/>
|
* Geographically present at Sarsden near [[Chipping Norton]], Oxfordshire.<ref name="jurptersum" />
|-
|[[Rhamphorhynchidae]]<ref name="Martill18" />
|Indeterminate
|Various isolated remains
|
|
* ''[[Klobiodon]] rochei''<ref name=Martill18>Michael O’Sullivan; David M. Martill (2018). "Pterosauria of the Great Oolite Group (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, England". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Online edition. doi:10.4202/app.00490.2018.</ref>
|
* Geographically present at [[Stonesfield]], Oxfordshire.<ref name="Martill18" />
|}
 
Line 102 ⟶ 93:
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Mammaliamorph]]s of the Stonesfield Slate'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Stonesfield Slate, near Oxford (BMNH fish)|url=httpshttp://paleobiodbwww.fossilworks.org/classiccgi-bin/basicCollectionSearchbridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=59357131844|titleaccess-date=Stonesfield17 SlateDecember quarries|last=|first=|date=2021|website=paleobiodbfossilworks.org|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>
|-
! Taxa
Line 113 ⟶ 104:
|''[[Amphilestes]]''
|''A. broderipii''
|Two left mandibles and right mandible
|Left Mandible and teeth
| rowspan="5" |Stonesfield Slate quarries
|[[Amphilestidae|Amphilestid]]
Line 122 ⟶ 113:
|Partial left mandible and a right mandible
| rowspan="2" |[[Amphitheriida]]e
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Amphitherium.jpg|center|frameless]]
|
|-
|''A. rixoni''
|Right dentary
|
|-
|''[[Stereognathus]]''
|''S. ooliticus''
|Teeth
|[[Tritylodontidae|Tritylodontid]]
|[[File:StereognathusooliticusToothOwen1857.png|center|frameless]]
|
|-
|''[[Phascolotherium]]''
|''P. bucklandii''
|Right mandible and left ramus
|Dentary
|Amphilestid
|[[File:Stonsefield mammal.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}
 
=== Fish ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''Fish of the Stonesfield Slate'''<ref name=":0" />
|-
! Taxa
!Species
! Material
!Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|''[[Breviacanthus]]''
|''Breviacanthus brevis''
|
| rowspan="14" |Stonesfield Slate quarries
|
|
|-
|''[[Ganodus]]''
|Spp.
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Chimaera|Chimaeriformes]]
|
|-
|''[[Ischyodus]]''
|''Ischyodus emarginatus''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aspidorhynchus]]''
|''Aspidorhynchus crassus''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Pholidophorus]]''
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Leptolepis]]''
|''Leptolepis disjectus''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Pycnodus]]''
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Mesodon (fish)|Mesodon]]''
|''Mesodon tenuidens''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Microdon (fish)|Microdon]]''
|''Microdon biserialis''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Lepidotus]]''
|''Lepidotus tuberculatus''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Macrosemius]]''
|''Macrosemius sp.''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Undina (fish)|Undina]]''
|''Undina ? barroviensis''
|
|A [[coelacanth]]
|
|-
|''[[Ceratodus (genus)|Ceratodus]]''
|''Ceratodus phillipsi''
|
|A lungfish
|
|-
|''[[Egertonodus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rees |first1=Jan |last2=Underwood |first2=Charlie J. |date=January 2008 |title=Hybodont Sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic) |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=117–147 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00737.x |issn=0031-0239|doi-access=free |bibcode=2008Palgy..51..117R }}</ref>
|''Egertonodus duffini''
|
|A [[hybodont]] shark
|
|-
|''[[Palaeocarcharias]]''?<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Underwood |first1=Charlie J. |last2=Ward |first2=David J. |date=May 2004 |title=Neoselachian sharks and rays from the British Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=447–501 |doi=10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00386.x |issn=0031-0239|doi-access=free |bibcode=2004Palgy..47..447U }}</ref>
|Indeterminate
|
|
|Possibly the oldest [[lamniform]] shark
|
|}
Line 144 ⟶ 238:
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="57" align="center" |'''[[Invertebrate]]s of the Stonesfield Slate'''
|-
! Taxa
!Species
! Presence
!Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
'''Genus:'[[Blapsium]]''
* |''[[Blapsium]]B. egertoni''
| rowspan="3" |Stonesfield Slate
|NHM, In. 34379, a ventral compression missing the head
| An [[Ommatidae|ommatine]] beetle
| [[File:Blapsium egertoni.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Palaeontina]]''
|''P. oolitica''
|Forewing
|Type species of [[Palaeontinidae]]
|
|-
|''[[Pheugothemis]]''
|''P. westwoodi''
|
|Damsel-dragonfly of uncertain placement, while historically described as a member of Gomphidae, Huang et al. 2019 state that it "can[not] be accurately attributed to the Gomphidae, or even the Gomphida."
|
# Geographically present at [[Stonesfield]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ACtHAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA5-PA191&dq=blapsium&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ2YbHgsXTAhWZ3oMKHa05AP0Q6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=blapsium&f=false|title=United States Congressional Serial Set|date=1892-01-01|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="99" align="center"|
|-
|}
 
