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{{Short description|Protests in Spain that started in 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 15-M Movement<br/>Anti-austerity movement in Spain
| partof = the [[
| image = [[File:Puertadelsol2011.jpg|300px]]
| caption = The [[Puerta del Sol]] square in [[Madrid]], shown here on 20 May 2011, became a focal point and a symbol during the protests.
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{{Anti-austerity movement in the European Union}}
}}
The '''anti-austerity movement in Spain''', also referred to as the '''15-M Movement''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Movimiento 15-M''),<ref>{{cite news|title=Tahrir Square in Madrid: Spain's Lost Generation Finds Its Voice|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,763581,00.html|access-date=7 July 2011|newspaper=Der Spiegel}}</ref> and the '''Indignados Movement''',<ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Rainsford |first=Sarah |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15315270 |title=Spain's 'Indignants' lead international protest day |publisher=BBC |date= 14 October 2011|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> was a series of protests, demonstrations, and [[Occupation (protest)|occupations]] against [[Austerity|austerity policies]] in Spain that began around the [[Spanish municipal elections, 2011|local]] and [[Spanish regional elections, 2011|regional elections]] of 2011 and 2012.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3" />
Spanish media related the movement to the [[2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis|2008–14 Spanish financial crisis]], the [[Arab Spring]], as well as demonstrations in [[North Africa]],<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|date=18 May 2011|title=Spanish youth rally in Madrid echoes Egypt protests|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/news/world-europe-13437819|access-date=22 May 2011|publisher=BBC}}</ref> [[2009-2010 Iranian election protests|Iran]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Congleton|first1=Roger D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8p-DwAAQBAJ&q=Anti-austerity+movement+iran&pg=PA352|title=The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, Volume 2|last2=Grofman|first2=Bernard N.|last3=Voigt|first3=Stefan|date=2018-12-14|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-046978-8|language=en}}</ref> [[Anti-austerity protests in Greece|Greece]],<ref name="SKAI xnaria">{{cite web|date=26 May 2011|title=Στα χνάρια των Ισπανών αγανακτισμένων (On the footsteps of the Spanish 'indignados')|url=http://www.skai.gr/news/greece/article/170468/oi-aganaktismenoi-diadilonoun-stis-ellinikes-poleis-/|access-date=26 May 2011|publisher=skai.gr|language=el}}</ref> [[Anti-austerity protests in Portugal|Portugal]],<ref name="Geração à rasca">{{cite web|title="Geração à rasca" é referência para Espanha – JN|url=http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Mundo/Interior.aspx?content_id=1857358|access-date=13 May 2013|language=pt|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927163623/http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Mundo/Interior.aspx?content_id=1857358|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests|Iceland]].<ref name="art9">{{cite news|date=17 May 2011|title=Los sábados de Islandia llegaron al 15-M (Icelandic saturdays appear on 15-M)|newspaper=El País|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/05/17/actualidad/1305661201_570313.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522092642/http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/05/17/actualidad/1305661201_570313.html|archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The movement was also compared to [[Stéphane Hessel]]'s political manifesto ''[[Time for Outrage!]]
