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| image2_alt = "Balaenoptera edeni"
| image2_caption = ''Balaenoptera edeni''
| status = LC▼
| status_system = IUCN3.1▼
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Cooke, J.G. |author2=Brownell Jr. |author3=R.L. |year=2018 |title=''Balaenoptera edeni
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name="Appendices {{!}} CITES">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| taxon = Bryde's whale complex
| authority =
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| range_map = Balaenoptera brydei range.png
| range_map_caption = Bryde's whale range
▲| status = LC
▲| status_system = IUCN3.1
▲| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Cooke, J.G. |author2=Brownell Jr. |author3=R.L. |year=2018 |title=Balaenoptera edeni |volume=2018 |page=e.T2476A50349178 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T2476A50349178.en |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''Bryde's whale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ʊ|d|ə|z}} {{respell|BRUU|dəz}}
''B. brydei'' gets its specific and common name from [[Johan Bryde]], Norwegian consul to South Africa, who helped establish the first modern [[whaling]] station in the country, while ''B. edeni'' gets its specific and common names from Sir [[Ashley Eden]], former High Commissioner of Burma ([[Myanmar]]). [[Sittaung River|Sittang]] whale refers to the type locality of the species.
== Etymology ==
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The taxonomy is poorly characterised. The two genetically distinct, candidate species/subspecies/morphologies are Bryde's whale ''B. brydei'' and the Sittang or Eden's whale ''B. edeni'',<ref name="Olsen"/> that differentiate by geographic distribution, inshore/offshore preferences, and size. For both putative species, the scientific name ''B. edeni'' is commonly used or they are simply referred to ''B.'' cf ''brydei/edeni''.<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web|url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/brydes-whale|title=Bryde's Whale|website=NOAA Fisheries|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
In 1878, the Scottish zoologist [[John Anderson (zoologist)|John Anderson]], first curator of the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata|Indian Museum]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], described ''Balaenoptera edeni'', naming it after the former British High Commissioner in [[Burma]], Sir [[Ashley Eden]], who helped obtain the type specimen. Eden's Deputy Commissioner, Major A.G. Duff, sent a Mr Duke, one of his assistants, to Thaybyoo Creek, between the [[Sittaung River|Sittang]] and Beeling Rivers, on the [[Gulf of Martaban]], where he found a {{convert|37
In the 1950s it was discovered that there were two types of "sei whale" off Japan, a northern form with longer, finer baleen and shorter ventral grooves and a southern form with shorter, coarser baleen and longer ventral grooves. They also differed in the shape of the palate. The former was caught off northeastern [[Honshu]] and eastern [[Hokkaido]], while the latter was taken off western [[Kyushu]] and southern Honshu. Both were caught off the [[Bonin Islands]], but at different seasons. It was realized that the northern form were indeed sei whales (''B. borealis''), but the southern form were Bryde's whale (''B. brydei/edeni'').<ref name=OmuraFujino1954>{{cite journal |last1=Omura |first1=Hideo |last2=Fujino |first2=Kazuo |year=1954 |title=Sei whales in the adjacent waters of Japan II. Further studies on the external characters |journal=The Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute |volume=9 |pages=89–103 |url=https://www.icrwhale.org/pdf/SC00989-103.pdf }}</ref> A later study revealed that Bryde's caught off Japan exhibited lateral ridges on their [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]], whereas sei whales lacked this feature.<ref name=OmuraJapan1962>{{cite journal |last1=Omura |first1=Hideo |year=1962 |title=Further information on Bryde's whale from the coast of Japan |journal=The Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute |volume=16 |pages=7–18 |url=https://www.icrwhale.org/pdf/SC0167-18.pdf }}</ref>
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== Description ==
Several differences in anatomy are
=== Size ===
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''B. brydei'' occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between the 40th parallels of latitude, preferring highly productive, tropical, subtropical, and warm, temperate waters of {{convert|61|–|72|F|order=flip}}. In the North Pacific, they occur as far north as [[Honshu]] to the west and southern California in the east, with vagrants reported as far north as [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in the United States. They occur throughout the eastern tropical Pacific, including [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.pacificwhale.org/2016/07/06/unusual-encounter-with-brydes-whale-in-ecuador/|title=Unusual Encounter with Bryde's Whale in Ecuador|date=6 July 2016}}</ref> where they are absent from July to September. They have also been reported in an upwelling area off [[Chile]] between [[35th parallel south|35°]] and [[37th parallel south|37°S]]. In the southwestern Pacific, they occur as far south as the [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]].
