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{{Short description|Very young offspring of humans}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{redirect-several|Baby|Infant|Newborn|Babyhood}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
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An '''infant''' or '''baby''' is the very young [[offspring]] of [[human beings]]. ''Infant'' (from the Latin word ''infans'', meaning 'baby' or 'child'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, īnfāns |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0060:entry=infans |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423185413/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0060:entry=infans |url-status=live }}</ref>) is a formal or specialised synonym for the common term ''baby''. The terms may also be used to refer to [[Juvenile (organism)|juveniles]] of other organisms. A '''newborn''' is, in colloquial use, an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, a newborn or '''neonate''' (from Latin, ''neonatus'', newborn) is an infant in the first 28 days after birth;<ref name="mwn">{{cite web | title = Neonate | work = Merriam-Webster online dictionary | publisher = [[Merriam-Webster]] | url = http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=neonate | access-date = 2007-03-27 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311003331/http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=neonate | archive-date = 2007-03-11 }}</ref> the term applies to [[Preterm birth|premature]], [[Pregnancy#Term|full term]], and [[Postterm pregnancy|postmature]] infants.
Before birth, the offspring is called a [[fetus]]. The term ''infant'' is typically applied to very young children under one year of age; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, they are called a [[toddler]] instead.
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{{Further|Newborn care and safety}}
{{Further|Infant bathing}}
[[File:初土俵入2.gif|thumb|
Infants [[Infant crying|cry]] as a form of basic instinctive communication.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEsyCgAAQBAJ&q=Infants+cry+as+a+form+of+basic+instinctive+communication&pg=PT35|title=The Calm and Happy Toddler: Gentle Solutions to Tantrums, Night Waking, Potty Training and More|last=Chicot|first=Rebecca|date=2015-12-03|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4735-2759-1|language=en}}</ref> A crying infant may be trying to express a variety of feelings including hunger, discomfort, overstimulation, boredom, wanting something, or loneliness.
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Adequate food consumption at an early age is vital for an infant's development. The foundations of optimum health, growth, and neurodevelopment across the lifespan are established in the [[first 1,000 days]] of life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/958-the-first-1000-days-of-life-the-brains-window-of-opportunity.html|title=The first 1,000 days of life: The brain's window of opportunity|last=Innocenti|first=UNICEF Office of Research-|website=UNICEF-IRC|language=en|access-date=2019-03-28|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328061358/https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/958-the-first-1000-days-of-life-the-brains-window-of-opportunity.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From birth to six months, infants should consume only breast milk or an unmodified milk substitute. As an infant's diet matures, finger foods may be introduced as well as fruit, vegetables and small amounts of meat.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wells|first=Dilys|title=Infant Feeding|journal=Nutrition & Food Science|date=January 1995|pages=42–44|doi=10.1108/00346659510078312|volume=95|issue=2}}</ref>
As infants grow, [[food supplement]]s can be added. Many parents choose commercial, ready-made [[baby food]]s to supplement breast milk or formula for the child, while others adapt their usual meals for the dietary needs of their child. Whole cow's [[milk]] can be used at one year, but lower-fat milk is not recommended until the child is
===Common care issues===
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[[File:A Proper Space Book for Babies (50879866102).jpg|left|thumb|An infant holding a space-themed [[baby book]]]]
Caregivers of an infant are advised to pick up on the infant's facial expressions and mirror them. Reproducing and empathizing with their facial expressions enables infants to experience effectiveness and to recognize their own actions more easily (see [[mirror neuron]]s). Exaggeratedly reproduced facial expressions and gestures are recommended, as they are clearer forms of expression. The baby's babbling should also be picked up and repeated. By imitating each other's sounds the first simple dialogues are initiated.<ref name="Kasten">{{cite web|title=Entwicklungspsychologische Grundlagen der frühen Kindheit und frühpädagogische Konsequenzen|url=https://www.kita-fachtexte.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Publikationen/KiTaFT_kasten_2014.pdf|last=Hartmut Kasten|language=de|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204225924/https://www.kita-fachtexte.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Publikationen/KiTaFT_kasten_2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Accentuated pronunciation and melodic [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] make it easier to recognize individual words in a sentence.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Erik |last1=Thiessen |first2=Emily |last2=Hill |first3=Jenny |last3=Saffran |journal=Infancy |title=Infant-Directed Speech Facilitates Word Segmentation |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |date=January 2005 |doi=10.1207/s15327078in0701_5