According to [[RTVE]], the Spanish public broadcasting company, between 6.5 and 8 million Spaniards participated in these events.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ipsos Public Affairs' statistic about Spanish protests |url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20110806/mas-seis-millones-espanoles-han-participado-movimiento-15m/452598.shtml |access-date=5 August 2011|publisher =RTVE}}</ref>
==Background==
Since the [[2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis]] began, Spain has had one of the [[Unemployment in Spain|highest unemployment rates]] in Europe, reaching a [[eurozone]] record of 21.3%.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-04-25|title=Spain unemployment hits record high|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22290422|access-date=2020-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alomon|first=Kyle|date=14 July 2011|title=Who's got the highest (and lowest) unemployment rates?|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/07/14/world.comparison.unemployment/index.html|access-date=2 June 2020|website=www.cnn.com|language=en}}</ref> The number of unemployed people in Spain stood at 4,910,200 at the end of March 2011, up about 214,000 from the previous quarter,<ref>{{cite news|title=Unemployment in Spain rises sharply to 21.3 percent|url=http://www.eitb.com/news/detail/646452/unemployment-spain-rises-sharply-213-percent/|access-date=30 May 2011|newspaper=[[EITB]]|archive-date=3 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503211517/http://www.eitb.com/news/detail/646452/unemployment-spain-rises-sharply-213-percent/|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the youth unemployment rate stands at 43.5%, the highest in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite news|title=El desempleo juvenil alcanza en España su mayor tasa en 16 años|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/dinero/2011/04/02/0003_201104G2P26991.htm|access-date=30 May 2011|newspaper=La Voz de Galicia}}</ref> In September 2010 the government approved a sweeping overhaul of the labour market designed to reduce unemployment and revive the economy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Buck|first=Tobias|date=18 December 2013|title=OECD hails Spain's labour market reform|url=https://www.ft.com/content/12b0e3a6-67e8-11e3-8ada-00144feabdc0|access-date=2020-06-13|website=www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Donadio|first1=Rachel|last2=Fuchs|first2=Dale|date=2010-02-17|title=Spanish Premier Insists Economic Recovery Is Near|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/world/europe/18spain.html|access-date=2020-06-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Large trade unions such as [[CCOO]] and [[Unión General de Trabajadores]] (UGT), among other minor ones, rejected the plan because it made it easier and cheaper for employers to hire and fire workers. Trade unions called for the first general strike in a decade, on 29 September 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain overhauls labour market, as unions plan general strike|url=http://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/Spain-overhauls-labour-market-afp-3494097690.html?x=0|access-date=30 May 2011|publisher=Yahoo!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133929/http://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/Spain-overhauls-labour-market-afp-3494097690.html?x=0|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Manifestacio22gener.jpg|thumb|Demonstration in Barcelona on 22 January 2011, against the raise in the retirement age]]
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[[File:15M-ExcelenteRevulsivoImportanteH264-bien-6000-v1.6.ogv|thumb|Documental 15M: "Excelente. Revulsivo. Importante". English subtitles]]
{{Main|Plataforma ¡Democracia Real YA!}}
In January 2011, users on Spanish [[Social media|social media networks]] and forums created the digital platform ''¡Democracia Real YA!''<ref name=sacudesistema>{{cite news|title=El 15
Before the demonstrations, ''¡Democracia Real YA!'' staged several symbolic events, such as the occupation of a bank in [[Murcia]] on 13 May.<ref>{{cite news|title=La Plataforma 15M ocupa una oficina del Banco Santander|url=http://www.tercerainformacion.es/spip.php?article24984|access-date=30 May 2011|newspaper=Tercera Información}}</ref>
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====17 May====
[[File:Acampada Sol ph03.jpg|thumb|right|The night of 17 May in Puerta del Sol]]
