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{{Short description|Rounded outgrowth found on external or internal organs of plants or animals}}
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[[Image:Mammillaria marksiana.jpg|right|250px|thumb|This view of the cactus ''[[Mammillaria marksiana]]'' shows its pattern of prominent tubercles, with the spines emanating from each tubercle's tip.]]
In [[anatomy]], a '''tubercle''' (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round [[Nodule (medicine)|nodule]], small [[wikt:eminence|eminence]], or [[wart]]y outgrowth found on external or internal
==In plants==
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In the case of certain [[orchid]]s and [[cactus|cacti]], it denotes a round nodule, small [[wikt:eminence|eminence]], or [[wart]]y outgrowth found on the [[Labellum (botany)|lip]]. They are also known as podaria (singular ''podarium''). When referring to some members of the [[Fabaceae|pea family]], it is used to refer to the wart-like excrescences that are found on the roots.
==In fungi==
In [[mycology]], a tubercle is used to refer to a mass of [[hypha]]e from which a [[mushroom]] is made.
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When it is used in relation to certain dorid [[nudibranch]]s such as ''[[Peltodoris nobilis]]'', it means the nodules on the dorsum of the animal. The tubercles in nudibranchs can present themselves in different ways: each tubercle in a single, rounded, conical or angular form, in a compound form of 2 or more levels, tubercles in amalgamated clusters or as tubercles forming, or joined by a ridge.
Tubercles found on the leading edge of [[humpback whale]]
[[File:Edmontosaurusskin.jpg|thumb|right|Skin impression from the abdomen of the [[hadrosaurid|duck-billed]] [[dinosaur]] ''[[Edmontosaurus|Edmontosaurus annectens]]'', showing tubercular scales]]
In [[dinosaur]]s, a tubercle is a general term for the scales seen in skin impressions. In [[hadrosaurid|duck-billed dinosaurs]], for example, three main types of tubercles are defined: small tubercles with no definite arrangement (ground tubercles); larger, [[polygon]]al tubercles (pavement tubercles) up to {{cvt|1
In fish, [[nuptial tubercles]] are formed on males for breeding. [[Nuptial pads]] on frogs also comprise [[keratin]]ised tubercles.
==In humans==
Within the human body, there are numerous sites where tubercles develop. On bones, they are usually eminences used for [[muscle]] connections. Larger tubercles are also known as ''tuberosities''
===Mouth===
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===Bones===
{{Main|Tubercle (human skeleton)}}
In the [[human skeleton]], a ''tubercle'' or ''tuberosity'' is a protrusion that serves as an attachment for [[skeletal muscle]]s. The muscles attach by [[tendon]]s, where the [[enthesis]] is the connective tissue between the tendon and [[bone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/e/enthesis.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120205102809/http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/e/enthesis.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-02-05|title=enthesis|publisher=[[General Electric|GE]]|work=Medcyclopaedia}}</ref> For example, the [[tibial tuberosity]] creates an attachment point for the [[knee|ligamentum patellae]], or patellar ligament.
===Lungs===
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Tubercles are nodules that contain [[caseous necrosis]], which form in the lungs as a result of an infection with ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' in the patients with [[tuberculosis]]. [[Granuloma]]s form in the infected tissue and undergo [[necrosis]] in the centre. Tubercles are also known as tuberculous nodules, or [[tuberculoma]]s. The affected parts develop lesions in the form of small nodules called tubercles, from which the disease gets its name.
===Ears===
Around the sixth week of gestation, six swellings of tissue, called the ''hillocks of
===Genitals===
The [[genital tubercle]] is a small bump that eventually develops into a [[Human penis|penis]] or a [[clitoris]] on a human [[fetus]].
===Brain===
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==See also==
* [[Areolar glands]], sebaceous glands surrounding the nipple
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
* {{Gray's}}
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== External links ==
* [http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_T/dictionary_tubercle.htm Tubercle at Cactus-Art.biz]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Human anatomy]]
[[Category:Animal anatomy]]
[[Category:Plant morphology]]
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