|pmid=33430544}}</ref> However, it is not advisable to use simplified "[[baby talk]]" (e.g. "Did you 'ouch'?" instead of, "Did you hurt yourself?").<ref>{{cite web|work=Gehirn&GeistSerie Kindesentwicklung No. 1
Even if parents cannot yet understand infants' [[babbling]], a timely response by parents to babbling leads to faster language acquisition.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Parents, listen next time your baby babbles|url=https://now.uiowa.edu/2014/08/parents-listen-next-time-your-baby-babbles|date=2014-08-27|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-date=2020-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127115705/https://now.uiowa.edu/2014/08/parents-listen-next-time-your-baby-babbles|url-status=live}}</ref> This was confirmed by researchers who first studied mothers' behavior towards 8-month-old infants and later tested the infants' vocabulary when they were 15 months old.<ref name=":1">{{citation|first1=Julie |last1=Gros-Louis |first2=Meredith J. |last2=West |first3=Andrew P. |last3=King |periodical=Infancy|title=Maternal Responsiveness and the Development of Directed Vocalizing in Social Interactions|volume=19|issue=4|at=pp. 385–408|date=July 2014 |doi=10.1111/infa.12054
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A 2018 review analysed 146 studies on infant sleep behavior and listed several factors that show an effect on sleep duration and the number of night awakenings.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|first1=Cláudia Castro|last1=Dias|first2=Bárbara|last2=Figueiredo|journal=Early Child Development and Care|title=Sleep-wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life and associated factors: a systematic review|at=pp. 1–33|issn=0300-4430|date=2019-03-06|volume=190|issue=15|doi=10.1080/03004430.2019.1582034|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03004430.2019.1582034|access-date=2020-11-01|hdl=1822/59691|s2cid=151246725|hdl-access=free|archive-date=2022-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621075905/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03004430.2019.1582034|url-status=live}}</ref> However, research has indicated that frequent wakings are protective of SIDS.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ramirez |first1=Jan-Marino |title=Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Sleep, and the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Respiratory Network |date=2018 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513387/ |work=SIDS Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death: The Past, the Present and the Future |editor-last=Duncan |editor-first=Jhodie R. |access-date=2023-11-23 |place=Adelaide (AU) |publisher=University of Adelaide Press |isbn=978-1-925261-67-7 |pmid=30035952 |last2=Ramirez |first2=Sanja C. |last3=Anderson |first3=Tatiana M. |editor2-last=Byard |editor2-first=Roger W.}}</ref>
Infant sleep is not linear, ebbing and flowing with developmental milestones and age.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/6/e20174330/37494/Uninterrupted-Infant-Sleep-Development-and?autologincheck=redirected |title=Uninterrupted Infant Sleep, Development, and Maternal Mood |date=December 1, 2018 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=publications.aap.org}}</ref>
The National Sleep Foundation gives a rough recommendation on sleep hours, that commonly decreases with increasing age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hirshkowitz |first1=Max |last2=Whiton |first2=Kaitlyn |last3=Albert |first3=Steven M. |last4=Alessi |first4=Cathy |last5=Bruni |first5=Oliviero |last6=DonCarlos |first6=Lydia |last7=Hazen |first7=Nancy |last8=Herman |first8=John |last9=Adams Hillard |first9=Paula J. |last10=Katz |first10=Eliot S. |last11=Kheirandish-Gozal |first11=Leila |last12=Neubauer |first12=David N. |last13=O'Donnell |first13=Anne E. |last14=Ohayon |first14=Maurice |last15=Peever |first15=John |date=December 2015 |title=National Sleep Foundation's updated sleep duration recommendations: final report |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29073398/ |journal=Sleep Health |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=233–243 |doi=10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004 |issn=2352-7226 |pmid=29073398}}</ref>
=== Maternal sensitivity ===
