Butia yatay: Difference between revisions

| image_caption = Specimens of ''B.Butia yatay'' in the [[Parque Nacional El Palmar]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Argentina]]

| regnumgenus = [[Plantae]]Butia

*''Calappa yatay'' <small>([[Mart.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]] [1891]</small>

'''''Butia yatay''''', the '''jelly palm''' or '''yatay palm''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref> is a ''[[Butia]]'' [[Arecaceae|palm]] native to southern [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]] and northern [[Argentina]].<ref name=Conosur/> It is known as the '''''butiá-jataí''''' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] in the south of Brazil,<ref name=Brazil2020>{{cite web |url=http://servicos.jbrj.gov.br/flora/search/Butia_yatay |title=Brazilian Flora Checklist - Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc. |last=Heiden |first=G. |last2=Ellert-Pereira |first2=P.E. |last3=Eslabão |first3=M.P. |date=2015 |website=Butia in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil, Flora do Brasil 2020 under construction |publisher=Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |language=Portuguesept |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=CNCFlora>{{cite web |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Butia%20yatay |title=Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora - CNCFlora |last=Prieto |first=Pablo Viany |date=2 May 2012 |website= |publisher= |language=Portuguesept |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> as well as simply '''''jataí''''' or '''''butiá'''''.<ref name=CNCFlora/> It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental in Europe and the United States.<ref name=GRIN/><ref name=Soares2015>{{cite journal |last=Soares |first=Kelen Pureza |date=2015 |title=Le genre Butia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288181003 |language=Frenchfr |journal=Principes |volume=1 |pages=12–57 |doi= |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

It is the tallest of all the species in the genus ''[[Butia]]''.<ref>{{cite web fact| urldate=http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/yatay_palm.htmSeptember | title=Yatay Palm - Butia yatay - Seeds2019}}</ref> The fruit is edible with a sweet flavour.<ref name=Palmar>{{cite web |url=http://www.colonentrerios.com.ar/elpalmar/flora.htm |title=Parque Nacional El Palmar - Flora |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |language=Spanishes |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>

This is one of only a few plants in which the scientific name is completely derived from Native American languages. ''Butia'' is from a local Brazilian vernacular name likely derived from [[Old Tupi]] ''ᵐba atí'', meaning 'thorny thing', which probably refers to the spines along the petiole margins of most species. The specific epithet ''yatay'' is adopted from the [[Guaraní language]] word for thissuch palmpalms, ''yata'i'', which itself refers to the small, hard fruit.<ref name=Soares2015/><ref name=Mbaracayú1998>{{cite journal |last=Jiménez |first=Belen |last2=Knapp |first2=Sandra |date=1998 |title=Palms of the Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú, Paraguay (Mbaracayú Natural Forest Reserve) |url=http://www.palms.org/principes/1998/vol42n2p65-79.pdf |journal=Principes |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=65–79 |access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

The recent taxa[[Butia poni|''B. missioneraponi'']] and(Hauman) Burret [1930] (syn. ''B.Cocos quaraimanaponi'' describedHauman by[1919], Deblea &''[[nomen Marchiorinudum]]'') fromwas [[Rioconsidered Grandea dosynonym Sul]],of Brazil,''B. yatay'' (and ''B. noblickiiparaguayensis'', described''pro byparte'', Deble''fide'' fromSoares a[2015]<ref populationname=Soares2015/>), ofbut palmswas inrecognised [[Corrientesas Province]]a ofspecies Argentina,in haveits allown beenright synonymisedin with2017 thisby speciesDeble eitherafter byhe Soaresrediscovered eta al.population of the species in 2014,Argentina orand Soareswas inable to 2015confirm its distinctiveness.<ref name=Soares2015/><ref name=Soares2014>{{cite journal |last=SoaresPaz Deble |first=Kelen PurezaLeonardo |last2=LonghiKeller |first2=SolonHéctor JonasA. |last3=NetoDa Silva Alves |first3=Leopoldo WiteckFabiano |last4date=deAugust Assis2017 |first4title=LucasResurrection Coelhoand |date=2014epitypification |title=Palmeirasof Butia poni (Arecaceae), noa Rioneglected Grandepalm domicro-endemic Sulin the grasslands of Misiones, BrasilArgentina |url=https://rodriguesia-seerwww.jbrjresearchgate.gov.brnet/index.phppublication/rodriguesia/article/view/ID%20862/pdf_85 |language=Portuguese318911779 |journal=Rodriguésia - Revista do Jardim Botânico do Rio de JaneiroPhytotaxa |volume=65316 |issue=12 |pages=113–139171–180 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.6 |access-date=1114 OctoberSeptember 2018}}</ref>

