Wikipedia

Tubercle: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
GreenC bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,302,259 edits
Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5
OAbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
428,971 edits
m Open access bot: pmc updated in citation with #oabot.
 
(22 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Short description|Rounded outgrowth found on external or internal organs of plants or animals}}
{{forFor|the lip feature|Cupid's bow}}
[[Image:Mammillaria marksiana.jpg|right|250px|thumb|This view of the cactus ''[[Mammillaria marksiana]]'' shows its pattern of prominent tubercles, with the spines emanating from each tubercle's tip.]]
 
In [[anatomy]], a '''tubercle''' (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round [[Nodule (medicine)|nodule]], small [[wikt:eminence|eminence]], or [[wart]]y outgrowth found on external or internal organs[[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s of a plant or an animal.
 
==In plants==
Line 17 ⟶ 18:
When it is used in relation to certain dorid [[nudibranch]]s such as ''[[Peltodoris nobilis]]'', it means the nodules on the dorsum of the animal. The tubercles in nudibranchs can present themselves in different ways: each tubercle in a single, rounded, conical or angular form, in a compound form of 2 or more levels, tubercles in amalgamated clusters or as tubercles forming, or joined by a ridge.
 
Tubercles found on the leading edge of [[humpback whale]]'s' flippers were demonstrated to improve fluid flow over the flipper's surface, exhibiting the [[tubercle effect]] of fluid dynamics.<ref>[http://www{{cite journal | doi=10.dtic.mil1063/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a5115171.pdf1688341 | title=Leading-edge tubercles delay stall on humpback whale ( ''Megaptera novaeangliae'' ) flippers], DS| date=2004 | last1=Miklosovic, MM| first1=D. S. | last2=Murray, LE| first2=M. M. | last3=Howle, FE| first3=L. E. | last4=Fish, | first4=F. E. | journal=Physics of Fluids (1994-present)| volume=16 (| issue=5), L39-L42,| 2004pages=L39–L42 | bibcode=2004PhFl...16L..39M }}</ref>
 
[[File:Edmontosaurusskin.jpg|thumb|right|Skin impression from the abdomen of the [[hadrosaurid|duck-billed]] [[dinosaur]] ''[[Edmontosaurus|Edmontosaurus annectens]]'', showing tubercular scales]]
 
In [[dinosaur]]s, a tubercle is a general term for the scales seen in skin impressions. In [[hadrosaurid|duck-billed dinosaurs]], for example, three main types of tubercles are defined: small tubercles with no definite arrangement (ground tubercles); larger, [[polygon]]al tubercles (pavement tubercles) up to {{cvt|1&nbsp;|cm (0.4&nbsp;|in)}} in diameter, which are grouped into clusters separated by ground tubercles; and [[limpet]]-shaped conical scutes.<ref name=LW42>{{cite book |last=Lull |first=Richard Swann |authorlinkauthor-link=Richard Swann Lull |author2=Wright, Nelda E. |title=Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America |year=1942 |publisher=[[Geological Society of America]] |series=Geological Society of America Special Paper '''|volume=40''' |pages=111–112 }}</ref>
 
In fish, [[nuptial tubercles]] are formed on males for breeding. [[Nuptial pads]] on frogs also comprise [[keratin]]ised tubercles.
 
==In humans==
Within the human body, there are numerous sites where tubercles develop. On bones, they are usually eminences used for [[muscle]] connections. Larger tubercles are also known as ''tuberosities''.
 
===Mouth===
Tubercles are usually found behind the last [[molar (tooth)|molar]] in the upper jaw, covered by the [[Gingiva|gum]]. Surgery can be done to make tubercles less prominent.<ref>[http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/OC/Information/OralHealthBasics/CheckupsDentProc/DenturesAndDentalImplants/TuberosityReduction.cvsp "What is Tuberosity Reduction?", Colgate World of Care]</ref>
Line 33 ⟶ 37:
 
===Lungs===
{{mainMain|Tuberculosis}}
Tubercles are nodules that contain [[caseous necrosis]], which form in the lungs as a result of an infection with ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' in the patients with [[tuberculosis]]. [[Granuloma]]s form in the infected tissue and undergo [[necrosis]] in the centre. Tubercles are also known as tuberculous nodules, or [[tuberculoma]]s. The affected parts develop lesions in the form of small nodules called tubercles, from which the disease gets its name.
 
===Ears===
Around the sixth week of gestation, six swellings of tissue, called the ''hillocks of HissHis'',{{efn|Named after [[Wilhelm His Sr.]] who first described them in 1855.<ref>Davis, Jack (1997). ''Otoplasty''. Springer, p. 24. {{ISBN|978-1-4612-7484-1}}</ref>}} arise around the area that will form the [[ear]] canal.<ref name="Anthwal">{{cite journal |last1=Anthwal |first1=Neal |last2=Thompson |first2=Hannah |title=The development of the mammalian outer and middle ear |journal=Journal of Anatomy |date=February 2016 |volume=228 |issue=2 |pages=217–232 |doi=10.1111/joa.12344|pmc=4718165 }}</ref> These eventually coalesce to form the outer ear. [[Darwin's tubercle]], is a minor malformation of the junction of the fourth and fifth hillocks of HissHis. It is found in a substantial minority of people and takes the form of a cartilaginous node or bump on the rim of their outer ear, which is thought to be the vestige of a joint that allowed the top part of the ancestral ear to swivel or flop down over the opening to the ear.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five things humans no longer need |author=Laura Spinney |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13927-five-things-humans-no-longer-need.html |newspaper=NewScientist.com news service |date=19 May 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724005343/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13927-five-things-humans-no-longer-need.html | archive-date=24 July 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>
 
===Genitals===
The [[genital tubercle]] is a small bump that eventually develops into a [[Human penis|penis]] or a [[clitoris]] on a human [[fetus]].
 
===Brain===
Line 49 ⟶ 53:
==See also==
* [[Areolar glands]], sebaceous glands surrounding the nipple
 
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
 
==References==
Line 56 ⟶ 63:
== External links ==
* [http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_T/dictionary_tubercle.htm Tubercle at Cactus-Art.biz]
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Human anatomy]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle"