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{{Short description|Species of palm}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Parque Nacional El Palmar (5).jpg
| image_caption = Specimens of ''
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Conosur>{{cite web |url=http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/DetalleEspecie.asp?forma=&variedad=&subespecie=&especie=yatay&genero=Butia&espcod=9835 |title=Flora del Conosur |author=<!--Not stated-->
| synonyms =▼
▲| species = '''''B. yatay'''''
▲| binomial_authority = ([[Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]) [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]] [1916]
▲|synonyms_ref=<ref name=Conosur>{{cite web |url=http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/DetalleEspecie.asp?forma=&variedad=&subespecie=&especie=yatay&genero=Butia&espcod=9835 |title=Flora del Conosur |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Instituto de Botánica Darwinion |language=Spanish |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=WCSP>{{cite web |url=https://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=28173 |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |last=Govaerts |first=R. |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>
▲|synonyms=
*''Cocos yatay'' <small>[[Mart.]] [1844]</small>
*''Calappa yatay'' <small>([[Mart.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]] [1891]</small>
*''Syagrus yatay'' <small>([[Mart.]]) Glassman [1970]</small>
*''Butia capitata'' subsp. ''yatay'' <small>([[Mart.]]) Herter [1940]</small>
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}}
'''''Butia yatay''''', the '''jelly palm''' or '''yatay palm''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref> is a ''[[Butia]]'' [[Arecaceae|palm]] native to southern [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]] and northern [[Argentina]].<ref name=Conosur/> It is known as the '''''butiá-jataí''''' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] in the south of Brazil,<ref name=Brazil2020>{{cite web |url=http://servicos.jbrj.gov.br/flora/search/Butia_yatay |title=Brazilian Flora Checklist - Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc. |last=Heiden |first=G. |last2=Ellert-Pereira |first2=P.E. |last3=Eslabão |first3=M.P. |date=2015 |website=Butia in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil, Flora do Brasil 2020 under construction |publisher=Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |language=
It is the tallest of all the species in the genus ''
==Etymology==
This is one of only a few plants in which the scientific name is completely derived from Native American languages. ''Butia'' is from a local Brazilian vernacular name likely derived from [[Old Tupi]] ''ᵐba atí'', meaning 'thorny thing', which probably refers to the spines along the petiole margins of most species. The specific epithet ''yatay'' is adopted from the [[Guaraní language]] word for
==Taxonomy==
In 1970 Sidney Fredrick Glassman moved this species, along with all other ''Butia'', to ''[[Syagrus (plant)|Syagrus]]'',<ref name=Glassman1970>{{cite journal |last=Glassman |first=Sidney Fredrick |date=1970 |title=A conspectus of the palm genus Butia Becc. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19907#page/49/mode/1up |journal=Fieldiana |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.2384 |access-date=11 October 2018|doi-access=free }}</ref> but in 1979 he changed his mind and moved everything back.<ref name=Glassman1979>{{cite journal |last=Glassman |first=Sidney Fredrick |date=1979 |title=Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species |url=http://media.e-taxonomy.eu/palmae/protologe/palm_tc_28144_P.pdf |journal=Principes |volume=23 |pages=70–71 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>
A population of ''Butia'' palms growing in [[Paraguay]] known as ''B. dyerana'' was synonymised with this species by Glassman,<ref name=GRIN/> but this population was reclassified as a synonym of [[Butia paraguayensis|''B. paraguayensis'']] by at least 1996, removing ''B. yatay'' from the flora of [[Paraguay]].<ref name=WCSP2>{{cite web |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/nonacceptedRef.do?name_id=28160 |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |last=Govaerts |first=R. |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref>▼
