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{{Short description|Lebanese faqih}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
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| website = [http://www.bayynat.org.lb bayynat.org.lb] (Arabic, French, English)<br />[http://www.bayynat.ir bayynat.ir] (Persian, Urdu)
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[[File:Najaf City 1.jpg|thumb|
[[Grand Ayatollah]] '''Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah''' ({{lang-ar|محمد حسين فضل الله|translit=Muḥammad Ḥusayn Fadl Allāh}}; 16 November 1935 – 4 July 2010) was a prominent [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]]-[[Iraqis|Iraqi]] [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] cleric. Born in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]], Fadlallah studied Islam in Najaf before moving to Lebanon in 1952. In the following decades, he gave many lectures, engaged in intense scholarship, wrote dozens of books, founded several [[Islamic religious schools]], and established the ''Mabarrat Association''.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Wahab |first1=Hisham Ul |title=Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah and the Political Rise of Shias in Lebanon |date=2017 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |location=New Delhi |edition=Master of Philosophy Dissertation |language=English}}</ref> Through the aforementioned association, he established a [[public library]], a women's cultural center, and a medical clinic.
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== Education==
Fadlallah began his education starting with learning the Quran and the alphabet in seminary classes in a Al-Kuttab School in Najaf, including basic skills of writing and reading. He later on began in a Islamic School in Najaf called Muntada al-Nashir which was recently formed at that time.<ref>Aziz, Talib. "Fadlallah and the Remaking of the Marja'iya". Published August 2001. Retrieved May, 2024.https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137996.003.0013</ref>
Poetry gave great inspiration to Fadlallah from magazines such as al-Katib published in Egypt and already from a teenager, he began to write poetry himself. He also showed critical views towards the occupation of Palestine in 1947 by publishing a poem for the public by the age of 12. By that time, he had begun his religious studies in a [[Hawza Najaf|Hawza]] school. However, the Hawza school in Najaf focused exclusively on legal studies and his poetry was not well
</ref>
== Return to Lebanon ==
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In Naba'a, Fadlallah began his work by organising cultural seminars and delivering religious speeches that discussed social issues as well. These social issues encompassed improving education and expertise among the population in Lebanon.<ref name=seb/> Fadlallah was quoted as saying, "We have to improve our education and gain more scientific knowledge. If we do not make the best of our time now, we will not be able to build our future or develop in the future."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-06 |title=Sayyed Fadlullah’s Contributions to the Civil Society and the Downtrodden |url=https://www.islamtimes.org/en/article/30115/sayyed-fadlullah-s-contributions-to-the-civil-society-and-downtrodden |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Islam Times |language=en}}</ref> In addition to the academic work that Fadlallah did, he also opened up schools like the Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib school in South Lebanon, Islamic centres like the large Islamic Center in Beirut, and [[orphanage]]s like the Imam Al-Khoei Orphanage in Beirut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biographie |url=http://english.bayynat.org.lb/Biography/index.htm#activity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603121428/http://english.bayynat.org.lb/Biography/index.htm#activity |archive-date=3 June 2009 |access-date=7 July 2010 |publisher=Bayynat}}</ref>
His political activism thus mainly concerned improving education, healthcare and social services in Lebanon.<ref name="ref11">{{Cite journal |last=Baroudi |first=Sami E. |date=2016-01-02 |title=The Islamic Realism of Sheikh Yusuf Qaradawi (1926–) and Sayyid Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah (1935–2010) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13530194.2015.1067159 |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=94–114 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2015.1067159 |issn=1353-0194}}</ref>
==Fadlallah and Hezbollah ==
Many scholars and media in the Western and Arab world argued that Fadlallah was part of Hizbollah as they meant that the organization was heavily inspired by his ideas and guidance when they emerged and developed as a group.<ref name="ref12">{{Cite web |last=mwhutchi |date=2015-06-01 |title=Hezbollah: From Nationalist Militia to Terrorist Group to Both? |url=https://hezbollahucsc2015.wordpress.com/2015/06/01/hezbollah-from-nationalist-militia-to-terrorist-group-to-both/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Hezbollah UCSC 2015 |language=en}}</ref> However, Fadlallah was never part of a political organization or any public religious institutions as he was 'above' politics. Hizbollah has also rejected this statement, claiming that Ayatollah Khomeini was their source of spiritual and political guidance, especially with regards to their resistance against injustice and occupation from Western powers.<ref name="ref13">{{Cite journal |last=Saouli |first=Adham |date=2014-01-02 |title=Intellectuals and Political Power in Social Movements: The Parallel Paths of Fadlallah and Hizbullah |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13530194.2014.878509 |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2014.878509 |issn=1353-0194|hdl=10023/7579 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Fadlallah even