In the early hours of 17 May, police cleared the Puerta del Sol square and removed the 150 people who had camped out. Two protesters were arrested and one injured.<ref name=17may1>{{cite news|title=El colectivo 'Democracia real ya' anuncia más protestas tras el desalojo de Sol|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/05/17/madrid/1305630397.html|access-date=20 August 2011|newspaper=El Mundo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Spanish police break up Madrid sit-in|url=http://www.efeamerica.com/309_hispanic-world/1129105_spanish-police-break-up-madrid-sit-in.html|access-date=20 August 2011|newspaper=EFE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521051846/http://www.efeamerica.com/309_hispanic-world/1129105_spanish-police-break-up-madrid-sit-in.html|archive-date=21 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to the eviction and police violence, protesters (independent of the ''¡Democracia Real YA!'' organization<ref name="art6" />) used [[SMS]], Facebook and Twitter to call for a mass response at 8 p.m. in several Spanish squares.<ref name=17may1/> Large groups of demonstrators returned to protest in various cities, standing apart from the group in Madrid. The police allowed protesters to camp out in a few cities, like [[A Coruña]], where more than 1,000 people gathered.<ref name="art4">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/espana/2011/05/17/00031305646837535184832.htm "Varias acampadas reavivan las movilizaciones de «indignados» en Galicia", 17 May 2011.] ''[[La Voz de Galicia]]''. Retrieved 17 May 1011.</ref> In Madrid more than 12,000 people gathered and about 200 protesters organized into an [[Popular assembly|assembly]], during which they decided to organize themselves for spending the night in the square, creating cleaning, communication, extension, materials and legal committees. Previously, small businesses had provided a great deal of assistance with supplies, including food.<ref name="art6">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.eldiariomontanes.es/rc/20110517/mas-actualidad/nacional/cientos-indignados-vuelven-tomar-201105172059.html "Miles de 'indignados' vuelven a tomar la Puerta del Sol", 17 May 2011.] ''El Diario Montañés''. Retrieved 17 May 1011.</ref><ref name="art5">Pérez-Lanzac, Carmen {{in lang|es}} [http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/05/17/actualidad/1305623988_837783.html "Indignados y acampados", 17 May 2011.] ''[[El País]]''. Retrieved 17 May 1011.</ref><ref name="art10" /> Dozens of people also gathered in front of the courthouse in Madrid, where the people arrested during the 15 May demonstration were being held. All detainees were released.<ref name=17may1/>
Protests and nighttime camp-outs took place in 30 cities around Spain, including Barcelona and Valencia.<ref name="art7">El Mundo; ''[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/05/17/espana/1305649774.html Acampadas en cadena hasta el próximo 22-M]''</ref> The protests gained the support of some people in the [[United Kingdom]], who announced that they would sit outside of the Spanish embassy from 18 to 22 May.<ref name="art7" /> The protest in Plaza del Sol on the night of 17 May consisted of about 4,000 people, according to the authorities. As evening fell, the protesters put up a large tarp canopy beneath which they passed out signs with the intention of spending the night.<ref name=elmundo_0517/> Three hundred of them stayed until the dawn of 18 May.<ref name="art10">Muñoz Lara, Aurora
====18 May====
[[File:Acampada Sol ph18.jpg|thumb|right|Sol, 18 May, early morning]]
According to ''[[El País]]'', many protesters wore
The police ordered protesters to disperse in Valencia, Tenerife and Las Palmas. During the evacuation of the Plaza del Carmen in Granada, three people were arrested.<ref name="art10" /><ref>Ideal.es;
''[[The Washington Post]]'' covered the protests on 15 May; on 18 May, more media outlets began to publish news reports. Among them was ''[[Le Monde]]'', the most widely circulated newspaper written in French, with an article that noted the rarity of such large-scale protests in Spain.<ref>''Le Monde'' (en francés)
In the evening, the President of the Regional Electoral Committee of Madrid issued a statement declaring the protests illegal because "calls for a responsible vote can change the results of the elections."<ref>Elpais.es; ''[http://www.elpais.com/elpaismedia/ultimahora/media/201105/18/espana/20110518elpepunac_2_Pes_PDF.pdf Acuerdo de la Junta Electoral Provincial de Madrid]''</ref> Police units stationed at Plaza del Sol, however, received orders from the [[Government Delegation (Spain)|Government Delegation]] not to take out any further action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/politica/noticias/3080803/05/11/La-Policia-tiene-la-orden-de-no-desalojar-Sol.html |title=La Policía tiene la orden de no desalojar Sol – 3080803 – EcoDiario.es |work=El Economista |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>
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====24 May====
In [[Murcia]] about 80 people gained access to the headquarters of the television channel [[7 Región de Murcia]], avoiding security staff, in order to read a manifesto denouncing [[media manipulation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-amp-15m-centenar-indignados-entran-sede-tv-murciana-leer-manifiesto-20110524135910.html |title=AMP.- 15M.- Un centenar de 'indignados' entran la sede de la TV murciana para leer un manifiesto |work=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> Approximately 30 people gained unobstructed entry to the [[Tarragona]] office of the [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Spain)|Ministry of Economy and Finance]] and shouted slogans against the political and economic systems, before moving to several financial sites in the city centre to do the same.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.diaridetarragona.com/tarragona/055956/treintena/indignados/irrumpen/delegacion/hacienda/tarragona |title=Una treintena de 'indignados' irrumpen en la delegación de Hacienda de Tarragona |work=Diari de Tarragona |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=26 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123320/http://www.diaridetarragona.com/tarragona/055956/treintena/indignados/irrumpen/delegacion/hacienda/tarragona| archive-date= 10 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
