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{{Short description|Very young offspring of humans}}
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{{redirect-several|Baby|Infant|Newborn|Babyhood}}
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[[File:The newborn baby in men.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A newborn infant being held by an adult [[man]]]]
{{Human growth and development}}
An '''infant''' or '''baby''' is the very young [[offspring]] of [[human beings]]. ''Infant'' (from the Latin word ''infans'', meaning 'baby' or 'child'<ref>
Infants born prior to 37 weeks of gestation are called "premature",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nöcker-Ribaupierre |first=Monika |date=2015-06-01 |title=Originalbeiträge. Internationale musiktherapeutische Ansätze für frühgeborene Kinder/ International Music Therapy Approaches with premature Infants |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/muum.2015.36.2.106 |journal=Musiktherapeutische Umschau |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=106–118 |doi=10.13109/muum.2015.36.2.106 |issn=0172-5505}}</ref> those born between 39 and 40 weeks are "full term", those born through 41 weeks are "late term", and anything beyond 42 weeks is considered "post term".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Term Pregnancy |url=https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2013/11/definition-of-term-pregnancy |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}</ref>
Before birth, the offspring is called a [[fetus]]. The term ''infant'' is typically applied to very young children under one year of age; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, they are called a [[toddler]] instead.▼
▲Before birth, the offspring is called a [[fetus]]. The term ''infant'' is typically applied to very young children under one year of age; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, they are called a [[toddler]] instead.
== Other uses ==
In [[British English]], an ''[[infant school]]'' is for children aged between four and seven.
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===Head===
[[File:Baby Face.JPG|thumb|Eight-month-old infant; as a common feature, eyes are usually large in relation to the face.|left]]A newborn's head is very large in proportion to the body, and the [[
During [[childbirth|labour]] and birth, the infant's skull changes shape to fit through the [[birth canal]], sometimes causing the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal on its own within a few days or weeks. Special exercises sometimes advised by [[physician]]s may assist the process.
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===Hair===
[[File:Baby hairy head DSCN2483.jpg|thumb|Thin brown hair of a one-year-old infant girl]]
Some newborns have a fine, downy body hair called [[lanugo]]. It may be particularly noticeable on the back, shoulders, forehead, ears and face of premature infants. Lanugo disappears within a few weeks. Infants may be born with full heads of hair; others, particularly [[White people|
===Length===
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In developed countries, the average [[birth weight]] of a full-term newborn is approximately {{convert|3.4|kg|lb|frac=2|abbr=on}}, and is typically in the range of {{convert|2.7|–|4.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.
Over the first 5–7 days following birth, the body weight of a term neonate decreases by 3–7%,<ref name="Mohamed2012">{{EMedicine|article|938854|Neonatology Considerations for the Pediatric Surgeon}}</ref> and is largely a result of the resorption and urination of the fluid that initially fills the lungs, in addition to a delay of often a few days before [[breastfeeding]] becomes effective. After the first week, healthy term neonates should gain 10–20 grams/kg/day.<ref name="Mohamed2012" />
===Skin===
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{{Further|Newborn care and safety}}
{{Further|Infant bathing}}
[[File:初土俵入2.gif|thumb|
Infants [[Infant crying|cry]] as a form of basic instinctive communication.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEsyCgAAQBAJ&q=Infants+cry+as+a+form+of+basic+instinctive+communication&pg=PT35|title=The Calm and Happy Toddler: Gentle Solutions to Tantrums, Night Waking, Potty Training and More|last=Chicot|first=
Infants are [[Precociality and altriciality|altricial]] and are fully dependent on their mothers or an adult caretaker for an extended period of time.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=8455097 | date=2020 | last1=Faust | first1=K. M. | last2=Carouso-Peck | first2=S. | last3=Elson | first3=M. R. | last4=Goldstein | first4=M. H. | title=The Origins of Social Knowledge in Altricial Species | journal=Annual Review of Developmental Psychology | volume=2 | pages=225–246 | doi=10.1146/annurev-devpsych-051820-121446 | pmid=34553142 }}</ref> [[Breastfeeding]] is the recommended method of feeding by all major infant health organizations.<ref name="AAP_Policy">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O'Hare D, Schanler RJ, Eidelman AI | title = Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 115 | issue = 2 | pages = 496–506 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15687461 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2004-2491 | s2cid = 263051578 | doi-access =
Adequate food consumption at an early age is vital for an infant's development. The foundations of optimum health, growth, and neurodevelopment across the lifespan are established in the [[first
As infants grow, [[food supplement]]s can be added. Many parents choose commercial, ready-made [[baby food]]s to supplement breast milk or formula for the child, while others adapt their usual meals for the dietary needs of their child. Whole cow's [[milk]] can be used at one year, but lower-fat milk is not recommended until the child is
===Common care issues===
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=== Language development ===
[[File:A Proper Space Book for Babies (50879866102).jpg|left|thumb|An infant holding a space-themed [[baby book]]]]
