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==Founding legend==
A legend states that when the Brittonic princess (and future saint) [[Teneu]], daughter of the king of [[Lothian]], became [[pregnant]] before marriage, her family threw her from a cliff. She survived the fall unharmed, and was soon met by an unmanned boat. She knew she had no home to go to, so she got into the boat; it sailed her across the [[Firth of Forth]] to land at Culross, where she was cared for by [[Saint Serf]]; he became foster-father of her son, [[Saint Kentigern]] (or Mungo).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12732801.Mungo__the_saint_from_Culross/|title=Mungo, the saint from Culross|work= www.heraldscotland.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandspilgrimjourneys.com/faqs/question/19/|title=Scotland's Pilgrim Journeys |work=www.scotlandspilgrimjourneys.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/coat-of-arms/ |title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: The Coat of Arms |work=www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114233345/http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/coat-of-arms/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="scotsman.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/st-mungo-and-his-mysterious-deeds-1-466971|title=St Mungo and his mysterious deeds |work=www.scotsman.com}}</ref><ref name="Collins Enc">{{cite book|last1=Keay |first1=John and Julia |title=Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland |date=1994 |publisher=Collins |location=London |isbn=0-00-255082-2 |page=205 |edition=1st}}</ref>
==West Kirk and Abbey==
[[File:West Kirk of Culross viewed from west.jpg|thumb|left|350px|West Kirk of Culross viewed from west]]
The parish appears to have originally centred further west. The original church, later known as the "West Kirk" perhaps dates to the 11th century but was abandoned around 1500 and, therefore, did not come into play in 1560 at the time of the [[Scottish Reformation
The first recorded minister was John Dykes (1567)
In the 17th century, its most
==Industry==
[[File:Tanhouse Brae, Culross, looking south to the Firth of Forth.jpg|thumb|Tanhouse Brae, Culross, looking south to the Firth of Forth]]
[[File:Anchor and wheelie bin store building - geograph.org.uk - 952290.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Anchor and storage building]]
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the town was a centre of the [[coal mining|coal-mining]] industry.<ref name="scotsman.com"/><ref name="Collins Enc"/> Sir [[George Bruce of Carnock]], who built
| title = Culross
| work = Undiscovered Scotland
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| access-date = 8 Sep 2009 }}</ref>
Culross's secondary industry was [[Salt pan (evaporation)|salt panning]].<ref name="SESH12">{{cite journal|last=Sugden|first=J|date=September 2012|title=ARCHIBALD, 9th EARL OF DUNDONALD: AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENTREPRENEUR|journal=Scottish Economic & Social History|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|volume=8|issue=1|pages=8–27|doi=10.3366/sesh.1988.8.8.8|url=http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/pdfplus/10.3366/sesh.1988.8.8.8|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|9–10}} There
There was a considerable export trade by sea in the produce of these industries, and the prevalence of red roof tiles in Culross and other villages in Fife is thought to be a direct result of collier ships returning to Culross with [[Dutch roof tiles]] as ballast. The town was also known for its monopoly on the manufacture of [[griddle|girdles]], a colloquial name for flat iron plates for baking over an open fire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hearth and Home |publisher=Fife Folk Museum |url=http://www.fifefolkmuseum.org/content/pages/collections/hearth-and-home.php |access-date=2009-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119151257/http://www.fifefolkmuseum.org/content/pages/collections/hearth-and-home.php |archive-date=19 November 2008 }}</ref><ref name="scotsman.com"/><ref name="Collins Enc"/>
In the late 18th century, [[Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald]] established kilns for extracting [[coal tar]] using his patented method.<ref name="SESH12"/>{{rp|12–13}}▼
▲In the late 18th century, [[Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald]], established kilns for extracting [[coal tar]] using his patented method.<ref name="SESH12"/>{{rp|12–13}}
The town's role as a port declined from the 18th century, and by Victorian times it had become something of a [[ghost town]]. The harbour was filled in and the sea cut off by the coastal railway line in the second half of the 19th century. The outer harbour has recently been restored by a local group.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}▼
