Lincoln Center: Difference between revisions

| built = 1955–19691955–1969

'''Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts''' (also simply known as '''Lincoln Center''') is a {{convert|16.3|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} complex of buildings in the [[Lincoln Square, (Manhattan)|Lincoln Square]] neighborhood on the [[Upper West Side (Manhattan)|Upper West Side]] of [[Manhattan]]..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lincolncenter.org/visit|title=Lincoln Center|website=www.lincolncenter.org|access-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref> It has thirty indoor and outdoor facilities and is host to 5 &nbsp;million visitors annually.<ref name=":0" /> It houses nationally and internationally renowned performing arts organizations including the [[New York Philharmonic]], the [[Metropolitan Opera]], and the [[New York City Ballet]]., the [[JuilliardChamber SchoolMusic Society of MusicLincoln Center]] also became part ofand the Lincoln[[Juilliard Center complexSchool]].

A consortium of civic leaders and others, led by, and under the initiative of, [[philanthropist]]
[[John D. Rockefeller III]], built Lincoln Center as part of the "Lincoln Square Renewal Project" during [[Robert Moses]]'s program of New York's [[urban renewal]] in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name="Rockefeller Web Reference">[http://www.rockarch.org/philanthropy/pdf/RockefellerPhilanthropy.pdf "Rockefeller Philanthropy: Lincoln Center"] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF format]]).</ref> Respected architects were contracted to design the major buildings on the site.

Rockefeller was appointed as the Lincoln Center's inaugural president in 1956, and once he resigned, became its chairman in 1961.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/about/history/archive-1960s|title=Archive 1960s {{!}} Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|website=www.aboutlincolncenter.org|access-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref> He is credited with raising more than half of the $184.5 million in private funds needed to build the complex, including drawing from his own funds; the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] also contributed to the project.<ref name="Rockefeller Web Reference"/> Numerous architects were hired to build different parts of the center (see {{section link||Architects}}). The center's first three buildings, [[David Geffen Hall]] (formerly Avery Fisher Hall, originally named Philharmonic Hall), [[David H. Koch Theater]] (formerly the New York State Theater), and the [[Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)|Metropolitan Opera House]] were opened in 1962, 1964, and 1966, respectively.<ref name=":1"/>

It is unclear whether the center was named as a tribute to [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] or for its location in the Lincoln Square Neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Sam |title=A History of New York in 101 Objects |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4767-2877-3 |location=New York |pages=208 |language=en}}</ref> The name was bestowed on the area in 1906 by the [[New York City Board of Aldermen]], but records give no reason for choosing that name.<ref>[[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Gray, Christopher]] (October 2, 2005). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02E6DD1330F931A35753C1A9639C8B63 "Streetscapes: Readers' Questions; The Story of a Name, the Tale of a Co-op"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</ref> There has long been speculation that the name came from a local landowner, because the square was previously named Lincoln Square. However, property records from the New York Municipal Archives from that time have no record of a Lincoln surname; they only list the names Johannes van Bruch, Thomas Hall, Stephan[[Stephen deDe Lancey]], James deDe Lancey, James deDe Lancey Jr. and [[Somerindyck House|John Somerindyck]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/50-years-in-lincoln-centers-name-is-still-a-mystery/|title=50 Years In, Lincoln Center's Name Is Still a Mystery|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=May 11, 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref> One speculation is that references to President Lincoln were omitted from the records because the mayor in 1906 was [[George B. McClellan Jr.]], son of General [[George B. McClellan]], who was [[general-in-chief]] of the [[Union Army]] early in the [[American Civil War]] and a bitter rival of Lincoln's.<ref name="mystery">{{cite news| title= 50 Years In, Center's Name Is Still a Mystery| last=Collins| first=Glenn| date=May 11, 2009| newspaper=The New York Times| url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/50-years-in-lincoln-centers-name-is-still-a-mystery/| access-date= November 15, 2010}}</ref>

*October 31, 1956: Lincoln Square Development Plan is approved, many changes to the area are proposed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/the-construction-of-lincoln-center-for-the-performing-arts-1959-69/BgICTK2US70oKA|title=The Construction of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts (1959-691959–69) -– Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

* August 1, 1966: The first indoor festival in the United States, the Midsummer Serenades -– A Mozart Festival begins.<ref name=":1" />

*May 22, 1969: Damrosch Park and the Guggenheim Band Shell opensopen.<ref name=":1" />