Some scholars on the other hand, argues that Fadlallah had a clear relationship with Hizbullah. His ideas was inspired by religious thought but developed as a response to social and political struggles in the society and he believed in empowering Islamist movements. His thought and guidance is connected to religious and political activism directed at fulfilling aims of Islam and Hizbollah was central in the political field in Lebanon. Furthermore, Hizbollah's Vice Secretary General, Naim Qassem, has mentioned that Hizbollah, which was first fractions of different Islamic movements, were inspired by Fadlallah and his vision for the future.<ref
== Assassination attempts ==
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As one of the alleged leaders of Hezbollah, a status both he and the group denied<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/10500869.stm|work=BBC|title=Hezbollah 'mentor' Fadlallah dies in Lebanon|date=4 July 2010|access-date=5 July 2010}}</ref> he was the target of several assassination attempts, including the allegedly [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-sponsored and funded<ref>{{cite news|author=Hugh Macleod in Beirut |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/04/ayatollah-mohammed-hussein-fadlallah-dies|title=Lebanon's Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah dies at 74|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2010|access-date=5 July 2010|location=London}}</ref> 8 March [[1985 Beirut car bombing]] that killed 80 people.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/8/newsid_2516000/2516407.stm|work=BBC|title=1985: Beirut car bomb kills dozens|date=8 March 1985|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1432945,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=60 killed by Beirut car bomb|date=9 March 1985|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref>
On 8 March 1985, a [[car bomb]] equivalent to {{convert|440|lb|abbr=on}} of [[dynamite]] exploded 9–45 metres<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1432945,00.html|title=60 killed by Beirut car bomb|work=The Guardian |date=9 March 1985|access-date=7 July 2010|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 March 2006|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HD18Aa01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419064109/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HD18Aa01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=19 April 2006|title=A history of car bomb (Part 2)|work=Asia Times Online |access-date=7 July 2010}}</ref> from his house in Beirut, Lebanon. The blast destroyed a 7-story apartment building and a cinema, killed 80 people and wounded 256. The attack was timed to go off as worshippers were leaving Friday Prayers. Most of the dead were girls and women who had been leaving the mosque, though the ferocity of the blast "burned babies in their beds," "killed a bride buying her trousseau," and "blew away three children as they walked home from the mosque." It also "devastated the main street of the densely populated" West Beirut suburb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmandjra.org/alternet_260208.htm|title=Noam Chomsky|publisher=Elmandjra|date=26 February 2008|access-date=5 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118075312/http://www.elmandjra.org/alternet_260208.htm|archive-date=18 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/cron.html|title=Target America: terrorist attacks on Americans, 1979–1988 ... Bombing of U.S. Embassy annex northeast of Beirut|publisher=PBS|access-date=7 July 2010}}</ref> but Fadlallah escaped injury. Journalist [[Robin Wright (author)|Robin Wright]] quotes articles in ''The Washington Post'' and ''The New York Times'' as saying that according to the CIA, those responsible for the bombing were "Lebanese intelligence personnel and other foreigners" who had been "undergoing CIA training"<ref>''The Washington Post'', 12 May 1985</ref> but that "this was not our [CIA] operation and it was nothing we planned or knew about."<ref>''The New York Times'' 13 May 1985</ref> "Alarmed U.S. officials subsequently canceled the covert training operation" in Lebanon, according to Wright.<ref name=":0">Wright, Robin, ''Sacred Rage : The Wrath of Militant Islam'', Simon and Schuster, 2001 p. 97.</ref>According to [[Bob Woodward]], CIA director [[William Casey]] was involved in the attack, which he suggests was carried out with funding from [[Saudi Arabia]]. "In his book Woodward portrays Casey as a wily and aggressive director who made the CIA his personal instrument of foreign policy. In early 1985 Woodward reports, Casey went "off the books" to enlist Saudi help in carrying out three covert operations. One was the attempted assassination of Sheik Fadlallah, who had been linked to the bombings in Beirut. After that plot failed, Woodward writes, the Saudis offered Fadlallah a $2 million bribe to cease his terrorist attacks. He accepted, and the attacks stopped. Woodward's account of the incident was denied last week by the Saudi press agency and by Fadlallah's office."<ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,965712,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525095851/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,965712,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2012|magazine=Time|title=Did A Dead Man Tell No Tales?|date=12 October 1987|access-date=20 April 2010}}</ref> Former Lebanese warlord and statesman late [[Elie Hobeika]] was accused as one of those likely responsible for the actual operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meib.org/articles/0201_l1.htm|title="The Assassination of Elie Hobeika" (January 2002)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720010237/http://www.meib.org/articles/0201_l1.htm|archive-date=20 July 2009}}</ref>
