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{{short description|Rigid three dimensional load bearing truss structure}}
[[Image:ITP Zamudio.jpg|thumb|225px|The roof of this industrial building is supported by a space frame structure.]]
[[File:Articulacion malla.svg|thumb|225px|If a force is applied to the blue node
In [[architecture]] and [[structural engineering]], a '''space frame''' or '''space structure''' ([[Three-dimensional space|3D]] [[truss]]) is a rigid, lightweight, [[truss]]-like structure constructed from interlocking [[strut]]s in a [[geometry|geometric]] [[pattern]]. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports.
Chief applications include buildings and vehicles.
Space frames are strong, adaptable, and efficient buildings that can support a variety of weights. For their effective implementation in construction, it is important to comprehend their behavior under various loads, probable modes of failure, and rules for optimal arrangement. To maximize space frames' performance and longevity, proper design, material selection, and joint integrity are essential.
==History==
[[Alexander Graham Bell]] from 1898 to 1908 developed space frames based on tetrahedral geometry.<ref>{{cite web| title=Alexander Graham Bell| url=http://www.drachenarchiv.de/Seiten/b_bp_bell.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=2003-03-26| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030326123328/http://www.drachenarchiv.de/Seiten/b_bp_bell.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Tetrahedral Principle In Kite Structure | author=Alexander Graham Bell| journal=National Geographic Magazine| volume= XIV| issue=6 | date=June 1903| url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/magbell.37700202}}</ref> Bell's interest was primarily in using them to make rigid frames for nautical and aeronautical engineering, with the [[tetrahedral kite|tetrahedral truss]] being one of his inventions.
[[Mero-Schmidlin|Max Mengeringhausen]] developed the space grid system called MERO (acronym of '''''ME'''ngeringhausen '''RO'''hrbauweise'') in 1943 in Germany, thus initiating the use of space trusses in architecture.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tatproddel.tat.cloud.opentext.com/sites/constructionuk/default/en/reference/teaching-resources/architectural-teaching-resource/design/space-grid-structures/brief-history-and-development-of-systems| title=Modular space grids| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915031431/http://tatproddel.tat.cloud.opentext.com/sites/constructionuk/default/en/reference/teaching-resources/architectural-teaching-resource/design/space-grid-structures/brief-history-and-development-of-systems| archive-date=2016-09-15}}</ref> The commonly used method, still in use has individual tubular members connected at node joints (ball shaped) and variations such as the space deck system, octet truss system and cubic system. Stéphane de Chateau in France invented the Tridirectional SDC system (1957), Unibat system (1959), Pyramitec (1960).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.setareh.arch.vt.edu/safas/010_system_05_unibat.html| title=Unibat system}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title=The innovative structural conception in Stéphane du Château’s work: from metallic trusses to the development of spatial frames| first=Cláudia Estrela| last=Porto| journal=Architectus| location=Poland| volume=4| issue=40| pages=51–64| date=2014| url=http://www.architectus.arch.pwr.wroc.pl/40/40_05.pdf| url-status=dead| archive-date=September 16, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221813/http://www.architectus.arch.pwr.wroc.pl/40/40_05.pdf }}</ref> A method of tree supports was developed to replace the individual columns.<ref>[http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/evolution-of-space-frames/ Evolution of Space Frames] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119115630/http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/evolution-of-space-frames/ |date=November 19, 2015 }} Cities Now</ref> [[Buckminster Fuller]] patented the octet truss ({{US Patent|2,986,241}}) in 1961<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.grunch.net/synergetics/docs/bellnote.html| title=Fuller on Bell| author=Dorothy Harley Eber, via telephone| date=June 29, 1978}}</ref> while focusing on [[architecture|architectural]] structures. [https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/1c/9a/7a/6aa02cf0efb93c/US4446666.pdf Gilman's Tetrahedral Truss] of 1980 was developed by [[John J. Gilman]]; a material scientist known for his work on the molecular matrices of crystalline solids. Gilman was an admirer of Buckminster Fuller's architectural trusses, and developed a stronger matrix, in part by rotating an alignment of tetrahedral nodes in relation to each other.