Based on osteological features, a specimen from [[Taiwan]] was referred to ''B. brydei'', while several specimens from the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]] differed slightly in skull morphology and were referred to the putative Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale.<ref name=IUCN
Bryde's whales do not occur within central to northern [[Sea of Japan]] on regular basis or at least in large numbers. One of the northernmost records in modern times was of a beached, 5-meter-long specimen at [[Nakhodka]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pk25.ru/news/nakhodka/01_06_11_pod_nahodkoyi_vibrosilsya_na_bereg_pyatim.html|title=Под Находкой выбросился на берег пятиметровый кит|website=www.pk25.ru}}</ref>
''B. brydei'' occurs throughout the Indian Ocean north of about [[35th parallel south|35°S]]. Those of the southern Indian Ocean appear to correspond to ''B. brydei'', as do the individuals illegally caught by the Soviets in the 1960s in the northwest Indian Ocean, as well as the [[Maldives]]. Individuals sighted in the [[Red Sea]] may or may not be ''B. brydei''.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name=Masseti>{{cite journal |last1=Masseti |first1=Marco |title=The mammals of the Farasan archipelago, Saudi Arabia |journal=Turkish Journal of Zoology |date=6 August 2010 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=359–365 |url=https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/abstract.htm?id=10978 |doi=10.3906/zoo-0905-2 |doi-access=free |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828220957/https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/abstract.htm?id=10978 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the North Atlantic, they have been recorded as far north as [[Cape Hatteras]]. They occur throughout the wider [[Caribbean]]—two specimens from [[Aruba]] were found through mtDNA analysis to be firmly placed within ''B. brydei'' and to form a [[clade]] with a specimen from [[Madeira]] and individuals of the offshore form of South Africa. They were first recorded in the [[Azores]] in 2004 and showing mixed traits of offshore and inshore forms,<ref name=Steiner2007 /> but do not occur in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (regarding the bones of a baleen whale found, Bryde's whale was listed as one of suggested species<ref>Small B. D.. 1995. [https://books.google.
=== ''B. edeni'' ===
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[[File:Baleia de Bryde.jpg|thumb|Bryde's whale [[Cetacean surfacing behaviour|breaching]] in Castelhanos Bay, [[Ilhabela]] in [[São Paulo]]]]
[[File:ปลาวาฬบรูด้า.jpg|thumb|Bryde's whale in the [[Gulf of Thailand]]]]
The population may include up to 90,000–100,000 animals worldwide, with two-thirds inhabiting the [[Northern Hemisphere]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
For management purposes, the U.S. population is divided into three groups: the Eastern Tropical Pacific stock (11,000–13,000 animals) and the Hawaiian stock (350–500) and an endangered stock of about 100 whales in the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="GOM Bryde's whale">{{cite web|title=Gulf of Mexico Bryde's Whale|url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/gulf-mexico-brydes-whale |website=www.fisheries,noaa.gov |publisher=NOAA |access-date=15 April 2019 |ref=rikbryde}}</ref> As of 2016, the Bryde's whale is considered to be [[critically endangered]] in [[New Zealand]] as there are approximately 200 left in the wild.<ref name="AUT2016">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/BeFzozm_H5M Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607000754/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeFzozm_H5M&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=Rare whale footage shot by drone thanks to AUT scientists|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeFzozm_H5M|website=YouTube|publisher=
Prior to 2006, only two confirmed sightings of Bryde's whale had been reported in the eastern North Pacific north of Baja California—one in January 1963, only a kilometer off [[La Jolla]] (originally misidentified as a fin whale), and another in October 1991 west of [[Monterey Bay]]. Between August 2006 and September 2010, six sightings were made by scientists in the [[Southern California Bight]]. Five were west of [[San Clemente Island]], and one between San Clemente Island and [[Santa Catalina Island (California)|Santa Catalina Island]]. All but one involved single individuals.<ref name="Smultea2012">{{cite journal |last1=Smultea |first1=Mari |title=Short Note: Bryde's Whale (''Balaenoptera brydei/edeni'') Sightings in the Southern California Bight |journal=Aquatic Mammals |date=1 March 2012 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=92–97 |doi=10.1578/am.38.1.2012.92 }}</ref> Another sighting was made off [[Dana Point, California]], on 19 September 2009, which was originally misidentified as a fin whale.
In general, data are insufficient to determine population trends.
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== Conservation ==
[[File:Anim2619 (34590655782).jpg|thumb|Bryde's whale surfaces off [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]]]]
''Balaenoptera edeni'' is listed as least concern by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]].<ref name=
It is listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ([[CITES]]) Appendix I, which prohibits commercial international trade.<ref name="Appendices {{!}} CITES">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
''Balaenoptera brydei'' has yet to be evaluated.