During the [[2006 Lebanon War]], Israeli warplanes bombed his two-story house in Beirut's southern [[Haret Hreik]] neighborhood. Fadlallah was not at home at the time of the bombing, which reduced the house to rubble.<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100704/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_lebanon_obit_fadlallah |title=Top Lebanese Shiite cleric Fadlallah dies at 75 |publisher=Yahoo |date=4 July 2010 |access-date=7 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708005802/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100704/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_lebanon_obit_fadlallah |archive-date=8 July 2010 }}</ref>
==
{{Twelvers}}
Fadlallah supported the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]] in the beginning and criticized US and Israel for their policies in the Middle East which he often mentioned in his prayer sermons. In 1995 the US branded him as a terrorist and got therefore blacklisted.<ref name="ref14">{{Cite news |date=2010-07-04 |title=Obituary: Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10501084 |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>His views towards the Iranian revolution and the cleric changed over the years as his ideological standpoint became more moderate compared to the clerics in Iran.<ref name="ref14" />
When he died in 2010, Time magazine wrote about his contrarian stance: "Fadlallah had broken with Hizballah and the toxic legacy of his early edicts. He criticized Iran's clerical rule, supported women's rights and insisted on dialogue with the West."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2036683_2036477_2036426,00.html|title=Person of the Year 2010 |date=2010-12-15|newspaper=Time|issn=0040-781X|access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>▼
▲"Fadlallah had broken with Hizballah and the toxic legacy of his early edicts. He criticized Iran's clerical rule, supported women's rights and insisted on dialogue with the West."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2036683_2036477_2036426,00.html|title=Person of the Year 2010 |date=2010-12-15|newspaper=Time|issn=0040-781X|access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>
▲=== '''U.S. foreign policy''' ===
Due to US and their continuous support for Israel, Fadlallah called on countries in Middle East to boycott Israeli and American products and replace these products with European and Asian goods.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pallister |first=David |date=2003-01-08 |title=Arab boycott of American consumer goods spreads |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jan/08/davidpallister |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
In November 2007, Fadlallah accused the United States of trying to sabotage the [[2007 Lebanese presidential election|election]] in Lebanon: "The insanity of the U.S. president and its administration is reflected in Lebanon by their ambassador pressuring the Lebanese people and preventing them from reaching an agreement over the presidential election."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=86526 |title=The Daily Star – Politics – Fadlallah slams U.S. for 'insane' attempt to thwart consensus on presidency |publisher=Dailystar.com.lb |date=2007-11-05 |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref>
Though he welcomed the [[2008 United States presidential election|election]] of [[Barack Obama]] as the American president, the following year he expressed disappointment with Obama's lack of progress in the [[Middle East peace process]] saying he appeared to have no plan to bring peace to the region.<ref name="bbcdeath">{{cite news |date=4 July 2010 |title=Fadlallah Dies in Lebanon |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10500869.stm |access-date=4 July 2010 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>Despite his criticism of U.S. foreign policy in the [[Middle East]], he condemned the [[September 11 attacks]] in the [[United States]] as acts of [[terrorism]].<ref name="yahoo1" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Bassam |first=Laila |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6630PT20100704 |title=Senior Lebanese Shi'ite cleric Fadlallah dies |publisher=Reuters |date= 2010-07-04|access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera1">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/07/20107354240249363.html |title=Lebanon's Shia Muslim leader dies|publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=2001-09-11 |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref>
===Israel===
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They have had their land stolen, their families killed, their homes destroyed, and the Israelis are using weapons, such as the F16 aircraft, which are meant only for major wars. There is no other way for the Palestinians to push back those mountains, apart from martyrdom operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/1400406/We-could-provide-a-million-suicide-bombers-in-24-hours.html|title=We could provide a million suicide bombers in 24 hours|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=13 July 2010|date=4 September 2002|location=London}}</ref>}}
