Content deleted Content added
ClueBot NG (talk | contribs) m Reverting possible vandalism by 2605:59C8:378:5410:5458:11E6:FCE2:E1E to version by Blockman9000. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (4288017) (Bot) |
No edit summary |
||
| (18 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets}}
{{for|the English pronoun|he (pronoun)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Ha'|Ḥāʾ|Ḫāʾ|Ha' (restaurant)|Euro sign}}
{{Phoenician glyph|letname=He|previouslink=Dalet|previousletter=Dalet|nextlink=Waw (letter)|nextletter=Waw|archar=ه|sychar=ܗ|hechar=ה|amchar=he0|gechar=ሀ|phchar=he|grchar=[[Ε]]|lachar=[[E]]|cychar=[[Е]]|ipa={{IPAlink|h}}|num=5|gem=5}}▼
{{Citations needed|date=February 2024}}
▲{{Phoenician glyph|letname=He|previouslink=Dalet|previousletter=Dalet|nextlink=Waw (letter)|nextletter=Waw|archar=ه|sychar=ܗ|hechar=ה|amchar=he0|gechar=ሀ|phchar=he|grchar=[[Ε]]|lachar=[[E]]|cychar=[[Е]], [[Є]], [[Э]]|ipa={{IPAlink|h}}|num=5|gem=5}}
'''He''' is the fifth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Semitic abjads]], including [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] ''hē'' 𐤄, [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] ''hē'' ה, [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] ''hē'' 𐡄, [[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]] ''hē'' ܗ, and [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] ''hāʾ'' ه. Its sound value is the [[voiceless glottal fricative]] ({{IPA|[h]}}).
The [[Proto-Canaanite_alphabet|proto-Canaanite]] letter gave rise to the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] [[Epsilon]] Ε ε,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Satzinger |first1=Helmut |title=Syllabic and Alphabetic Script, or the Egyptian Origin of the Alphabet |journal=Aegyptus |date=2002 |volume=82 |issue=1/2 |page=16 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41217347 |access-date=3 February 2024 |issn=0001-9046 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203210708/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan]] [[File:Alfabeto camuno-e.svg|14px|E]] 𐌄, [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] [[E]], [[Ë]] and [[Latin epsilon|Ɛ]], and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]], [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё]], [[Ukrainian Ye|Є]], [[E (Cyrillic)|Э]], and [[O-hook|Ҩ]]. ''He'', like all Phoenician letters, represented a [[consonant]], but the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic equivalents have all come to represent [[vowel]] sounds.
==Origins==
In Proto-[[Northwest Semitic]] there were still three voiceless fricatives: uvular {{transl|sem|ḫ}} {{IPA-all|χ}}, glottal {{transl|sem|h}} {{IPA-all|h}}, and pharyngeal {{transl|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA-all|ħ}}. In the [[Wadi el-Hol script]], these appear to be expressed by derivatives of the following Egyptian hieroglyphs <hiero>V28</hiero>''{{transl|sem|ḫayt}}'' "[[yarn|thread]]",
<hiero>A28</hiero> ''{{transl|sem|hillul}}'' "[[wiktionary:jubilation|jubilation]]", compare [[South Arabian alphabet|South Arabian]] [[File:himjar ha.PNG|20px]] {{transl|sem|h}}, [[File:himjar ha2.PNG|20px]] {{transl|sem|ḥ}}, [[File:himjar kha.PNG|20px]] {{transl|sem|ḫ}}, [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] <span style="font-size:140%;">ሀ</span>, <span style="font-size:140%;">ሐ</span>, <span style="font-size:140%;">ኀ</span>, and <hiero>O6</hiero> ''{{transl|sem|ḥasir}}'' "[[court]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darnell |first1=John Coleman |last2=Dobbs-Allsopp |first2=F. W. |last3=Lundberg |first3=Marilyn J. |last4=McCarter |first4=P. Kyle |last5=Zuckerman |first5=Bruce |last6=Manassa |first6=Colleen |title=Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Ḥôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt |journal=The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=2005 |volume=59 |pages=63–124 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768583 |access-date=3 February 2024 |issn=0066-0035 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718012520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768583 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the [[Phoenician alphabet]], ''{{transl|sem|ḫayt}}'' and ''{{transl|sem|ḥasir}}'' are merged into [[Heth (letter)|Heth]] "fence", while ''{{transl|sem|hillul}}'' is replaced by ''He'' "[[window]]".
Line 69 ⟶ 71:
|width=20%|<span style="font:30pt 'Courier New', 'Miriam Fixed', 'Miriam Mono CLM', FreeMono, monospace;">ה</span>
|width=20%|[[File:Hebrew letter He handwriting.svg|22px]]
|width=20%|[[File:
|}
Line 77 ⟶ 79:
In [[Hebrew Language|modern Hebrew]], the letter represents a [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPA|/h/}}, and may also be dropped, although this pronunciation is seen as substandard.
Also, in many variant Hebrew pronunciations the letter may represent a glottal stop. In word-final position, ''Hei'' is often used to indicate an ''a''-vowel, usually that of [[qamatz]] ( <big>{{Script/Hebrew|
''Hei'', along with [[Aleph (Hebrew)|Aleph]], [[Ayin]], [[Resh|Reish]], and [[Heth (letter)|Khet]], cannot receive a [[dagesh]]. Nonetheless, it does receive a marking identical to the dagesh, to form ''Hei-[[mappiq]]'' ({{Script/Hebrew|הּ}}). Although indistinguishable for most modern speakers or readers of Hebrew, the mapiq is placed in a word-final ''Hei'' to indicate that the letter is not merely a mater lectionis but the consonant should be aspirated in that position. It is generally used in Hebrew to indicate the third-person feminine singular genitive marker. Today, such a pronunciation only occurs in religious contexts and even then often only by careful readers of the scriptures.
Line 145 ⟶ 147:
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|He (letter)}}
Line 154 ⟶ 158:
[[Category:Arabic letters]]
[[Category:Hebrew letters]]
[[Category:Urdu letters]]
[[kk:ه]]
| |||