== Flora ==
The flora known from the Stonesfield Slate comprises a relatively diverse flora, with 25 morphospecies present. It primarily represents a coastal environment, perhaps seasonally dry with mangrove like environments. It is a noticeably different assembelageassemblage than the Yorkshire floras of equivalent age, possibly because the latter is thought to represent a deltaic, wetland environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Cleal|firstfirst1=C. J.|last2=Rees|first2=P. M.|date=July 2003|title=The Middle Jurassic flora from Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1475-4983.00319|journal=Palaeontology|volume=46|issue=4|pages=739–801|doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00319|issn=0031-0239|doi-access=free|bibcode=2003Palgy..46..739C }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
Line 209 ⟶ 317:
|
|-
|''[[Pachypteris|''Pachyptermis'']]''
|''P. macrophylla''
|
|
|A "[[Pteridospermatophyta|Pteridosperm]]", likely either a member of [[Peltaspermales]] or [[Corystospermales]]
|Member of Peltaspermales
|
|-
Line 220 ⟶ 328:
|
|
|Member of Peltaspermales[[Corystospermales]]
|
|-
Line 252 ⟶ 360:
|-
|''[[Taeniopteris]]''
|''T. vittata''
|
|
|Member of Bennettitales
|
|-
|''[[Bucklandia]]''
|''B. bucklandii''
|
|
|Member of Bennettitales formerly ''Conites bucklandii''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doweld|first=Alexander B.|date=October 2012|title=(2099) Proposal to conserve the name Bucklandia Brongn. against Bucklandia Sternb. and Conites (fossil Gymnospermae , Cycadeoideopsida )|journal=Taxon|volume=61|issue=5|pages=1131–1132|doi=10.1002/tax.615033|issn=0040-0262|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Ginkgo]]''
|''G.'' aff ''longifolius''
|
|
|Member of [[Ginkgoales]]
|
|-
|''[[Brachyphyllum]]''
|''B. expansum''
|
|
|Member of [[Pinales]]
|
|-
|''[[Elatocladus]]''
|''E. cf. laxus''
|
|
|Member of Pinales
|
|-
|''[[Masculostrobus]]''
|Indeterminate
|
|
|Member of Pinales
|
|-
|''[[Classostrobus]]''
|Indeterminate
|
|
|[[Cheirolepidiaceae]]
|
|-
|''[[Araucarites]]''
|''A. brodei''
|
|
|[[Araucariaceae]]
|
|-
|''[[Pelourdea]]''
|
|
|
|A conifer of uncetain affinities
|
|-
|''[[Carpolithes]]''
|''Carpolithes diospyriformis'', ''Carpolithes sp.''
|
|
|Plantae indet
|
|-
|''[[Phyllites]]''
|sp.
|
|
|Morphotaxon for leaves of uncertain affinities
|
|}
Line 263 ⟶ 441:
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
 
{{clearbothclear}}
 
== References ==
Line 277 ⟶ 455:
[[Category:Jurassic System of Europe]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europethe United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Paleontology in the United Kingdom]]
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