Caregivers of an infant are advised to pick up on the infant's facial expressions and mirror them. Reproducing and empathizing with their facial expressions enables infants to experience effectiveness and to recognize their own actions more easily (see [[mirror neuron]]s). Exaggeratedly reproduced facial expressions and gestures are recommended, as they are clearer forms of expression. The baby's babbling should also be picked up and repeated. By imitating each other's sounds the first simple dialogues are initiated.<ref name="Kasten">{{cite web|title=Entwicklungspsychologische Grundlagen der frühen Kindheit und frühpädagogische Konsequenzen|url=https://www.kita-fachtexte.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Publikationen/KiTaFT_kasten_2014.pdf|last=Hartmut Kasten|language=de|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204225924/https://www.kita-fachtexte.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Publikationen/KiTaFT_kasten_2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Accentuated pronunciation and melodic [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] make it easier to recognize individual words in a sentence.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Erik |last1=Thiessen |first2=Emily |last2=Hill |first3=Jenny |last3=Saffran |journal=Infancy |title=Infant-Directed Speech Facilitates Word Segmentation |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |date=January 2005 |doi=10.1207/s15327078in0701_5
|pmid=33430544}}</ref> However, it is not advisable to use simplified "[[baby talk]]" (e.g. "Did you 'ouch'?" instead of, "Did you hurt yourself?").<ref>{{cite web|work=Gehirn&GeistSerie Kindesentwicklung No. 1
Even if parents cannot yet understand infants' [[babbling]], a timely response by parents to babbling leads to faster language acquisition.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Parents, listen next time your baby babbles|url=https://now.uiowa.edu/2014/08/parents-listen-next-time-your-baby-babbles|date=2014-08-27|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-date=2020-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127115705/https://now.uiowa.edu/2014/08/parents-listen-next-time-your-baby-babbles|url-status=live}}</ref> This was confirmed by researchers who first studied mothers' behavior towards 8-month-old infants and later tested the infants' vocabulary when they were 15 months old.<ref name=":1">{{citation|
}}</ref> A first important development of infants is the discovery that they can influence their parents through babbling (development of intentional communication).<ref name=":1" /> Parents can encourage this by engaging with their infants in babbling. This in turn promotes further language development, as infants then turn to their parents more often.<ref name=":0" />
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{{Main|Infant sleep}}
[[File:Sleeping baby (6410829477).jpg|thumb|A sleeping infant]]
A 2018 review analysed 146 studies on infant sleep behavior and listed several factors that show an effect on sleep duration and the number of night
Infant sleep is not linear, ebbing and flowing with developmental milestones and age.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/6/e20174330/37494/Uninterrupted-Infant-Sleep-Development-and?autologincheck=redirected |title=Uninterrupted Infant Sleep, Development, and Maternal Mood |date=December 1, 2018 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=publications.aap.org}}</ref>
The National Sleep Foundation gives a rough recommendation on sleep hours, that commonly decreases with increasing age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hirshkowitz |first1=Max |last2=Whiton |first2=Kaitlyn |last3=Albert |first3=Steven M. |last4=Alessi |first4=Cathy |last5=Bruni |first5=Oliviero |last6=DonCarlos |first6=Lydia |last7=Hazen |first7=Nancy |last8=Herman |first8=John |last9=Adams Hillard |first9=Paula J. |last10=Katz |first10=Eliot S. |last11=Kheirandish-Gozal |first11=Leila |last12=Neubauer |first12=David N. |last13=O'Donnell |first13=Anne E. |last14=Ohayon |first14=Maurice |last15=Peever |first15=John |date=December 2015 |title=National Sleep Foundation's updated sleep duration recommendations: final report |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29073398/ |journal=Sleep Health |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=233–243 |doi=10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004 |issn=2352-7226 |pmid=29073398}}</ref>
=== Maternal sensitivity ===
[[Maternal sensitivity]] plays a particular role in the relationship with the infant and for favorable emotional development. This means being attentive to the infant's behavioral expressions, not misinterpreting the infant's expressions because of one's own moods, reacting immediately to the situation and finding a response that is appropriate to the context and the expressed needs. A secure [[Attachment theory|attachment]] is promoted through empathetic and adequate as well as prompt responses.<ref name="KS2010">{{cite web |first=Kathrin |last=Keller-Schuhmacher
=== Other ===
[[File:Umwotsi.jpg|thumb|An infant from Uganda playing with stoves]]
[[Babywearing|Wearing]] has a calming effect on infants. A 2013 study showed that infants placed in a [[Cradle (bed)|cradle]] cried and kicked more often and had an [[increased heart rate]] (so the infants were stressed), while those picked up and carried by the mother while walking around calmed down significantly. The effect of being held motionless in the arm was intermediate between that of being carried around and that of being put down.<ref name="pmid23602481">{{cite journal | vauthors = Esposito G, Yoshida S, Ohnishi R, Tsuneoka Y, Rostagno Mdel C, Yokota S, Okabe S, Kamiya K, Hoshino M, Shimizu M, Venuti P, Kikusui T, Kato T, Kuroda KO | title = Infant calming responses during maternal carrying in humans and mice | journal = Current Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 739–45 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602481 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.041| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013CBio...23..739E }}</ref> That carrying (e.g., in a [[baby sling]]) makes infants more content and makes them cry less had already been shown in a randomized study in 1986.<ref>{{citation|surname1=Urs Hunziker, Ronald Barr|periodical=Pediatrics|title=Increased Carrying Reduces Infant Crying: A Randomized Controlled Trial|volume=77|issue=5|at=pp. 641–648|issn=0031-4005|pmid=3517799|date=1986-05-01