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Historically, this species was not significantly targeted by commercial whalers, but became more important in the 1970s as the industry depleted other targets. Artisanal whalers have taken them off the coasts of [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].
Modern whaling for Bryde's whales is thought to have begun from coastal stations in Japan in 1906, where it continued uninterrupted until 1987—they were also caught offshore in the western North Pacific by both Japanese (1971–79) and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] (1966–79) fleets, as well as from [[Taiwan]] (1976–80), the [[Bonin Islands]] (1946–52 and 1981–87), and the [[Philippines]] (1983–85). In 1997, an estimated over 20,000 Bryde's whales had been caught in the western North Pacific between 1911 and 1987 (the Japanese were later found to have falsified their reported take from the Bonin Islands between 1981 and 1987, reporting a catch of only 2,659 instead of the true take of 4,162). A population assessment done in the mid-1990s stated that the population in the western North Pacific may have declined by as much as 49% during 1911–96. Norwegian factory ships off Baja California took an additional 34 Bryde's whales between 1924 and 1929;<ref>{{cite book |last=Tønnessen |first=Johan |author2=Arne Odd Johnsen |author2-link=Arne Odd Johnsen |title=The History of Modern Whaling |year=1982 |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-03973-5 }}</ref> two were also caught off central California in 1966.<ref>[http://luna.pos.to/whale/sta_1966.html Whaling in 1965–66 and summer 1966 (IWS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828232931/http://luna.pos.to/whale/sta_1966.html |date=28 August 2021 }}. Luna.pos.to. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.</ref>
An estimated 5,542 Bryde's whales were caught off Peru between 1968 and 1983, including a reported catch of 3,589 between 1973 and 1983. An unknown number were also caught off Chile from 1932 to 1979. Over 2,000 were caught off [[Cape Province]], South Africa, from 1911 to 1967, most (1,300) during 1947–67. The majority of the 2,536 sei whales caught by the pirate whaler ''Sierra'' in the South Atlantic between 1969 and 1976 are believed to have been Bryde's whales. At least some Bryde's whales were among the 5,000 sei whales recorded in the catch off [[Brazil]] from 1948 to 1977, but possibly only 8%.<ref name=IUCN />
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=== Other threats and incidents ===
Around 2011, a videographer named Michael Fishbach filmed a Bryde's whale weighing {{convert|20|t|kg}} being hunted and killed by a pack of 20 [[orca]] in the [[Sea of Cortez]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4puJppvtzP8|title=Wild Orca Hunt|date=2013-05-12|website=YouTube|language=en-US|access-date=2022-11-19}}</ref>
[[File:Bryde's Whale - Auckland, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|Bryde's whale is listed as National Critical in New Zealand]]
Bryde's whales have not been reported as taken or injured in fishing operations. They are sometimes killed or injured by ship strikes. Anthropogenic noise is an increasing concern for all rorquals, which communicate by low-frequency sounds.<ref name=NOAA />
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In March 2019, a diver off the coast of [[South Africa]] was accidentally caught in the mouth of a feeding Bryde's whale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/moment-diver-was-swallowed-and-then-spat-out-by-mammoth-whale/news-story/9a11e3156833e4e032e3483abdcb2ecf|title=South African diver Rainer Schimpf swallowed by Bryde's whale|website=www.news.com.au|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> The diver and tour-operator, [[Rainer Schimpf]], was photographing sharks circling a bait-ball of [[fish]], when the whale suddenly appeared from below and opened its mouth near the surface in an attempt to swallow the fish. In doing so, it accidentally engulfed Schimpf as well; his entire upper body (down to his waist) went into the whale's mouth. The whale gripped him with its jaws for a few moments as Schimpf held his breath and feared the whale would deep dive. Soon after the whale submerged again, it quickly spat Schimpf (who was unharmed) back out and swam away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/diver-survives-after-being-scooped-up-in-whales-mouth-off-south-africa|title=Diver survives after being scooped up in whale's mouth off South Africa|last=Fedschun|first=Travis|date=2019-03-10|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref>
Tourists on jet skis have harassed whales off the gulf coast of [[Phetchaburi Province]], Thailand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yurou |title=Thai minister warns tourists of harsh penalty if found disrupting Bryde's whale |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138473603.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015142544/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138473603.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=Xinhua |date=15 October 2019}}</ref>
== See also ==
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{{-}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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