▲A population of ''Butia'' palms growing in [[Paraguay]] known as ''B. dyerana'' was synonymised with this species by Glassman,<ref name=GRIN/> but this population was reclassified as a synonym of [[Butia paraguayensis|''B. paraguayensis'']] by at least 1996, removing ''B. yatay'' from the flora of [[Paraguay]].<ref name=WCSP2>{{cite web |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/nonacceptedRef.do?name_id=28160 |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |last=Govaerts |first=R. |date=2018
The recent taxa ''B. missionera'' and ''B. quaraimana'' described by Deble & Marchiori from [[Rio Grande do Sul]], Brazil, and ''B. noblickii'' described by Deble from a population of palms in [[Corrientes Province]] of Argentina, have all been synonymised with this species either by Soares et al. in 2014, or Soares in 2015.<ref name=Soares2015/><ref name=Soares2014>{{cite journal |last=Soares |first=Kelen Pureza |last2=Longhi |first2=Solon Jonas |last3=Neto |first3=Leopoldo Witeck |last4=de Assis |first4=Lucas Coelho |date=2014 |title=Palmeiras (Arecaceae) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil |url=https://rodriguesia-seer.jbrj.gov.br/index.php/rodriguesia/article/view/ID%20862/pdf_85 |language=pt |journal=Rodriguésia - Revista do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=113–139 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>
==Description==
This is a solitary-trunked palm; the trunk often grows at an incline and is from 3 to 16m,<ref name=Soares2015/> exceptionally 18m tall,<ref name=Palmar/> although they usually grow shorter in Brazil (to 8m).<ref name=CNCFlora/> The trunks grow from 30 to
===Leaves===
[[File:Palmera en Fortín Olavarría (planta 02) foto 05.JPG|thumb|left|Leaves with pinnae arranged in a single plane per side of the leaf in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina.]]
There are 11
===Inflorescence===
The developing inflorescence is protected within a woody, hairless spathe which is lightly striated and
Compared with other extant palms in the region, ''Butia yatay'' has the largest-sized pollen grains on average. They are bilaterally symmetrical, suboblate-shaped, the end piriform (pear-shaped), and monosulcate. The surface is covered in minute 2μm-large reticulate patterns.<ref name=pollen>{{cite journal |last=Bauermann |first=Soraia Girardi |last2=Evaldt |first2=Andréia Cardoso Pacheco |last3=Zanchin |first3=Janaína Rosana |last4=de Loreto Bordignon |first4=Sergio Augusto |date=June 2010 |title=Diferenciação polínica de Butia, Euterpe, Geonoma, Syagrus e Thritrinax e implicações paleoecológicas de Arecaceae para o Rio Grande do Sul |url=https://isb.emnuvens.com.br/iheringia/article/view/79/86 |journal=Iheringia
===Fruit & seeds===
[[File:Butia yatay- Río Negro, Palmar, Suelo arenoso en bosque ribereño al margen del Río Negro.jpg|thumb|left|''Butia yatay'' bearing almost ripe fruit along the banks of the Río Negro in the Cerro de la Palmera, [[Río Negro Department]], Uruguay
The shape of the fruit is ovoid. The shape of the 1.8-2.8 by 1-1.
===Similar species===
==Distribution==
In Brazil it only occurs in the southernmost state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], and there only in the municipalities of [[Giruá]] and [[Quaraí]].<ref name=Brazil2020/><ref name=Soares2015/> In Argentina it occurs in the northern-center provinces of [[Chaco Province|Chaco]], [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Misiones Province|Misiones]] (in the municipalities of [[Candelaria (Misiones)|Candelaria]] and [[San Ignacio,
Bauermann ''et al.'' investigated the possibility of using palm pollen, including this species, in [[palynology]], in order to try to provide more detail about the ancient changes in habitat in the state Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil by tracking the changes in distribution and abundance of the palms, but were unable to provide much detail on the subject.<ref name=pollen/>
==Habitat and ecology==
[[File:Yatay Palms, El Palmar, Entre Rios, Argentina, 1 Jan. 2011 - Flickr - PhillipC (1).jpg|thumb|left|Palms growing in the wild in El Palmar, [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Rios]], Argentina.]]