This is a solitary-trunked palm; the trunk often grows at an incline and is from 3 to 16m,<ref name=Soares2015/> exceptionally 18m tall,<ref name=Palmar/> although they usually grow shorter in Brazil (to 8m).<ref name=CNCFlora/> The trunks grow from 30 to 55cm55&nbsp;cm in diameter, usually retaining a coat of old leaf bases which do not shed easily naturally and which remain persistent for many years.<ref name=Soares2015/>

There are 11- to 31 pinnate leaves arranged spirally around the crown of the trunk.<ref name=Soares2015/> The 40-130cm40–130&nbsp;cm long petiole of the leaf has margins armed in stiff teeth which may grow up to 4cm4&nbsp;cm in length, as well as fibres along the margins. The leaf has a rachis 163–200cmthat is 163–200&nbsp;cm in length. There are (57-)63-78 glaucous-coloured pinnae (leaflets) along thethis rachis, these pinnae are (58-)65-77cm65–77&nbsp;cm long and 2-3cm2–3&nbsp;cm wide in the middle of the leaf. The pinnae are inserted at a single plane on both sides of the rachis, such that aeach pair of pinnae form a ''''V'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>-shape.<ref name=Brazil2020/><ref name=Soares2015/>

The developing inflorescence is protected within a woody, hairless spathe which is lightly striated and 105–135cm105–135&nbsp;cm in total length, the swollen part of this spathe being 40-110cm40–110&nbsp;cm long and 7-14cm7–14&nbsp;cm wide. The branched inflorescence has a 40-75cm40–75&nbsp;cm long and 1.5-2.2cm2&nbsp;cm wide peduncle (stalk). The rachis of the inflorescence is 40-72cm40–72&nbsp;cm long and has 68-155 rachillae (branches) which are 16-72cm16–72&nbsp;cm long. The flowers are coloured yellow, yellow-purple, greenish-yellow or entirely purple. The staminate (male) flowers are 9-10mm in length; the pistillate (female) flowers 13–17(–18)mm.<ref name=Brazil2020/><ref name=Soares2015/>

Compared with other extant palms in the region, ''Butia yatay'' has the largest-sized pollen grains on average. They are bilaterally symmetrical, suboblate-shaped, the end piriform (pear-shaped), and monosulcate. The surface is covered in minute 2μm-large reticulate patterns.<ref name=pollen>{{cite journal |last=Bauermann |first=Soraia Girardi |last2=Evaldt |first2=Andréia Cardoso Pacheco |last3=Zanchin |first3=Janaína Rosana |last4=de Loreto Bordignon |first4=Sergio Augusto |date=June 2010 |title=Diferenciação polínica de Butia, Euterpe, Geonoma, Syagrus e Thritrinax e implicações paleoecológicas de Arecaceae para o Rio Grande do Sul |url=https://isb.emnuvens.com.br/iheringia/article/view/79/86 |journal=Iheringia -, Série Botânica |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |language=Portuguesept |issn=0073-4705 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Butia yatay- Río Negro, Palmar, Suelo arenoso en bosque ribereño al margen del Río Negro.jpg|thumb|left|''Butia yatay'' bearing almost ripe fruit along the banks of the Río Negro in the Cerro de la Palmera, [[Río Negro Department]], Uruguay.]]