His support for suicide bombings against Israel were based on the grounds that the latter uses advanced weaponry; it was also claimed that he wished that the state of Israel would cease to exist.<ref name="nytobit"/> Following the [[Mercaz HaRav massacre]], Fadlallah called the attack "heroic."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=33731|publisher=NOW Lebanon|title=Sayyed Fadlallah hails Jerusalem attack as heroic act|access-date=13 July 2010|date=7 March 2008|archive-date=22 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422193331/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=33731|url-status=dead}}</ref> Western sources also cite his favour for suicide bombings against Israeli citizens.<ref name="nytobit" /><ref>{{cite news|title=CNN Drops Editor After Hezbollah Comments|author=Brian Stelter|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 July 2010|url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/cnn-drops-editor-after-hezbollah-comments/}}</ref><ref name="bbcisrael" /> Fadlallah explained the religious basis for suicide attacks in an interview with ''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]''.<ref>"[http://www.lebanonwire.com/0206/02060802DS.asp Fadlallah explains religious basis for suicide attacks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525050141/http://www.lebanonwire.com/0206/02060802DS.asp |date=25 May 2011 }}" by Ibrahim Mousawi, 8 June 2002</ref>▼
▲Following the [[Mercaz HaRav massacre]], Fadlallah called the attack "heroic."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=33731|publisher=NOW Lebanon|title=Sayyed Fadlallah hails Jerusalem attack as heroic act|access-date=13 July 2010|date=7 March 2008|archive-date=22 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422193331/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=33731|url-status=dead}}</ref> Western sources also cite his favour for suicide bombings against Israeli citizens.<ref name="nytobit"/><ref>{{cite news|title=CNN Drops Editor After Hezbollah Comments|author=Brian Stelter|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 July 2010|url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/cnn-drops-editor-after-hezbollah-comments/}}</ref><ref name="bbcisrael"/> Fadlallah explained the religious basis for suicide attacks in an interview with ''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]''.<ref>"[http://www.lebanonwire.com/0206/02060802DS.asp Fadlallah explains religious basis for suicide attacks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525050141/http://www.lebanonwire.com/0206/02060802DS.asp |date=25 May 2011 }}" by Ibrahim Mousawi, 8 June 2002</ref>
In September 2009, Fadlallah issued a ''fatwa'' banning normalisation of [[Foreign relations of Israel#Lebanon|ties with Israel]].<ref name="IRIN">{{cite web|url=http://english.iribnews.ir/NewsBody.aspx?ID=4558|title=Fadlallah forbids normalizing ties with Israel|publisher=[[IRIB]] News Agency|access-date=13 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105225/http://english.iribnews.ir/NewsBody.aspx?ID=4558|archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> He also objected to any territorial settlement, saying "the entire land of Palestine within its historical borders is one Arab-Islamic country and no one has right to spare on[e] inch of it."<ref name="IRIN"/>
===Islamic governance===
Despite his ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran, Fadlallah distanced himself from the [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s legacy of [[Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)|Veleyat-e Faqih as theocratic rule]] by Islamic clerics
=== Women ===
Fadlallah was known for his relatively liberal views on women, whom he saw as equal to men.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i2ybHNOSCDoX1OqRKLhbYb8g9EKQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706025213/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i2ybHNOSCDoX1OqRKLhbYb8g9EKQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 July 2010|title=Lebanon's Grand Ayatollah Fadlallah hospitalised|publisher=AFP|access-date=5 July 2010}}</ref> He believed that women have just as much of a responsibility towards society as men do, and women should be role models for both men and women. Fadlallah also believed that women have the same exact ability as men to fight their inner weaknesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.bayynat.org.lb/WomenFamily/role.htm|title=The Woman's Personality and Role in Life|publisher=Bayynat|access-date=7 July 2010|archive-date=29 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829121539/http://english.bayynat.org.lb/WomenFamily/role.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.bayynat.org.lb/WomenFamily/woman1.htm|title=The role of a woman I|publisher=Bayynat|access-date=7 July 2010|archive-date=29 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829121550/http://english.bayynat.org.lb/WomenFamily/woman1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He saw the [[hijab]] as something that makes a man see a woman not as a sex object, but instead as a human being. He believes, like all of his peers in the Islamic seminary that women should cover their entire body except for their face and hands, and that they should avoid wearing excessive makeup when they go out in public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.bayynat.org.lb/WomenFamily/hajI.htm|title=The Moral Role of Hijab (part I)|publisher=Bayynat|access-date=7 July 2010|archive-date=27 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527132314/http://english.bayynat.org.lb/WomenFamily/hajI.