====25 May====
In [[Málaga]], the [[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministry of Defence]] decided to relocate various activities for [[Armed Forces Day]], including the King's visit, planned for Friday 27. Protesters had already been occupying the Plaza de la Constitución, where the events were scheduled to take place, for eight days.<ref>[http://www.cadenaser.com/espana/articulo/defensa-cambia-ubicacion-varios-actos-dia-fuerzas-armadas-15-m/csrcsrpor/20110525csrcsrnac_10/Tes Defensa cambia de ubicación varios actos del Día de las Fuerzas Armadas por el 15-M] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531114951/http://www.cadenaser.com/espana/articulo/defensa-cambia-ubicacion-varios-actos-dia-fuerzas-armadas-15-m/csrcsrpor/20110525csrcsrnac_10/Tes |date=31 May 2011 }}, Cadena SER</ref>
====27 May====
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Similar incidents also occurred in [[Lleida]] and [[Sabadell]], where Mossos d'Esquadra officers dismantled the protesters' encampments.<ref name="lne2705"/> According to police figures, more than 12,000 people gathered in Barcelona through the course of the day, angry about the earlier actions of the police and painting their hands white and carrying flowers as symbols of protest. They demanded, among other things, the resignation of the head of the Mossos d'Esquadra, [[Felip Puig]]. They also claimed that, following the incident, the encampment likely would not be taken down on Sunday, 29 May, as had previously been stated.<ref>El Mundo; ''[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/05/27/barcelona/1306518767.html La dureza policial multiplica la indignación en Barcelona]'', 28 May 2011 (accessed the same day).</ref>
The clearing of the Barcelona camp was broadcast live by two Spanish television channels, including [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]], and was also widely dispersed through social networks such as Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-antena-impone-cobertura-desalojo-indignados-barcelona-mossos-20110527171123.html |title=Antena 3 se impone en la cobertura del desalojo de 'indignados' en Barcelona por los Mossos |work=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |date=27 May 2011|access-date=28 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.siliconnews.es/2011/05/27/bcnsinmiedo-lidera-la-lista-de-trending-topics-mundial/ |language=es |work=Silicon News |date=27 May 2011 |title=#bcnsinmiedo lidera la lista de "trending topics" mundial |access-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113102123/http://www.siliconnews.es/2011/05/27/bcnsinmiedo-lidera-la-lista-de-trending-topics-mundial/ |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[Catalonia|Catalan]] ombudsman opened an investigation into the incident to check if police action was disproportionate and violated citizens' rights.<ref>El Mundo; ''[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/05/27/barcelona/1306498356.html El defensor del pueblo catalán investiga si los Mossos iban bien identificados en el desalojo]'', 27 May 2011 (accessed the same day).</ref>
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====8 June====
In Madrid, hundreds of people gathered in front of the [[Congreso de los Diputados]], with a police barrier preventing them from entering the building. Demonstrations in front of the Parliament are banned in Madrid, but the protest finished without incident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spanish youths take anti-crisis protests to parliament|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hgUMzNYu_3cmZpucroDZoOBkZhgQ?docId=CNG.4b51b056239693ce4c4888dc9ef63302.e01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222165124/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hgUMzNYu_3cmZpucroDZoOBkZhgQ?docId=CNG.4b51b056239693ce4c4888dc9ef63302.e01|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2013|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> In Valencia, dozens of people decided to stay in front of the regional Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diario de una revolución en Valencia: Centenares de indignados pasan la noche frente al Parlamento valenciano|url=http://www.elperiodicodeaqui.com/noticias/diario-una-revolucion-en-valencia-centenares-indignados-pasan-noche-frente-pa/5317|work=El Periodico de Aqui|access-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> In Barcelona, around 50 people protested outside the Catalan Parliament against Felip Puig.<ref>{{cite news|title=Medio centenar de personas exigen ante el Parlament la dimisión de Puig|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/06/08/barcelona/1307549312.html|access-date=13 June 2011|newspaper=El Mundo}}</ref>
