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{{Short description|Number of times a
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{{Redirect|Gravida||Gravida (disambiguation)|and|Parity (disambiguation)}}
In [[biology]] and [[
* Gravida indicates the number of times a
* Parity, or "para", indicates the number of births (including live births and stillbirths) where pregnancies reached [[Fetal viability|viable gestational age]]. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) carried to viable gestational age is still counted as 1.<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Abortus]] is the number of pregnancies that were lost prior to viable gestational age for any reason, including induced abortions or [[miscarriage]]s but not stillbirths. The abortus term is sometimes dropped when no pregnancies have been lost.
==Gravidity in biology==▼
In [[biology]], the term "gravid" ({{lang-la|gravidus}} "burdened, heavy"<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary''{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref>) is used to describe the condition of an animal (most commonly [[fish]] or [[reptile]]s) when carrying eggs internally. For example, ''[[Astatotilapia burtoni]]'' females can transform between reproductive states, one of which is gravid, and the other non-gravid. In [[entomology]] it describes a mated female insect.{{cn|date=October 2022}}▼
==Gravidity in human medicine==
In human medicine, "gravidity" refers to the number of times a
* The term "'''gravida'''"
* A "'''nulligravida'''" is a
* A "'''primigravida'''" is a
* A "'''multigravida'''" or "'''secundigravida'''" is a
Terms such as "gravida 0", referring to a nulligravida, "gravida 1" for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used. The term "elderly primigravida" has also been used to refer to a
▲==Gravidity in biology==
▲In [[biology]], the term "gravid" ({{lang-la|gravidus}} "burdened, heavy"<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary''{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref>) is used to describe the condition of an animal (most commonly [[fish]] or [[reptile]]s) when carrying eggs internally. For example, ''[[Astatotilapia burtoni]]'' females can transform between reproductive states, one of which is gravid, and the other non-gravid. In [[entomology]] it describes a mated female insect.{{cn|date=October 2022}}
==Parity in medicine==
In human medicine, ''parity'' is the number of pregnancies carried by a
A
Like gravidity, parity may also be counted. A
Viable gestational age varies from region to region.
===Nulliparity===
A ''nulliparous'' ({{IPAc-en|n|ʌ|l|ˈ|ɪ|p|ə|r|ə|s}})
Long-term and permanent nulliparity ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ʌ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ær|ᵻ|t|i}}) are [[risk factor for breast cancer|risk factors for breast cancer]]. For instance, a meta-analysis, published in 1990, of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with
==Parity in biology==
In [[agriculture]], parity in biology is a factor in [[Milk#Production yields|productivity]] in domestic animals kept for [[Dairy farming|milk production]]. Animals that have given birth once are described as "primiparous"; those that have given birth more than once are described as "pluriparous".<ref name = mehrzad>{{cite journal |last1=Mehrzad |first1=Jalil |last2=Duchateau |first2=Luc |last3=Pyörälä |first3=Satu |last4=Burvenich |first4=Christian |title=Blood and Milk Neutrophil Chemiluminescence and Viability in Primiparous and Pluriparous Dairy Cows During Late Pregnancy, Around Parturition and Early Lactation |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |date=December 2002 |volume=85 |issue=12 |pages=3268–3276 |doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74415-9 |pmid=12512600 |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-149282 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name = vecchio>{{cite journal |last1=Vecchio |first1=D. |last2=Neglia |first2=G. |last3=Rendina |first3=M. |last4=Marchiello |first4=M. |last5=Balestrieri |first5=A. |last6=Di Palo |first6=R. |title=Dietary influence on primiparous and pluriparous buffalo fertility |journal=Italian Journal of Animal Science |date=January 2007 |volume=6 |issue=sup1 |pages=512–514 |doi=10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.512 |s2cid=85810948 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Those that have given birth twice may also be described as "secondiparous", in which case "pluriparous" is applied to those that have given birth three times or more.
==Recording systems==
A number of systems are incorporated into a
* The '''gravida/para/abortus''' (GPA) system, or sometimes just ''gravida/para'' (GP), is one such shorthand.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} For example, the obstetric history of a
* '''TPAL''' is one of the methods to provide a quick overview of a person's obstetric history.<ref>{{cite web |title=The OB-GYN Clerkship: Your Guide to Success |publisher=Loyola University Chicago |url=https://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/obgyne/tools.pdf }}</ref> In TPAL, the '''T''' refers to term births (after 37 weeks' gestation), the '''P''' refers to [[premature births]], the '''A''' refers to [[abortions]], and the '''L''' refers to living children.<ref name="isbn1-58255-939-2 p 385">{{cite book |title=Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series: Assessment
* The term '''GTPAL''' is used when the TPAL is prefixed with gravidity, and '''GTPALM''' when GTPAL is followed by number of multiple pregnancies.<ref name="isbn1-58255-939-2 p 385"/> For example, the gravidity and parity of a
Though similar, GPA should not be confused with the TPAL system, the latter of which may be used to provide information about the number of miscarriages, [[premature birth|preterm]] births, and live births by dropping the "A" from "GPA" and including four separate numbers after the "P", as in G<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3114</sub>. This TPAL form indicates five pregnancies, with three term births, one preterm birth, one [[abortion|induced abortion]] or miscarriage, and four living children.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bardsley CR |chapter=Normal Pregnancy |veditors=Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS |title=Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |edition=7th |year=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |chapter-url=http://www.accessemergencymedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6363612 |access-date=2013-06-19 |archive-date=2013-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120081643/http://www.accessemergencymedicine.com/content.aspx?aid=6363612 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Some established journals have used GTPAL system ignoring "T", and even rearranging the letters within the remaining combination [this effectively reduces it to '''GPLA''' system. For instance G3P1L1A1].<ref name=”Gundabattula_2014”>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gundabattula SR, Pochiraju M| title = Primary abdominal pregnancy in the uterosacral ligament with haemoperitoneum: a near miss | journal = J Clin Diagn Res | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = OD08-9| date = 2014 | doi = 10.7860/JCDR/2014/7902.4381|url=|PMID = 24995221 | PMC= 4080042| doi-access = free }}</ref> Thus, individual choices of authors also seem to matter, which recognized journals often ignore.
==Criticism==
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{{Women's health|state=collapsed}}
{{Pregnancy}}
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