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Fadlallah also issued a ''[[fatwa]]'' on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women that supports the right of a woman to defend herself against any act of violence whether ''social'' or ''physical''. The fatwa reaffirms the rights of women, both at their workplace and at home, and states that Islam forbids men from exercising any form of violence against women and forbids men from depriving women of their legal rights. In his words "physical violence in which women are beaten, proves that these men are weak, for only the weak are in need of unjust violence".<ref>{{cite web|title=La femme peut répondre à la violence de l'homme par la violence |trans-title=Women can respond to male violence by violence |work=L'Orient-Le Jour |url=http://www.lorientlejour.com/page.aspx?page=article&id=358690 |access-date=28 November 2007 |language=fr }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He also issued ''fatwa''s forbidding [[female circumcision]] and [[honour killings]].<ref name="google1"/> Regarding abortion, he was opposed to it in most cases; however, when the women is in an abnormal amount of danger by the pregnancy, he believed it was permissible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.bayynat.org.lb/Issues/Abortion.htm|title=Abortion: Fadlullah's perspective regarding Abortion|publisher=Bayynat|access-date=7 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405213846/http://english.bayynat.org.lb/Issues/Abortion.htm|archive-date=5 April 2010}}</ref>
==Controversial views regarding Islamic doctrine==
Fadlallah held controversial views regarding Islamic doctrine, as espoused in some of his works and speeches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hubeali.com/articles/Fadlollahs-Devious-Beliefs.pdf|title=Fadlollahs Devious Beliefs|access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> Fadlallah was often criticised for his attitude towards Israel and suicide attacks or martyrdom. He stated that if you get attacked you should be allowed to defend yourself in all possible ways. If suicide attacks are the last instance of self-defence, in Fadlallah's view this is justified even though they are directed against the civilian population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alagha |first=J.E |date=2006 |title=The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/42174789/complete+dissertation.pdf |journal=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam}}</ref> For Fadlallah, Israel is the aggressor against whom one may defend oneself in any way due to Israel's strong superiority. Fadlalla argues that the West acts similarly and that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is an example of how desperation justifies the use of weapons that are usually not considered normal in warfare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Helmer |first=Daniel |date=2006 |title=Hezbollahs deployment of suizide bombing during the 1980s: The Theological, Political and Operational Development of a ne tactic |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20060831_art012.pdf
==Death==
Fadallah had suffered from severe illness weeks before his death and got eventually hospitalized due to internal bleeding that had lasted for days. He was 74 years old and died on
At his funeral, his supporters carried his body around Shia neighbourhoods in southern Beirut, then marched to the spot of his 1985 assassination attempt before returning to Imam Rida Mosque, where he was laid to rest. Thousands of mourners gathered at the mosque for prayer services before the funeral procession. Delegations included representatives from Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Syria and Iran. The Spokesman of Hezbollah, Ibrahim Mousawi, also came with a statement after his death saying "We're talking about a great loss, actually, not just to Hezbollah but to the Islamic Community, and to the Arab World. He has always spread the message of tolerance, of openness, of transparency and of dialogue".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/07/2010761010674966.html|title=Lebanon buries leading Shia cleric|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=6 July 2010|access-date=7 July 2010}}</ref>
The
===Reactions===
*{{flagicon|LBN}} [[List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon|Prime Minister of Lebanon]] [[Saad Hariri]], called him "a voice of moderation and an advocate of unity" for the Lebanese people.<ref name="Lebanon's Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah dies at 74">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/04/ayatollah-mohammed-hussein-fadlallah-dies|title=Lebanon's Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah dies at 74|date=4 July 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=4 July 2010| location=London|first=Hugh|last=MacLeod}}</ref> Hezbollah declared three days of [[mourning]] and Secretary General [[Hasan Nasrallah]] vowed to stay faithful to the "sacred goals" he had "sacrificed his life to achieve." He added that "we have lost a compassionate father, a wise guide, a fortified shelter, and a strong support that was present at all stages."