==Design methods==
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* Space plane covers: These spatial structures are composed of planar substructures. Their behavior is similar to that of a plate in which the deflections in the plane are channeled through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the diagonals.<ref name="ref5">Cavia Sorret (1993).</ref>
[[Image:Tirumailai MRTS station Chennai (Madras).jpg|thumb|right|250px|This train station in India is supported by a barrel vault structure ]]
* Barrel vaults: This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing. The section type barrel vault is organized according to IS: 800-2007, and the evaluation is carried out mostly using STAAD. This work elicit evaluations of models for range, extreme redirection, self-weight, and cost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Design and Analysis of Barrel Vault Space Frame Structure |url=https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/design-and-analysis-of-barrel-vault-space-frame-structure |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.ijraset.com}}</ref>
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* Pleated metallic structures: Emerged to try to solve the problems that formwork and pouring concrete had their counterparts. Typically run with welded joint, but may raise prefabricated joints, a fact which makes them space meshes.
* Hanging covers: Designs on the cable taut, spine, and the [[catenary arch]]
* Pneumatic structures: Closure membranes subjected to a pressurized state may be considered within this group.
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A post WW2 attempt to build a racing car space frame was the [[Cisitalia D46]] of 1946.<ref name="Ludvigsen, Colin Chapman, 150" /> This used two small diameter tubes along each side, but they were spaced apart by vertical smaller tubes, and so were not diagonalised in any plane. A year later, Porsche designed their [[Porsche 360|Type 360]] for [[Cisitalia]]. As this included diagonal tubes, it can be considered a true space frame and arguable the first mid-rear engined design.<ref name="Ludvigsen, Colin Chapman, 150" />
[[File:Jaguar C-Type Frame.JPG|thumb|right|[[Jaguar C-Type]] frame]]
The [[Maserati Tipo 61]] of 1959 (Birdcage) is often thought of as the first but in 1949 [[Robert Eberan von Eberhorst]] designed the [[Jowett Jupiter]] exhibited at that year's [[London Motor Show]]; the Jowett went on to take a class win at the 1950 Le Mans 24hr. Later, [[TVR]], the small British car manufacturers developed the concept and produced an alloy-bodied two seater on a multi tubular chassis, which appeared in 1949.
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A large number of [[kit car]]s use space frame construction, because manufacture in small quantity requires only simple and inexpensive [[jig (tool)|jig]]s, and it is relatively easy for an amateur designer to achieve good stiffness with a space frame.
A drawback of the space frame chassis is that it encloses much of the working volume of the car and can make access for both the driver and to the engine difficult. The [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]] “Gullwing” received its iconic upward-opening doors when its tubular space frame made using regular doors impossible.
Some space frames have been designed with removable sections, joined by bolted pin joints. Such a structure had already been used around the engine of the [[Lotus Mark III]].<ref name="Ludvigsen, Colin Chapman, 151" >{{harvnb|Ludvigsen|Colin Chapman|page=151}}</ref> Although somewhat inconvenient, an advantage of the space frame is that the same lack of bending forces in the tubes that allow it to be modelled as a [[pin-jointed truss|pin-jointed structure]] also means that creating such a removable section need not reduce the strength of the assembled frame. {{Multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Moulton @ the MoMA.jpg
| width1 = {{#expr: (1758 / 2529 * 220 * 800 / 555) round 0}}
| caption1 = [[Moulton Bicycle]] at the [[Museum of Modern Art]]
| image2 = S2R1000-101 v2 1024 web.jpg
| width2 = 220
| caption2 = 2006 [[Ducati]] Monster S2R 1000
}}
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Italian motorbike manufacturer [[Ducati]] extensively uses tube frame chassis on its models.
Space frames have also been used in [[bicycle]]s,
==See also==
* [[Backbone chassis]]
* [[Body-on-frame]]
* [[Exoskeleton car]]
* [[Framing (construction)]]
* [[Monocoque]]
* [[Modular construction system]] * [[Platonic solid]]
* [[Stressed skin]]
* [[Superleggera]]
* [[Tensegrity]]
* [[Tessellated roof]]
* [[Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb]]
==References==
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