====9 June====
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====12 June====
On Sunday, 12 June, four weeks after the protests had begun, protesters in the [[Puerta del Sol]] in Madrid began to leave, dismantling the camp site; packing up tents, libraries, and shops; and removing protest signs from surrounding sites.<ref>{{cite
====14 June====
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Clashes between protesters and Mossos d'Esquadra occurred in the early hours of the morning when hundreds of protesters gathered in front of the police cordon, while officers fired plastic bullets in order to disperse a group of protesters who had set up barricades using rubbish containers. Hours later, scuffles broke out as Mossos de Esquadra pushed protesters back so the deputies who arrived on foot could pass through. Some deputies, such as former Minister of Labour [[Celestino Corbacho]], were jostled, heckled and sprayed on their way in, while others used police helicopters to get to the parliament, including the president of Catalonia, [[Artur Mas]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalan politicians take to the skies to avoid protesters|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/15/catalan-politicians-protesters-spanish-barcelona|access-date=16 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=15 June 2011}}</ref> Although lawmakers managed to enter the Catalan Parliament, the scheduled session started with a 15-minute delay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Una veintena de diputados acorralados se ha tenido que refugiar en una comisaría|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/06/15/barcelona/1308126903.html|access-date=17 July 2011|newspaper=El Mundo}}</ref>
The protest was criticized by politicians across the country. During a press conference, Mas warned of a possible "legitimate use of force" in case demonstrators stayed outside the Parliament, and he called on the public to be understanding. Some politicians went so far as to denounce an attempted "coup d'etat."<ref>{{cite news|title=15M Barcelona rechaza la violencia y CiU habla de un golpe de estado encubierto|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20110616/15m-barcelona-rechaza-violencia-vivida-frente-parlament-ciu-habla-golpe-estado-encubierto/440559.shtml|access-date=17 July 2011|newspaper=RTVE}}</ref> Acampadabcn, the organiser of the event, and ''¡Democracia Real YA!'' rejected the use of violence but denounced the criminalization of the movement by the media.<ref>{{cite news|title='Democracia real Ya' rechaza a la minoría que no representa el espíritu pacífico del movimiento|url=http://www.nacionred.com/derechos-y-libertades/democracia-real-ya-rechaza-a-la-minoria-que-no-representa-el-espiritu-pacifico-del-movimiento|access-date=17 July 2011|newspaper=Nación Red|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731140526/http://www.nacionred.com/derechos-y-libertades/democracia-real-ya-rechaza-a-la-minoria-que-no-representa-el-espiritu-pacifico-del-movimiento|archive-date=31 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> On Twitter and other social networks, many users suggested the possibility that secret police, infiltrated to cause the violence, started most of the clashes.<ref>{{cite news|title=#Spanishrevolution blockades Parliament in Barcelona, violence tinges the #15M movement #europeanrevolution|url=http://wlcentral.org/node/1892|access-date=
====19 June====
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The first columns of the '''Indignant People's March''' began walking towards Madrid from throughout the country, planning to arrive in the capital on 23 July. The March's goal was to expand the proposals of the Movement while visiting rural areas, collecting their demands, and starting people's assemblies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/06/20/valencia/1308550757.html |language=es |title=Indignados de Valencia parten en una marcha a pie hasta Madrid que durará 34 días |date=20 June 2011 |work=El Mundo |access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>
The March was organized in eight columns, consisting of dozens of activists from 16 cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/espana/386342/el-15-m-vuelve-al-lugar-donde-empezo-todo |title=El 15-M vuelve al lugar donde empezó todo – Público.es |work=Público |date=10 July 2011 |access-date= 1 May 2012}}</ref>
* '''Eastern route''': from [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], 20 June
* '''Murcia route''': from [[Murcia]], 20 June
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==== 25 July ====
The "I Foro Social del 15M" was held in order to coordinate the mobilizations of the following winter. During the economics assembly, 2001 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] winner [[Joseph Stiglitz]] appeared to show his support to the movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2iKj-1v2Cc|title=Joseph Stiglitz apoya el movimiento 15-M|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2011-07-26}}</ref> The camp in front of the Congress continued.