*{{flagicon|Bahrain}} King [[Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa]] also sent his to Fadlallah's family expressing his sincere condolences to the family, and prayed for the Fadlallah's soul to rest in eternal peace. He also praised Fadlullah's scientific and religious contributions in the service of Islam and Muslims.<ref name="almanar2">{{cite web |date=5 July 2010 |title=Arab, Islamic World Mourns Sayyed Fadlullah as Great Loss |url=http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=145054&language=en |access-date=7 July 2010 |publisher=Almanar}}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>▼
▲*{{flagicon|Bahrain}} King [[Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa]] also sent his to Fadlallah's family expressing his sincere condolences to the family, and prayed for the Fadlallah's soul to rest in eternal peace. He also praised Fadlullah's scientific and religious contributions in the service of Islam and Muslims.<ref name="almanar2"/>
*{{flagicon|IRQ}} In Iraq, Ali al-Adeeb, a senior member of the [[Islamic Dawa Party|Dawa]] party, called his death a major loss to the Islamic world adding that: "It will be hard to replace him".<ref name="Lebanon's Shia Muslim leader dies">{{cite news |date=4 July 2010 |title=Lebanon's Shia Muslim leader dies |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/07/20107354240249363.html |access-date=4 July 2010 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}</ref> In Fadlallah's birthplace, however, his death was met with a chilly reception without banners or open displays of mourning as clergy in Najaf expressed discomfort over his legacy and liberal values.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/07/iraq-quiet-reaction-to-celebrated-ayatollahs-death.html|work=Los Angeles Times|title=Babylon & Beyond|date=8 July 2010}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|
*{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Emir]] [[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] also sent his condolences to the family of Fadlallah saying he prayed to [[Allah|Almighty Allah]]
▲*{{flagicon|Israel}} An Israeli spokesman said Ayatollah Fadlallah was "unworthy of praise". They also criticised Britain's ambassador to Lebanon for eulogising him.<ref name="bbcisrael">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10572025|title=UK envoy's praise for Lebanon cleric draws Israel anger|work=BBC News|access-date=19 July 2010|date=9 July 2010}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Palestine}} President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] sent his condolences to his Lebanese counterpart. The head of Hamas' Political Bureau, [[Khaled Meshaal]], sent a letter to Fadlallah's son lamenting the loss of his father. "The dear deceased was one of the nation's special and great figures, with his knowledge, grace, moderation, mediation, forgiveness and openness to others, in addition to his courageous stances regarding the nation's issues, especially towards the Palestinian issue and the Arab-Zionist struggle. His eminence was one of the greatest symbols and scholars defending the choice of resistance and Jihad against the occupation, in support of the Palestinian strife and our people's right to freedom, liberty and liberation."<ref name="almanar2" /> An Hamas delegation from Gaza headed by Marwan Abu Ras was also present at the funerary services.<ref name="dailystarleb">{{cite web |date=8 July 2010 |title=Regional leaders pay tribute to Fadlallah legacy |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=116853#ixzz0t2kdCcAG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711235851/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=116853#ixzz0t2kdCcAG |archive-date=11 July 2010 |access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref>▼
▲*{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Emir]] [[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] also sent his condolences to the family of Fadlallah saying he prayed to [[Allah|Almighty Allah]] to have mercy on the soul of the deceased. National Assembly Speaker [[Jassem Mohammed Al-Khorafi]] also sent a cable of condolences to his Lebanese counterpart consoling him on the death of Fadlallah. Al-Khorafi expressed his heartfelt sorrow at the news, asking God to have mercy on the soul of the deceased. He also sent a similar cable to the family of Fadlullah.<ref name="almanar2"/>
▲*{{flagicon|Palestine}} President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] sent his condolences to his Lebanese counterpart. The head of Hamas' Political Bureau, [[Khaled Meshaal]], sent a letter to Fadlallah's son lamenting the loss of his father. "The dear deceased was one of the nation's special and great figures, with his knowledge, grace, moderation, mediation, forgiveness and openness to others, in addition to his courageous stances regarding the nation's issues, especially towards the Palestinian issue and the Arab-Zionist struggle. His eminence was one of the greatest symbols and scholars defending the choice of resistance and Jihad against the occupation, in support of the Palestinian strife and our people's right to freedom, liberty and liberation."<ref name="almanar2"/> An Hamas delegation from Gaza headed by Marwan Abu Ras was also present at the funerary services.<ref name="dailystarleb"/>