*September 24, 2015: Avery Fisher Hall renamed [[David Geffen Hall]].<ref name="Lincoln Center Concert Hall Renamed for David Geffen">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Jennifer (|date=September 24, 2015) [|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/lincoln-center-concert-hall-renamed-for-david-geffen-1443143319 "|title=Lincoln Center Concert Hall Renamed for David Geffen"]. ''|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' Retrieved |access-date=September 27, 2015.}}</ref>

*November 16, 2016: [[Debora Spar]] becomes Lincoln Center's first woman president after the sudden departure of Jed Bernstein.<ref name="spar">{{cite press release|title=Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Appoints Debora L. Spar as President and CEO|url=http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/press-room/release/1011|date=November 16, 2016|publisher=Lincoln Center|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="post">{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2016/05/05/the-bosses-who-got-screwed-for-boning-in-the-corner-office/|title=The bosses who got screwed for boning in the corner office|last=Morgan|first=Richard|date=May 5, 2016|work=[[New York Post]]|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref>

The development of the condominium at 3 Lincoln Center,<ref name="goldberger1991">[[Paul Goldberger|Goldberger, Paul]] (July 28, 1991). "Architecture View". ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> completed in 1991, designed by [[Lee Jablin]] of Harman Jablin Architects, made possible the expansion of [[Juilliard School|The Juilliard School]] and the [[School of American Ballet]].<ref name="goldberger1991"/><ref>[[Brendan Gill|Gill, Brendan]] (August 19, 1991). "The Skyline". ''[[The New Yorker]]''. pp. 57&ndash;6057–60.</ref><ref>Bosco, Pearl (November 1989). "Three Lincoln Center". [[Institute for Urban Design]]. Project Monograph. Vol. 2, No. 4.</ref>

When first announced in 1999, Lincoln Center's campuswidecampus-wide redevelopment was to cost $1.5 billion over 10 years and radically transform the campus.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robin |last=Pogrebin (|date=May 8, 2003), [|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/08/arts/lincoln-center-proceeds-modestly.html "|title=Lincoln Center Proceeds, Modestly"]. ''|work=The New York Times''.}}</ref> The center management held an architectural competition, won by the British architect [[Norman Foster]] in 2005, but did not approve a full scale redesign until 2012, in part because of the need to raise $300 million in construction costs and the New York Philharmonic's fear that it might lose audiences and revenue while it was displaced.<ref>Pogrebin, Robin (November 28, 2012), [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/29/arts/music/avery-fisher-hall-to-be-renovated.html "Avery Fisher Hall to Be Renovated"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>Polsky, Sarah. (November 29, 2012) [http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2012/11/29/avery_fisher_hall_will_finally_get_its_longdelayed_makeover.php "Avery Fisher Hall Will Finally Get Its Long-Delayed Makeover"] ''Curbed NY''</ref> Among the architects that have been involved were [[Frank Gehry]]; [[Cooper, Robertson & Partners]]; [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]]; [[Beyer Blinder Belle]]; [[Fox & Fowle]]; [[Laurie Olin|Olin Partnership]]; and [[Diller Scofidio + Renfro|Diller & Scofidio]].<ref>Pogrebin, Robin. (June 19, 2003), [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/19/arts/costs-and-approach-disputed-in-lincoln-center-redevelopment.html "Costs and Approach Disputed in Lincoln Center Redevelopment"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref>

In March 2006, the center launched the 65th Street Project {{spaced ndash}}– part of a major redevelopment plan continuing through the fall of 2012 {{spaced ndash}}– to create a new pedestrian promenade designed to improve accessibility and the aesthetics of that area of the campus. Additionally, [[Alice Tully Hall]] was modernized and reopened to critical and popular acclaim in 2009 and [[Film at Lincoln Center]] expanded with the new Elinor Bunin Munroe Film Center. Topped by a sloping lawn roof, the film center is part of a new pavilion that also houses a destination restaurant named Lincoln, as well as offices. Subsequent projects were added which addressed improvements to the main plazas and Columbus Avenue Grand Stairs. Under the direction of the Lincoln Center Development Project, Diller Scofidio + Renfro in association with [[FXFOWLE Architects]] and [[Beyer Blinder Belle]] Architects provided the design services. Additionally, [[Turner Construction]] Company and RCDolner, LLC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcdolner.com |title=RCDolner Construction |website=Rcdolner.com |date=May 11, 2012 |access-date=May 31, 2017}}</ref> were the construction managers for the projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=On 65th Street, Glimpsing Lincoln Center's Future |first=Robin |last=Pogrebin |author-link=Robin Pogrebin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/17/arts/design/17linc.html | work=The New York Times |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date= July 31, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lincolncenter.org/load_screen.asp?screen=transforming "Transforming Lincoln Center" on Lincoln Center website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528120042/http://www.lincolncenter.org/load_screen.asp?screen=transforming |date=May 28, 2013 }}</ref> Another component to redevelopment was the addition of the David Rubenstein Atrium designed by [[Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects]], a visitors' center and a gateway to the center that offers free performances, day-of-discount tickets, food, and free [[Wi-Fi]].{{Lincoln Center map}}

* Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater (originally known as the Forum): a 299-seat theater; operated by Lincoln Center Theater for its [[Off-Broadway]]-style productions<ref>See {{iobdbIOBDB venue|2|Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater}} for a list of productions in the venue.</ref>

* [[Juilliard School]]: a facility housing the school of the same name: building also incorporates [[Morse Recital Hall]], [[Paul Recital Hall]], theStephanie P. [[JuilliardMcClelland Drama Theater]], Rosemary and theMeredith Willson Theater, [[Peter Jay Sharp Theater, (Julliard)|Peterand Jaythe SharpHarold Theater]]and Mimi Steinberg Drama Studio (Room 301).

*[[Jazz at Lincoln Center]]: while a part of the center, it is located separately in the Frederick P. Rose Hall complex within the [[TimeDeutsche WarnerBank Center]] at [[Columbus Circle]]. It consists of the following performance and related facilities:

**[https://www.jazz.org/venues/the-appel-room-64/ The Appel Room]: a 508-seat amphitheater with {{convert|50|foot|m|abbr=off|adj=on}} glass wall overlooking [[Central Park]] and [[Columbus Circle|Columbus circle]]; from 2011 to 2013, it was used as the studio for ''[[Anderson Live]]'', a [[daytime television|daytime-television]] [[talk show]] hosted by [[Anderson Cooper]]

**[https://www.lincolncenter.org/venue/rose-theater Rose Theater]: a 1,094-seat concert hall designed for jazz performances. Rose Theater is the largest performing space inat theJazz at Lincoln centerCenter. It consists of three floors. The first floor is orchestra, the second floor is Mezzanine, and the third floor is balcony.

The center serves as home for twelveeleven resident arts organizations:<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web| url=http://www.lincolncenter.org/visit/| title=What Is Lincoln Center, and What Is a Resident Organization?| publisher=Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts| access-date=August 7, 2017| archive-date=January 5, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105042256/http://www.lincolncenter.org/visit/| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts (LCPA) is one of the twelveeleven resident organizations, and serves as presenter of artistic programming, leader in arts and education and community relations, and manager of the center's campus. LCPA has some 5,000 programs, initiatives, and events annually, and its programs include American Songbook, Great Performers, Lincoln Center Festival, Lincoln Center Out of Doors, Midsummer Night Swing, the [[Mostly Mozart Festival]], Target Free Thursdays, the White Light Festival and the [[Emmy Award]]–winning ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]''.<ref name=FAQ /><ref name="about">[http://aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-overview-2 "About Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Inc. (LCPA)"]. About Lincoln Center and Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Inc. (LCPA). Retrieved May 23, 2014.</ref>

Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund is the first of its kind as a grant program that seeks to make the arts accessible to all people, focusing on those who live in some of New York City's poorest neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/lincoln-center-cultural-innovation-fund-awards-innovation-fund-grants|title=Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund Awards Innovation Fund Grants|last=Center|first=Foundation|work=Philanthropy News Digest (PND)|access-date=November 8, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Partnering with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the new pilot grant program offers one-time grants to non-profit organizations to provide cultural activities in these communities in the diverse neighborhoods of [[Central Brooklyn]] and the [[South Bronx]].<ref name="lincolncenterculturalinnovationfund.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lincolncenterculturalinnovationfund.org/|title=Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund|website=Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund|access-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref> Each of the 12 grantees will receive support and financial backing for their project based on organizational budget size. These are one-year long projects, and grant amounts range from $50,000-000–$100,000.<ref name="lincolncenterculturalinnovationfund.org"/> The over-all goal of the program is to support non-profit organizations in creating cultural innovative strategies that cultivate participation in the arts as well as increase the range and availability of cultural activities to underserved communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/press-room/release/1017?category_id=76|title=Press Release {{!}} Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|website=www.aboutlincolncenter.org|language=en-gb|access-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref>

*Young,{{cite book|last=Young|first=Edgar B. (|year=1980). ''|title=Lincoln Center: The Building of an Institution''. |location=New York: |publisher=[[New York University Press]]. {{|ISBN=978-0-81479-656-6|9780814796566}}. {{oclc|=6446862}}.

* [https://wwwartsandculture.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/partner/lincoln-center Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts at Google Cultural Institute]