==== 26 July ====
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==== 27 July ====
Police violently removed the camp in Paseo del Prado, injuring a dozen people.<ref>{{cite
===August 2011===
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==2014 events==
On 31 January 2015, the protestors joined, in central Madrid, the [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] political party, then an insurgent force within the movement.<ref name="ashifakassam">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/31/podemos-spain-austerity-rally-madrid-syriza|title=100,000 flock to Madrid for Podemos rally against austerity|author=Ashifa Kassam|work=The Guardian|date=31 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
In Spain, nearly 25% of people were unemployed and evictions had reached a rate of as high as 500 per day among a wide variety of other economic issues, leading to a number of generally peaceful protests seeking change in the way the government handles them.<ref>Belen Fernandez, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/04/outlawing-public-opinion-spain-150410082431492.html “Outlawing public opinion in Spain”] AlJazeera, 11 April 2015, accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> In addition to forming the foundation of [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]],<ref>Miguel-Anxo Murado, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/11/podemos-corruption-spain-ciudadanos “What has gone wrong for Podemos”] The Guardian, 11 March 2015, accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> these protests have elicited multiple attempts by the government to silence them culminating in what many see as "something out of the generalissimo's handbook".<ref name="aljazeera.com">Belen Fernandez, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/04/outlawing-public-opinion-spain-150410082431492.html “Outlawing public opinion in Spain.”]</ref> The measures the law takes to silence the voices of the Spanish people are devastating, including steep fines or jail time for disrespecting police officers (€600),<ref name="aljazeera.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/04/outlawing-public-opinion-spain-150410082431492.html|title=Outlawing public opinion in Spain|work=aljazeera.com}}</ref> taking and sharing images of state security forces that might endanger them or their operations" (€30,000),<ref name="aljazeera.com1"/> protesting in front of government buildings, protesting at a time or location not approved by the police (€600,000),<ref>Belen Fernandez, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/04/spain-rightward-plunge-201441710577753299.html “Spain's Rightward Plunge,”] AlJazeera, 22 April 2014, accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> or even using a hashtag in a tweet publicizing an event that breaks the rules in any way.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2015/04/impact-spain-gag-law-150421131120497.html “The impact of Spain's ‘gag law’”] AlJazeera, 21 April 2015, accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> Internet activity alone can result in up to five years behind bars.<ref>Belen Fernandez, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/04/outlawing-public-opinion-spain-150410082431492.html “Outlawing public opinion in Spain."]</ref> The law also extends to even more restrictive and vague measures, such as "playing games or sports in public spaces that are not designed for such activity" (€1,000),<ref name="Spain’s Rightward Plunge.">Belen Fernandez, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/04/spain-rightward-plunge-201441710577753299.html “Spain's Rightward Plunge.”]</ref> "projecting 'luminous devices' (e.g. lasers) in the vicinity of public transport in a way that 'might cause accidents'” (€600,000),<ref name="belenfernandez">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/04/spain-rightward-plunge-201441710577753299.html|title=Spain's rightward plunge|author=Belen Fernandez|work=aljazeera.com}}</ref> insulting the state or "participating in the disruption of citizens' security while using hoods, helmets, or any other article of clothing or object that covers the face, rendering identification difficult or impossible" (€30,000),<ref name="belenfernandez"/> and "failure to cooperate with law enforcement during crime investigations or in the prevention of acts that might put citizens' security at risk" (€30,000).<ref name="belenfernandez"/> Acts of terrorism under the act include clauses as loosely defined as "the commission of any serious crime against...liberty".<ref name="belenfernandez"/>