This slow-growing palm grows to 12<ref name=PALMweb>{{cite web |url=http://www.palmweb.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/399e3b32-290e-4a25-bb9e-01ca937ce77b |title=Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10
It fruits abundantly in the summer and the seeds germinate in the wild in the spring or the fall.<ref name=CNCFlora/>
The nuts of this palm are alleged to have been the main diet of the [[glaucous macaw]] in 1993, although the taxonomy of local ''Butia'' populations has changed somewhat since then.<ref name=Anodorhynchus/>
''Butia yatay'' is thought to be one of the natural hosts for larvae (caterpillars) of the giant day-flying moth ''[[Paysandisia archon]]'' which attack the piths of this palm, along with many other palm species, at least in Europe where the moth has naturalised after likely being introduced from Argentina hidden in the trunks of ''B. yatay'' and ''[[Trithrinax campestris]]'' in consignments of palms imported for ornamental horticulture. An infestation can kill the palm. The moth prefers genera of palm with hairy trunks as the fibre is used in the construction of the cocoon for the [[pupa]]; in Europe it prefers ''[[Trachycarpus]]'' above all, but also ''[[Trithrinax]]'' or ''[[Chamaerops]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/liliopsida/arecaceae/butia/ |title=Butia |last=Savela |first=Markku |website=Lepidoptera and some other life forms |access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Paysandisia_Archon |title=Bestimmungshilfe des Lepiforums - Paysandisia Archon |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018 |website=Lepiforum |language=de |access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref>
==Horticulture==
Seeds (or rather, nuts) are collected in Brazil for the international ornamental plant industry.<ref name=CNCFlora/>
It is advised to plant the palms in full sunlight. It is said to take -12 °C, but should be protected at -5 °C in [[the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eawagelaar.nl/Butia.html |title=Het geslacht Butia |last=Wagelaar |first=Edwin |date=31 December 2017 |website=Palmexotica
It is commonly grown and sold in Japan as an ornamental lawn plant.
==Conservation==
In 2008 the conservation status in Brazil was classified as 'data deficient' by the federal Ministério do Meio Ambiente. In 2012 the conservation status in Brazil was evaluated as 'vulnerable' by the [[Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora]]. Although it occurs over an extensive range, both the size and quality of the remaining habitat is threatened due to the expansion of forestry and agricultural activities.<ref name=CNCFlora/>
Specimens are cultivated ''ex situ'' in Brazil in the [[Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden|Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro]] and the Inhotim Botanical Garden.<ref name=CNCFlora/>
==
<gallery caption="" widths="220px" heights="150px">
File:Palmera en Fortín Olavarría (planta 02) foto 02.JPG|A cultivated younger tree in Fortín Olavarría, [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, showing the persistent leaf bases and the spathes.
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File:Palmera en Fortín Olavarría (planta 02) foto 04.JPG|The petiole of the leaf bearing substantial teeth along its margins.
File:Butia yatay - palmares de quebracho- Paysandú, Quebracho 41.JPG|A grove of old trees ''in situ'' at Quebracho, [[Paysandú Department]], Uruguay.
File:Contributions du Jardin botanique de Rio de Janeiro (1901) (20692838501).jpg|Comparison of fruit by [[João Barbosa Rodrigues]] in 1901. ''B. yatay'' is 'A' (note the large fruit); [[Butia odorata|''B. odorata'']] is 'B' & 'C', [[Butia eriospatha|''B. eriospatha'']] is 'D', and ''[[Syagrus coronata]]'' is 'E'.
</gallery>
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* [[El Palmar National Park]]
* [[Mburucuyá National Park]]
==Bibliography==
* [[Jorge Chebataroff]] (1974).- Palmeras del Uruguay. Montevideo, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias.
* Burkart, A. 1957. La Vegetación del Delta del Río Paraná. Darwiniana 11(3): 457–561.
* Devoto & Rothkugel. 1942. Índice flora leñosa Argentina. Publ. Misc. Min. Agric. 140: 35–142.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==
*http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/BUTCAPA.pdf
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[[Category:Trees of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari]]
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