The shape of the fruit is ovoid. The shape of the 1.8-2.8 by 1-1.7cm7&nbsp;cm nut is elongated, ellipsoid or turbinate, and it weighs 1.1-3.5g.<ref name=Brazil2020/><ref name=Soares2015/> The ripe fruit are {{Convert|2.7-4.2cm2|cm|in|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|1.5-3.8cm8|cm|in|abbr=on}} in size, weigh {{Convert|8-23g23|g|oz|abbr=on}}, and have a persistent perianth. The fruit may be coloured yellow, orange, red, or purple;,<ref name=Soares2015/> while the flesh is yellow, sweet, juicy, and slightly fibrous.<ref name=Soares2015/><ref name=Palmar/> The nut often has a beak or protuberance at its extremities, and has homogeneous endosperm and from 1 to 3 seeds.<ref name=Soares2015/>

Sidney Fredrick Glassman inIn his 1979 key to the genus ''[[Butia]]'', Glassman compares this species with ''[[Butia paraguayensis|B. paraguayensis]]'', the main differences being the taller trunk, the longer leaf rachis with more wider and longer pinnae, the spathe (being almost twice the size), and larger fruit, beyond the range of ''B. paraguayensis''.<ref name=Glassman1979>{{cite journal |last=Glassman |first=Sidney Fredrick |date=1979 |title=Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species |url=http://media.e-taxonomy.eu/palmae/protologe/palm_tc_28144_P.pdf |journal=Principes |volume=23 |issue= |pages=70-71 |doi= |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

In Brazil it only occurs in the southernmost state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], and there only in the municipalities of [[Giruá]] and [[Quaraí]].<ref name=Brazil2020/><ref name=Soares2015/> In Argentina it occurs in the northern-center provinces of [[Chaco Province|Chaco]], [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Misiones Province|Misiones]] (in the municipalities of [[Candelaria (Misiones)|Candelaria]] and [[San Ignacio, MisionesArgentina|San Ignacio]]) and [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]]. In Uruguay it only occurs to the west in the departments of [[Paysandú Department|Paysandú]] and [[Río Negro Department|Río Negro]].<ref name=Conosur/>

This slow-growing palm grows to 12<ref name=PALMweb>{{cite web |url=http://www.palmweb.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/399e3b32-290e-4a25-bb9e-01ca937ce77b |title=Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10 498 (1916) - PALMweb |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2013 |website=Palmweb - Palms of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>-18m<ref name=Palmar/> tall, with a trunk diameter of 50cm50&nbsp;cm,<ref name=Palmar/> in giant, ancient, almost monoculture groves in savannah habitats (called ''[[Pampas|pampa]](s)'' in BrazilLatin America).<ref name=Brazil2020/><ref name=CNCFlora/><ref name=Palmar/><ref name=PALMweb/><ref name=Anodorhynchus>{{Cite journal|last1=Yamashita |first1=Carlos |last2=de Paula Valle |first2=Mauro |year=1993 |title=On the linkage between Anodorhynchus macaws and palm nuts, and the extinction of the Glaucous Macaw |journal=[[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club]] |volume=113 |pages=53–60 |url=http://biostor.org/reference/112167 |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> It is usually found in sandy soils,<ref name=Palmar/> which are often much rockier than that in which other ''Butia'' are found.<ref name=pollen/> It grows at altitudes of 0-500m.<ref name=Conosur/>

It is advised to plant the palms in full sunlight. It is said to take -12&nbsp;°C, but should be protected at -5&nbsp;°C in [[the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eawagelaar.nl/Butia.html |title=Het geslacht Butia |last=Wagelaar |first=Edwin |date=31 December 2017 |website=Palmexotica |publisher= |language=Dutchnl |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

In 2008 the conservation status in Brazil was classified as 'data deficient' by the federal Ministério do Meio Ambiente. In 2012 the conservation status in Brazil was evaluated as 'vulnerable' by the [[Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora]]. Although it occurs over an extensive range, both the size and quality of the remaining habitat is threatened due to the expansion of forestry and agricultural activities.<ref name=CNCFlora/>

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