[[Maternal sensitivity]] plays a particular role in the relationship with the infant and for favorable emotional development. This means being attentive to the infant's behavioral expressions, not misinterpreting the infant's expressions because of one's own moods, reacting immediately to the situation and finding a response that is appropriate to the context and the expressed needs. A secure [[Attachment theory|attachment]] is promoted through empathetic and adequate as well as prompt responses.<ref name="KS2010">{{cite web |first=Kathrin |last=Keller-Schuhmacher
=== Other ===
[[File:Umwotsi.jpg|thumb|An infant from Uganda playing with stoves]]
[[Babywearing|Wearing]] has a calming effect on infants. A 2013 study showed that infants placed in a [[Cradle (bed)|cradle]] cried and kicked more often and had an [[increased heart rate]] (so the infants were stressed), while those picked up and carried by the mother while walking around calmed down significantly. The effect of being held motionless in the arm was intermediate between that of being carried around and that of being put down.<ref name="pmid23602481">{{cite journal | vauthors = Esposito G, Yoshida S, Ohnishi R, Tsuneoka Y, Rostagno Mdel C, Yokota S, Okabe S, Kamiya K, Hoshino M, Shimizu M, Venuti P, Kikusui T, Kato T, Kuroda KO | title = Infant calming responses during maternal carrying in humans and mice | journal = Current Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 739–45 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602481 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.041| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013CBio...23..739E }}</ref> That carrying (e.g., in a [[baby sling]]) makes infants more content and makes them cry less had already been shown in a randomized study in 1986.<ref>{{citation|surname1=Urs Hunziker, Ronald Barr|periodical=Pediatrics|title=Increased Carrying Reduces Infant Crying: A Randomized Controlled Trial|volume=77|issue=5|at=pp. 641–648|issn=0031-4005|pmid=3517799|date=1986-05-01|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/77/5/641|access-date=2020-02-02|archive-date=2020-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202182047/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/77/5/641|url-status=live}}</ref>
For infant feeding, [[breastfeeding]] is recommended by all major infant health organizations.<ref name="AAP_Policy" />
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===Emotional development===
[[File:Being a twin means you always have a pillow or blanket handy.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Eight-month-old [[Fraternal twin|twin sisters]]]]
Attachment theory is primarily an [[Adaptation|evolutionary]] and [[Ethology|ethological]] theory whereby the infant or child ''seeks proximity'' to a ''specified attachment figure'' in situations of alarm or distress for the purpose of survival.<ref name="Tronick et al.">{{cite journal|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.28.4.568|title=The Efe forager infant and toddler's pattern of social relationships: Multiple and simultaneous|year=1992|last1=Tronick|first1=Edward Z.|last2=Morelli|first2=Gilda A.|last3=Ivey|first3=Paula K.|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=28|issue=4|pages=568–577
Infants develop distinct relationships to their mothers, fathers, siblings, and non-familial caregivers.<ref>Klitzing K von, Simoni H, Amsler F, Burgin D: The role of the father in early family interactions. Inf Mental Health J 1999; 20: 222–37.</ref> Beside the dyadic attachment relationships also a good quality of the triadic relationships (mother – father – infant) is important for infant mental health development.<ref name="pmid10216817">{{cite journal | vauthors = von Klitzing K, Simoni H, Bürgin D | title = Child development and early triadic relationships | journal = The International Journal of Psychoanalysis | volume = 80 ( Pt 1) | pages = 71–89 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 10216817 | doi = 10.1516/0020757991598576 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28682511">{{cite journal | vauthors = von Klitzing K, Bürgin D | title = Parental capacities for triadic relationships during pregnancy: Early predictors of children's behavioral and representational functioning at preschool age | journal = Infant Mental Health Journal | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–39 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 28682511 | doi = 10.1002/imhj.20032 }}</ref>
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==Babyhood==
Babyhood is a critical period in [[personality development]] when the foundations of adult personality are laid.<ref>
==References==
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{{Commons category|Babies}}
{{Wiktionary|infant}}
* [https://www.durham.ac.uk/research/institutes-and-centres/durham-infancy-sleep-centre/ Durham Infancy and Sleep Centre - Durham University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050413194036/http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/ The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child]
* [http://www.uic.edu/com/eye/LearningAboutVision/EyeFacts/BabyEyes.shtml Infant eyesight] – [[University of Illinois]]
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