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SleepyJanus (talk | contribs) Tried to make it more relevant to the topic. Previous editors have tried to use inclusive language to factually describe what populations are clinically described with the terms "gravidity" and "parity." An acknowledgement statement in the "criticism" section is my solution to the edit war happening between editors who keep reverting inclusive language back to "women." |
m I added the year of an analysis, so readers would know the analysis is older techniques as the analysis was published in 1990 and having not been used with any recent updates with modern technology. |
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{{Short description|Number of times a
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{{Redirect|Gravida||Gravida (disambiguation)|and|Parity (disambiguation)}}
In [[biology]] and [[
* Gravida indicates the number of times a
▲In [[biology]] and [[medicine|human medicine]], '''gravidity and parity''' are the number of times a woman is or has been [[pregnant]] (gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity).<ref name="Gravidity and Parity Definitions">{{cite web |first = Chloe|last = Borton|date = November 12, 2009|url = http://patient.info/doctor/gravidity-and-parity-definitions-and-their-implications-in-risk-assessment|title = Gravidity and Parity Definitions (and their Implications in Risk Assessment)|publisher = Patient.info|access-date = June 26, 2013}}</ref> These terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, to indicate more details of the woman's obstetric history.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Creinin|first=MD|author2=Simhan, HN |title=Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|date=Mar 2009|volume=113|issue=3|pages=709–11|pmid=19300338|doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f}}</ref> When using these terms:
▲* Gravida indicates the number of times a woman is or has been pregnant, regardless of the pregnancy outcome.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Gary|title=William Obstetrics|date=2005|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|isbn=978-0-07-141315-2|page=121|edition=22|url=http://download.bioon.com.cn/upload/201111/23175321_1439.pdf|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000954/http://download.bioon.com.cn/upload/201111/23175321_1439.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A current pregnancy, if any, is included in this count. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) is counted as 1.
* Parity, or "para", indicates the number of births (including live births and stillbirths) where pregnancies reached [[Fetal viability|viable gestational age]]. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) carried to viable gestational age is still counted as 1.<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Abortus]] is the number of pregnancies that were lost prior to viable gestational age for any reason, including induced abortions or [[miscarriage]]s but not stillbirths. The abortus term is sometimes dropped when no pregnancies have been lost.
==Gravidity in
In [[biology]], the term "gravid" ({{lang-la|gravidus}} "burdened, heavy"<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary''{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref>) is used to describe the condition of an animal (most commonly [[fish]] or [[reptile]]s) when carrying eggs internally. For example, ''[[Astatotilapia burtoni]]'' females can transform between reproductive states, one of which is gravid, and the other non-gravid. In [[entomology]] it describes a mated female insect.{{cn|date=October 2022}}▼
In human medicine, "gravidity" refers to the number of times a woman has been [[pregnant]],<ref name="Gravidity and Parity Definitions" /> regardless of whether the pregnancies were interrupted or resulted in a [[Live birth (human)|live birth]]. “Gravidity” is an important component of a patient’s reproductive history, as it provides insight into the risk factors that the patient has for pregnancy outcomes, such as risk for gestational diabetes, pre-ecclampsia, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and more <ref> Stubblefield, Phillip G., et al. “The Clinical Content of Preconception Care: Reproductive History.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mosby, 9 Dec. 2008, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002937808020759 </ref>. The gravidity of the patient is associated with risk for other conditions as well, including risk for breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. <ref> Troisi R;Bjørge T;Gissler M;Grotmol T;Kitahara CM;Myrtveit Saether SM;Ording AG;Sköld C;Sørensen HT;Trabert B;Glimelius I; “The Role of Pregnancy, Perinatal Factors and Hormones in Maternal Cancer Risk: A Review of the Evidence.” Journal of Internal Medicine, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29476569/. </ref>. Knowing a patient’s obstetric history in a prenatal assessment or early in gestation allows the patient to receive early intervention to prevent these associated risks <ref> Stubblefield, Phillip G., et al. “The Clinical Content of Preconception Care: Reproductive History.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mosby, 9 Dec. 2008, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002937808020759 </ref>.▼
