Urdu poetry: Difference between revisions

'''Urdu poetry''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|اُردُو شاعرى}}}} {{transltransliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''Urdū S&#x331;h&#x331;āʿirīšāʿirī''}}) is a tradition of poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is an important part of the culturesculture of [[SouthIndia]] Asiaand [[Pakistan]]. According to Naseer Turabi there are five major poets of Urdu which are: [[Mir Taqi Mir]] (d.1810), [[Mirza Ghalib]] (d. 1869), [[Mir Anees]] (d.1874), [[Muhammad Iqbal#Urdu|AllamaMuhammad Iqbal]] (d. 1938) and [[Josh Malihabadi]] (d.1982). The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the [[British Raj]], and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul R. Brass|title=Language, religion, and politics in North India|date=2005|publisher=IUniverse|location=Lincoln, Neb. |isbn=978-0-595-34394-2}}</ref> Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is cherished in both the nations. Both the [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]] from across the border continue the tradition.

It is fundamentally performative poetry and its recital, sometimes impromptu, is held in [[Mushaira]]s (poetic expositions). Although its tarannum saaz (singing aspect) has undergone major changes in recent decades, its popularity among the masses remains unaltered. [[Mushaira]]s are today held in metropolitan areas worldwide because of the cultural influence of the [[South Asian diaspora]]. [[Urdu Ghazal|Ghazal]] singing and [[Qawwali]] are also important expository forms of Urdu poetry.

*'''[[Urdu Ghazal|Ghazal]]''' (غزل,s): a set of two liner couplets, which strictly should end with the same rhyme and should be within one of the predefined meters of ghazals. There has to be a minimum of five couplets to form a ghazal. Couplets may or may not have the same thought. It is one of the most difficult forms of poetry as there are many strict parameters that one needs to abide by while writing ghazal. It is important to think about the topic as well as the theme of a ghazal before starting to write it. The first line of a ghazal must include a refrain, which is a word or a phrase that can be easily fitted into the other couplets. Each couplet of a ghazal is known as Sher (شعر ). The first Sher is called [[Matla|Matla' (مطلع )]]. The last Sher is called [[Maqta|Maqta' (مقطع )]], but only if the poet uses his "[[Takhallus|Takhalus (تخلص )]]".

*'''[[Hamd]]''' (حمّد is): a poem in praise of [[AllahGod in Islam|God]]. The word "hamd" is derived from the [[Qur'an]], its [[English language|English]] translation is "Praise".

*'''[[Manqabat]]''' مُنقبت is(منقبت): a [[Sufi]] devotional poem, in praise of [[Ali]] ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law of [[Muhammad]], or of any Sufi saint.

*'''[[Marsiya]]''' (مرثیہ is): an [[elegy]] typically composed about the death of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]], [[Husayn ibn Ali|HusainHusayn]], or their relatives, and their companions. Each stanza has six lines, with the [[rhyme scheme]] AAAABB.<ref name="introduction"/> The famous marsia writers who inherited the tradition of Mir Anis among his successive generations are Mir Nawab Ali 'Munis', Dulaha Sahab 'Uruj', Syed Mohammed Mohsin (Jaunpuri), Mustafa Meerza urf Piyare Sahab 'Rasheed', Syed Muhammad Mirza Uns, Ali Nawab 'Qadeem', Syed Sajjad Hussain "Shadeed" Lucknavi, Allama, Dr.Syed Ali Imam Zaidi, "Gauher" Luckhnavi the great-grandson of Mir Babber Ali Anis, Syed Karrar Hyder (Jaunpuri) and Syed Yadullah Haider (son of Syed Karrar Hyder).

*'''[[Mathnawi (poetic form)|Masnavi]]''' (مثنوی is): a poem written in [[couplet]]s in [[Bacchius|bacchic]] [[tetrameter]] with an [[Iamb (foot)|iambus]] for last foot. The topic is often romance.<ref name="introduction"/> [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda|Sauda]] wrote some of this kind. The Religious Masnavi History of Islam (Tarikh-e-Islam Az Quran) written by Dr Syed Ali Imam Zaidi Gauher Lucknavi.

*'''[[Na`at]]''' (نعت is a): [[poetry]] that specifically praises the [[Mohammed|Islamic prophet Muhammad]].

*'''[[Nazm]] ''' (نظم is): the basic type of Urdu poetry. It can be written on any topic, and so a largewide numberhost of Nazm exist. From Nazeer Akbarabadi, [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]], Josh, [[Firaq]], Akhtarul Iman to down the line [[Noon Meem Rashid]], [[Faiz]], [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] and [[Kaifi Azmi]], Urdu poets have covered common life, philosophical thinking, national issues and the precarious predicament of an individual human being. As a distinct form of [[Nazm]] many [[Urdu]] poets influenced by English and other European poets took to writing sonnets in the Urdu language.<ref>''Encyclopedic dictionary of Urdu literature'' [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8182201918 p. 565]</ref> Azmatullah Khan (1887–1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu Literature.<ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' (Volume Five) [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8126012218 p. 4146]</ref> The other renowned Urdu poets who wrote sonnets were Akhtar Junagarhi, [[Akhtar Sheerani]], [[Noon Meem Rashid]], [[Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi|Zia Fatehabadi]], [[Salaam Machhalishahari]] and [[Wazir Agha]].

*'''[[Qasida]]''' (قصیدہ,): usually an [[ode]] to a benefactor, a [[satire]], or an account of an event. It uses the same rhyme system as the ghazal, but is usually longer.<ref name="introduction"/>

*'''[[Ruba'i]]''' (رُباعی, is): a poetry style, the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term for "[[quatrain]]". The plural form of the word, ''rubāʿiyāt'', often anglicised ''rubaiyat'', is used to describe a collection of such quatrains.

*'''[[Tazkira (disambiguation)|Tazkira]]''' (تذکرہ is): a [[biographical]] [[anthology]] of [[poetry]].<ref name="introduction"/>

*'''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]]''',: a collection of ghazals.<ref name="introduction"/>

*'''[[Kulliyat]]''',: a complete collection of poems by one author.<ref name="introduction"/>

* [[Shayari|Kalam]] (کلام)

* ''[[Soaz (poetry)|Soz]]'' (سوز)

The word ''takhallus''<ref>[http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/history_literature.php A Brief History of Persian Literature], by the Iran Chamber Society.</ref> is derived from Arabic, meaning "ending". This is because in the Ghazal form, the poet would usually incorporate his or her pen name into the final couplet (شعر) ([[{{Lang-ar|مقطع|translit=maqta]]'}}) of each poem.

:{{Nastaliq|دوستودوستو، دیکھا تماشا یہاں کا بس}}

:{{Nastaliq|تم رہورہو؛ اب ہم تو اپنے گھر چلے}}

:''dostoDōstō, dekhādēkhā tamāśhā yaāhaNyaāhan kā bas.''

:''tumTum raho; ab hum totō apne ghar chalechalē''

:Friends, I've seen the spectacle of this place – enough!

<ref>https://emotionalsadshayari.in</ref>==References==