▲The town's role as a port declined from the 18th century, and by Victorian times it had become something of a [[ghost town]]. The harbour was filled in and the sea cut off by the coastal railway line in the
==Heritage==
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[[File:Culross Palace.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Culross Palace]] with its [[crow-step]] [[gable]] design]]
[[File:Street in Culross.jpg|thumb|upright|Street in Culross]]
Notable buildings in the burgh include [[Culross Town House]], formerly used as a [[courthouse]] and [[prison]],<ref>{{Canmore|num=48022 |desc=Culross, Sandhaven, Town House |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> the 16th
The West Kirk fell out of use before 1633, when it was noted as no longer serving as the parish church.<ref>{{Canmore|num=48029 |desc=Culross, West Church And Churchyard |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> The West Kirk was also the site where four women executed for witchcraft in 1675 were alleged to have congregated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macdonald |first1=Stuart |title=The Scottish witch-hunt in context |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9780719060243 |date=2002|pages=42–47}}</ref>
Just outside the town is the 18th-century [[Dunimarle Castle]], built by the [[Clan Erskine|Erskine family]] to supersede a medieval castle.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=GDL00155|desc=Dunimarle Castle|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref>
[[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald]], spent much of his early life in Culross, where his family had an estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3667673/The-real-master-and-commander.html |title=The real master and commander |first=David |last=Cordingly |work =www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> A bust in his honour,
The war memorial was erected in 1921 to a design by Sir [[Robert Lorimer]].<ref>Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Robert Lorimer</ref>
During the 20th century, it became recognised that Culross contained many unique historical buildings, and the [[National Trust for Scotland]] has been working on their preservation and restoration since the 1930s.<ref name="CH14">{{cite book|last=Harvie|first=Christopher|title=Scotland: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIodBAAAQBAJ&q=National+Trust+for+Scotland+Culross&pg=PA95|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198714880|page=95}}</ref>
== Administration==
[[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889|Prior to the 1890s]], the parish of Culross formed an [[exclave]] of [[Perthshire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Simon|title=The Place-Names of Fife, Volume One|year=2006|publisher=Shaun Tyas|isbn=1-900289-77-6|page=223|author2=Gilbert Markus|url=http://fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk/placename/?id=10| quote =The parish of Culross, along with its neighbouring parish of Tulliallan, also Dunblane Diocese, formed a detached part of the earldom, later the stewartry, of Strathearn, which explains why both were in a detached part of Perthshire until 1891, when they became part of Fife.}}</ref> It is within the [[Dunfermline and West Fife (UK Parliament constituency)|Dunfermline and West Fife]] [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Westminster]] [[Parliamentary constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk/maps/westminster/2005/ |title=Boundary Commission for Scotland - Maps - UK Parliament constituencies 2005 onwards |work =www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504234425/http://www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk/maps/westminster/2005/|archive-date=2013-05-04}}</ref>
==Culross as a location for filming==
[[File:Mercat Cross, Culross.jpg|thumb|Mercat Cross, Culross]]
Several motion pictures have used Culross as a filming location, including [[Kidnapped (1971 film)|''Kidnapped'']] (1971),
==Notable people==
[[File:Tanhouse Brae, Culross.jpg|thumb|285px|Tanhouse Brae, Culross]]
* [[George Bruce of Carnock]] (
* [[Christian Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire]], (
* [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]] (1775–1860), naval officer, mercenary and politician, spent much of his early life in Culross, where his family had an estate.
* [[Robert Leighton (bishop)|Bishop Leighton]], Archbishop of Glasgow
* [[Elizabeth Melville]], "Lady Culross" (c.
* [[Stewart McPherson (VC)|Stewart McPherson]] (
*
* [[Gilbert Primrose (surgeon)|Gilbert Primrose]] (d. 1616) surgeon to [[James VI and I|James VI]]
* [[Jackie Sinclair]] (
==Twin towns and sister cities==
Culross is twinned with Dutch town of [[Veere]]
==References==
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