For infant feeding, [[breastfeeding]] is recommended by all major infant health organizations.<ref name="AAP_Policy" />
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== Behaviour ==
===Emotional development===
[[File:Being a twin means you always have a pillow or blanket handy.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Eight-month-old [[Fraternal twin|
Attachment theory is primarily an [[Adaptation|evolutionary]] and [[Ethology|ethological]] theory whereby the infant or child ''seeks proximity'' to a ''specified attachment figure'' in situations of alarm or distress for the purpose of survival.<ref name="Tronick et al.">{{cite journal|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.28.4.568|title=The Efe forager infant and toddler's pattern of social relationships: Multiple and simultaneous|year=1992|last1=Tronick|first1=Edward Z.|last2=Morelli|first2=Gilda A.|last3=Ivey|first3=Paula K.|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=28|issue=4|pages=568–577
Infants develop distinct relationships to their mothers, fathers, siblings, and non-familial caregivers.<ref>Klitzing K von, Simoni H, Amsler F, Burgin D: The role of the father in early family interactions. Inf Mental Health J 1999; 20: 222–37.</ref> Beside the dyadic attachment relationships also a good quality of the triadic relationships (mother – father – infant) is important for infant mental health development.<ref name="pmid10216817">{{cite journal | vauthors = von Klitzing K, Simoni H, Bürgin D | title = Child development and early triadic relationships | journal = The International Journal of Psychoanalysis | volume = 80 ( Pt 1) | pages = 71–89 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 10216817 | doi = 10.1516/0020757991598576 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28682511">{{cite journal | vauthors = von Klitzing K, Bürgin D | title = Parental capacities for triadic relationships during pregnancy: Early predictors of children's behavioral and representational functioning at preschool age | journal = Infant Mental Health Journal | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–39 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 28682511 | doi = 10.1002/imhj.20032 }}</ref>
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{{Main|Infant mortality}}
[[File:Babyimmunization.jpg|thumb|An infant being immunized in [[Bangladesh]]]]
Infant mortality is the death of an infant in the first year of life, often expressed as the number of deaths per
This [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] indicator is recognized as a very important measure of the level of health care in a country because it is directly linked with the [[health]] status of infants, children, and pregnant women as well as access to medical care, socioeconomic conditions, and [[public health]] practices.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hertz E, Hebert JR, Landon J | title = Social and environmental factors and life expectancy, infant mortality, and maternal mortality rates: results of a cross-national comparison | journal = Soc Sci Med | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 105–14 | date = July 1994 | pmid = 8066481 | doi = 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90170-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Etchegoyen G, Paganini JM | title = The relationship between socioeconomic factors and maternal and infant health programs in 13 Argentine provinces | language = es | journal = Rev Panam Salud Publica | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 223–30 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17612466 | doi = 10.1590/S1020-49892007000300005 | url = http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v21n4/05.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421234341/https://scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v21n4/05.pdf | archive-date = 2018-04-21 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
There is a positive relationship between national wealth and good health. The rich and industrialized countries of the world, prominently [[Canada]], the United Kingdom, the United States, and [[Japan]], spend a large proportion of their wealthy budget on the health care system. As, a result, their health care systems are very sophisticated, with many physicians, nurses, and other health care experts servicing the population. Thus, infant mortality is low. On the other hand, a country such as Mexico, which spends disproportionately less of its budget on healthcare, suffers from high mortality rates. This is because the general population is likely to be less healthy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brym|first=Robert|title=Sociology: Your Compass for a New World|year=2007|publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning|page=546|isbn=978-0-495-09912-3}}</ref> In the U.S., infant mortality rates are especially high in minority groups. For instance, non-Hispanic black women have an infant mortality rate of 13.63 per
==Babyhood==
Babyhood is a critical period in [[personality development]] when the foundations of adult personality are laid.<ref>
==References==
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{{Commons category|Babies}}
{{Wiktionary|infant}}
* [https://www.durham.ac.uk/research/institutes-and-centres/durham-infancy-sleep-centre/ Durham Infancy and Sleep Centre - Durham University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050413194036/http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/ The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child]
* [http://www.uic.edu/com/eye/LearningAboutVision/EyeFacts/BabyEyes.shtml Infant eyesight] – [[University of Illinois]]
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