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According to Spain's interior minister, [[Jorge Fernández Diaz]], "It's a law for the 21st Century. It provides better guarantees for people's security and more judicial security for people's rights".<ref>Belen Fernandez, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/04/outlawing-public-opinion-spain-150410082431492.html "Outlawing public opinion in Spain."]</ref> What is allegedly an act against terrorism "to guarantee a freer and more peaceful coexistence for all Spaniards...eradicating violence",<ref name="Spain’s Rightward Plunge."/> ironically quite seriously threatens this ideal by making police and federal security personnel (who are often responsible for committing this type of violence) significantly less accountable, while expanding the role of private security forces "lacking both proper training and the proper level of public accountability" (assuming that normal police forces do indeed possess these qualities).<ref name="belenfernandez"/> Another problem with this policy is that it is fundamentally anti-immigrant in nature, crippling the group targeted most severely by austerity measures even more by forcing everyone to present identity documents at internet cafés, prohibitively complicating undocumented migrants' communications outside the country.<ref name="belenfernandez"/> The law also contains a provision validating and formalizing the process of expulsion for Moroccans who jump the border fence into Spain's African outposts of Ceuta and Melilla, which according to the International Federation for Human Rights "restrict[s] the right to seek asylum and violate[s] the principle of non-refoulement and the prohibition of collective expulsions" as well as "[exposing] migrants to a serious risk of torture and ill-treatment by denying them the possibility of filing a claim against law enforcement personnel in case of abuse".<ref name="aljazeera.com"/>
The anti-austerity movement in Spain was fundamentally rooted in resistance to Spain's unopposed right-wing government led by the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]. The
==2015 events==
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[[File:Partido X, Partido del Futuro Rueda de prensa de presentación.webm|thumbtime=18|thumb|Promotional video of Spanish political party, [[X Party|Partido X]], formed after the protests (in Spanish).<ref>El Pais;''[http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2013/01/07/actualidad/1357586962_260864.html « Seguidores del 15-M y la cultura libre en Internet ponen en marcha el Partido X]''</ref>]]
The main political parties issued statements on 16 May 2011, following debate. On 15 May, the day of the first demonstration, almost every party was willing to be quoted on the situation.<ref>Ríos, Sara, de 20minutos; ''[http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1051617/0/reacciones/partidos/manifestaciones/ La mayoría de partidos miran para el otro lado y evitan pronunciarse sobre las protestas]'', 16 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> [[Jaime Mayor Oreja]], [[Member of the European Parliament]] representing the [[People's Party (Spain)|Partido Popular]], was critical of the alleged intention of activists to not cast ballots in the coming election. So was [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) member and [[Minister of Public Works and Transport]] [[José Blanco López|José Blanco]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/espana/2011/05/16/00031305564962696760777.htm |title="Democracia real ya" hace reaccionar a los dos principales partidos |work=La Voz de Galicia |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> [[United Left (Spain)|United Left]] had a positive view of the activists' demands
Former prime minister [[Felipe González]] compared the movement, which he considered "an extraordinarily important phenomenon,"<ref name=hartos/> with the [[Arab Spring]],<ref>Ideal.es; ''[http://www.ideal.es/granada/rc/20110518/espana/felipe-gonzalez-compara-indignados-201105180256.html Felipe González compara a los 'indignados' con los protagonistas de las revueltas árabes]'' 18 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.</ref>