*{{flagicon|QAT}} Emir [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]] offered condolences to the Lebanese people on behalf of Qatar, its Emir, government and people. Upon arrival in Beirut, al-Thani praised the "commendable attributes of Fadlallah and his relentless efforts in seeking rapprochement and conciliation among various Muslim sects."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=372713&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56|title=Qatar's top-selling English daily newspaper|publisher=Gulf-times|date=6 July 2010|access-date=7 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145556/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=372713&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56|archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] called Hezbollah leader [[Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah]] to offer his condolences and asked to relay them to Fadlallah's family and the Lebanese people. Nasrallah responded in appreciation and for Erdogan's stance on the Palestinian issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=180721|title=Erdogan sorry for Fadlallah's death |date=22 January 2009 |publisher=Jpost|access-date=7 July 2010}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}} The British ambassador to Lebanon, [[Frances Guy]], also wrote: "I remember well, when I was nominated ambassador to Beirut, a Muslim acquaintance sought me out to tell me how lucky I was because I would get a chance to meet Sayyed Mohamad Hussein Fadlullah. Truly he was right...I usually avoid answering by referring to those I enjoy meeting the most and those that impress me the most."
*{{flagicon|Yemen}} President [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] also sent his condolences to his Lebanese counterpart.<ref name="almanar2"/>
*[[CNN controversies|CNN]]'s Lebanese senior editor of Middle East affairs [[Octavia Nasr]] was fired after a ''[[Twitter|tweet]]'' saying she was "Sad to hear of the passing of Sayyed Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah...One of Hezbollah's giants I respect[ed] a lot."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifkNbXIWWZsct3KgSrrGPLjLBzGw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711073142/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifkNbXIWWZsct3KgSrrGPLjLBzGw|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2010|title=AFP: CNN Middle East editor leaves after Fadlallah 'tweet'}}</ref> Hezbollah condemned her dismissal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=145645&language=en|title=Hezbollah Condemns Firing of CNN Mideast Editor 9 July 2010}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Robert Fisk criticised CNN for the firing saying "Poor old CNN goes on getting more cowardly by the hour. That's why no one cares about it any more."<ref name="fiskmanar">{{cite web|url=http://www.almanar.com.lb/NewsSite/index.htm?id=145772&language=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219002114/http://www.almanar.com.lb/NewsSite/index.htm?id=145772&language=en|url-status=dead|title=Manar TV :: Live Broadcast|date=19 February 2013|archive-date=19 February 2013|website=archive.is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fisk|first=Robert|title=CNN was wrong about Ayatollah Fadlallah|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|location=London|date=10 July 2010|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-cnn-was-wrong-about-ayatollah-fadlallah-2023179.html|access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref>
== See also ==
Line 150 ⟶ 129:
Kramer, Martin (1997), [https://martinkramer.org/reader/archives/oracle-of-hizbullah-sayyid-muhammad-husayn-fadlallah/ "The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah"]. Full Text with footnotes published in Appleby, R. Scott, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0EjnmhQ3tUC ''Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East''], pp. 83-181, Chicago, University of Chicago Press (1997), ISBN 978-0-226-02125-6
Ranstorp, Magnus, ''Hizb'
==External links==
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* [http://www.bayynat.ir Official Website (Persian, Urdu)]
* [http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/oracle-of-hizbullah-sayyid-muhammad-husayn-fadlallah/ The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah] by [[Martin Kramer]]
* [http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=145199&language=en Sayyed Fadlullah's
* [https://archive.today/20130212045808/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1358/i.html On the Death of the Grand Ayatollah Fadlallah: "Religion Serves the People"]
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