* The term "'''gravida'''" can be used to refer to a pregnant woman.▼
▲In human medicine, "gravidity" refers to the number of times a
* A "'''nulligravida'''" is a woman who has never been pregnant.▼
* A "'''primigravida'''" is a woman who is pregnant for the first time or has been pregnant once.▼
* A "'''multigravida'''" or "'''secundigravida'''" is a woman who has been pregnant more than once.▼
Terms such as "gravida 0", referring to a nulligravida, "gravida 1" for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used. The term "elderly primigravida" has also been used to refer to a woman in their first pregnancy who is at least 35 years old.<ref name="pmid3609426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brassil MJ, Turner MJ, Egan DM, MacDonald DW|title=Obstetric outcome in first-time mothers aged 40 years and over|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=115–20 |date=June 1987 |pmid=3609426 |doi=10.1016/0028-2243(87)90114-6}}</ref> [[Advanced maternal age]] can be a risk factor for some birth defects.▼
▲* A "'''primigravida'''" is a
▲* A "'''multigravida'''" or "'''secundigravida'''" is a
▲Terms such as "gravida 0", referring to a nulligravida, "gravida 1" for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used. The term "elderly primigravida" has also been used to refer to a
▲==Gravidity in biology==
▲In [[biology]], the term "gravid" ({{lang-la|gravidus}} "burdened, heavy"<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary''{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref>) is used to describe the condition of an animal (most commonly [[fish]] or [[reptile]]s) when carrying eggs internally. For example, ''[[Astatotilapia burtoni]]'' females can transform between reproductive states, one of which is gravid, and the other non-gravid. In [[entomology]] it describes a mated female insect.
==Parity in
In human medicine, ''parity'' is the number of pregnancies carried by a
A
Like gravidity, parity may also be counted. A
Viable gestational age varies from region to region.
===Nulliparity===
A ''nulliparous'' ({{IPAc-en|n|ʌ|l|ˈ|ɪ|p|ə|r|ə|s}})
Long-term and permanent nulliparity ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ʌ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ær|ᵻ|t|i}}) are [[risk factor for breast cancer|risk factors for breast cancer]]. For instance, a meta-analysis of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with women who have given birth, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Women having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2145231 |year=1990 |vauthors=Ewertz M, Duffy SW, Adami HO |title=Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=597–603 |journal=International Journal of Cancer |doi=10.1002/ijc.2910460408 |s2cid=32387496 |display-authors=etal }}</ref>▼
==Parity in Biology==▼
In [[agriculture]], parity in biology is a factor in [[Milk#Production yields|productivity]] in domestic animals kept for [[Dairy farming|milk production]]. Animals that have given birth once are described as "primiparous"; those that have given birth more than once are described as "pluriparous".<ref name = mehrzad>{{cite journal |last1=Mehrzad |first1=Jalil |last2=Duchateau |first2=Luc |last3=Pyörälä |first3=Satu |last4=Burvenich |first4=Christian |title=Blood and Milk Neutrophil Chemiluminescence and Viability in Primiparous and Pluriparous Dairy Cows During Late Pregnancy, Around Parturition and Early Lactation |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |date=December 2002 |volume=85 |issue=12 |pages=3268–3276 |doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74415-9 |pmid=12512600 }}</ref><ref name = vecchio>{{cite journal |last1=Vecchio |first1=D. |last2=Neglia |first2=G. |last3=Rendina |first3=M. |last4=Marchiello |first4=M. |last5=Balestrieri |first5=A. |last6=Di Palo |first6=R. |title=Dietary influence on primiparous and pluriparous buffalo fertility |journal=Italian Journal of Animal Science |date=January 2007 |volume=6 |issue=sup1 |pages=512–514 |doi=10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.512 |s2cid=85810948 }}</ref> Those that have given birth twice may also be described as "secondiparous", in which case "pluriparous" is applied to those that have given birth three times or more.▼
▲Long-term and permanent nulliparity ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ʌ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ær|ᵻ|t|i}}) are [[risk factor for breast cancer|risk factors for breast cancer]]. For instance, a meta-analysis, published in 1990, of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with