On 25 July 2011, Nobel Prize-winning economist [[Joseph Stiglitz]] participated at the "I Foro Social del 15M" organized in Madrid expressing his support for the movement.<ref name="15M SPEECH">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2iKj-1v2Cc|title=Joseph Stiglitz apoya el movimiento 15-M|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> During an informal speech, he made a brief review of some of the problems in the United States and Europe, including the high unemployment rate and the situation in Greece. "This is an opportunity for economic contribution social measures," argued Stiglitz. He encouraged those present to respond to the "bad ideas" not with indifference, but with "good ideas." "This does not work, you have to change it," he said. On 15 September 2012, Stiglitz said "accepting the bailout would be suicidal" for the country.<ref name="Stiglitz on Spanish bailout - El Pais">{{cite news | url=http://elpais.com/economia/2012/09/15/agencias/1347698484_169769.html | title=Stiglitz advierte de que pedir el rescate podría ser un suicidio para España | newspaper=El Pais }}</ref><ref name="Stiglitz on spanish bailout - Huffingtonpost">{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/10/joseph-stiglitz-spain-bank-bailout-euro-reforms_n_1585399.html | title=Joseph Stiglitz: Spain Bank Bailout 'Not Going To Work' | newspaper=Huffington Post }}</ref>
==See also==
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* [[2012 European general strike]]
* [[Kitchenware Revolution]] (Iceland)
* [[Labor movement in Spain]]
* [[Occupy movement]]
* [[Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca]]
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==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
* {{cite journal|first1=Amaranta|last1=Herrero|first2=Louis|last2=Lemkow|title=Environmentally Blind Discourses on Coal Extraction and the Idealization of the Miner in Spain|journal=[[Capitalism Nature Socialism]]|volume=26|issue=4|year=2015|pages=215–235|doi=10.1080/10455752.2015.1054849|s2cid=147501176}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|2011-2012 Spanish protests}}{{External links|date=December 2021}}
* [http://15mpedia.org 15Mpedia], an encyclopedia about the movement {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520210745/http://www.democraciarealya.es/ ¡Democracia real Ya! Official Web]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521071408/http://tomalaplaza.net/ Toma la plaza.net]
* [http://takethesquare.net takethesquare.net]
* [
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521014328/http://www.soltv.tv/ SolTV] (live streaming)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111125191824/http://es.scribd.com/doc/57091274/Democracia-Real-YA-El-19-de-Junio-Volvemos-a-Tomar-Las-Calles Brochure protests convened on 19 June]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110916212406/http://www.kaosenlared.net/noticia/video-reportaje-inside-15m-48h-ls-indignads "Inside 15m: 48h with the indignants"] is a documentary (English subtitles) about the Spanish protests made by the people's assemblies of Madrid.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425075421/http://www.crimethinc.com/texts/recentfeatures/barc.php Timeline, political analysis, and eyewitness reportage] of the Spanish protests on [[crimethinc]]
* [http://www.booksandideas.net/Republican-Reflections-on-the-15-M.html Republican Reflections on the 15-M movement] by Philip Pettit
* [
* [http://estudiarenprimavera.wordpress.com/ Documentary "SPANISH TEEN RALLY (Estudiar en primavera)"]
* Peña-López, I., Congosto, M. & Aragón, P. (2014). "[http://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=2598 Spanish Indignados and the evolution of the 15M movement on Twitter: towards networked para-institutions]".
*Ramírez-Blanco, J. (2021). [https://www.alianzaeditorial.es/libro/libros-singulares-ls/15-m-julia-ramirez-blanco-9788413622675/ 15M. El tiempo de las plazas.] Alianza 2021. A book on the movement.
{{Corruption}}
{{European sovereign-debt crisis}}
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