▲In [[agriculture]], parity in biology is a factor in [[Milk#Production yields|productivity]] in domestic animals kept for [[Dairy farming|milk production]]. Animals that have given birth once are described as "primiparous"; those that have given birth more than once are described as "pluriparous".<ref name = mehrzad>{{cite journal |last1=Mehrzad |first1=Jalil |last2=Duchateau |first2=Luc |last3=Pyörälä |first3=Satu |last4=Burvenich |first4=Christian |title=Blood and Milk Neutrophil Chemiluminescence and Viability in Primiparous and Pluriparous Dairy Cows During Late Pregnancy, Around Parturition and Early Lactation |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |date=December 2002 |volume=85 |issue=12 |pages=3268–3276 |doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74415-9 |pmid=12512600 |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-149282 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name = vecchio>{{cite journal |last1=Vecchio |first1=D. |last2=Neglia |first2=G. |last3=Rendina |first3=M. |last4=Marchiello |first4=M. |last5=Balestrieri |first5=A. |last6=Di Palo |first6=R. |title=Dietary influence on primiparous and pluriparous buffalo fertility |journal=Italian Journal of Animal Science |date=January 2007 |volume=6 |issue=sup1 |pages=512–514 |doi=10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.512 |s2cid=85810948 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Those that have given birth twice may also be described as "secondiparous", in which case "pluriparous" is applied to those that have given birth three times or more.
==Recording systems==
A number of systems are incorporated into a
* The '''gravida/para/abortus''' (GPA) system, or sometimes just ''gravida/para'' (GP), is one such shorthand.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} For example, the obstetric history of a
* '''TPAL''' is one of the methods to provide a quick overview of a person's obstetric history.<ref>{{cite web |title=The OB-GYN Clerkship: Your Guide to Success
* The term '''GTPAL''' is used when the TPAL is prefixed with gravidity, and '''GTPALM''' when GTPAL is followed by number of multiple pregnancies.<ref name="isbn1-58255-939-2 p 385"/> For example, the gravidity and parity of a
Though similar, GPA should not be confused with the TPAL system, the latter of which may be used to provide information about the number of miscarriages, [[premature birth|preterm]] births, and live births by dropping the "A" from "GPA" and including four separate numbers after the "P", as in G<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3114</sub>. This TPAL form indicates five pregnancies, with three term births, one preterm birth, one [[abortion|induced abortion]] or miscarriage, and four living children.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bardsley CR |chapter=Normal Pregnancy |veditors=Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS |title=Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |edition=7th |year=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |chapter-url=http://www.accessemergencymedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6363612 |access-date=2013-06-19 |archive-date=2013-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120081643/http://www.accessemergencymedicine.com/content.aspx?aid=6363612 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Some established journals have used GTPAL system ignoring "T", and even rearranging the letters within the remaining combination [this effectively reduces it to '''GPLA''' system. For instance G3P1L1A1].<ref name=”Gundabattula_2014”>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gundabattula SR, Pochiraju M| title = Primary abdominal pregnancy in the uterosacral ligament with haemoperitoneum: a near miss | journal = J Clin Diagn Res | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = OD08-9| date = 2014 | doi = 10.7860/JCDR/2014/7902.4381|url=|PMID = 24995221 | PMC= 4080042| doi-access = free }}</ref> Thus, individual choices of authors also seem to matter, which recognized journals often ignore.
==Criticism==▼
▲==Criticism==
In obstetrics, the term can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks,<ref name="pmid19300338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Simhan HN|title=Can we communicate gravidity and parity better? |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=709–11 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19300338 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f }}</ref> and for multiple pregnancies.<ref name="pmid17877683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Opara EI, Zaidi J|title=The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity': a survey |journal=BJOG |volume=114 |issue=10 |pages=1295–7 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17877683 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01435.x|s2cid=44999235 }}</ref>
==
{{Reflist}}
{{Women's health|state=collapsed}}
{{Pregnancy}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Gynaecology|parity]]
[[Category:Population]]
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