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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Neo-''völkisch'' movements}}
'''Neo-''völkisch'' movements''' may refer to:
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
 
*Post-1945 attempts to revive the [[Völkisch movement|''völkisch'' movement]]
'''Neo-''völkisch'' movements''', as defined by the historian [[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]] cover a wide variety of mutually influencing groups of a radically [[ethnocentric]] character which have emerged, especially in the [[English-speaking world]], since [[World War II]]. These loose networks revive or imitate the [[völkisch]] movement of 19th- and early-20th-century Germany in their defensive affirmation of [[White people|white identity]] against [[modernity]], [[liberalism]], [[immigration]], [[multiracialism]] and [[multiculturalism]].<ref name=GC2002:6>Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 6.</ref> Some identify as [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]], [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]], [[Third Position]]ist or [[alt-right]] while others are politicised around some form of [[white nationalism]] or [[identity politics]]<ref name=GC2002:6/> and may show [[neo-tribalist]]-[[Modern Paganism|neo-pagan]] tendencies such as the one promoted by [[Else Christensen]]'s [[Odinist Fellowship (United States)|Odinist Fellowship]].<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 261">Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 261.</ref> Especially notable is the prevalence of devotional forms and [[Esotericism|esoteric]] themes so that neo-völkisch currents often have the character of [[new religious movements]].
*A term for certain underground currents in far-right politics, used in the book ''[[Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)|Black Sun]]'' by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, including:
**[[Esoteric Nazism]]
**Belief in [[Nazi UFOs]]
**The [[Order of Nine Angles]]
**[[Christian Identity]]
**The [[World Church of the Creator]]
**[[Wotansvolk]]
 
==See also==
Included under the neo-völkisch umbrella are movements ranging from [[conservative revolutionary]] schools of thought ([[Nouvelle Droite]], [[European New Right]] and [[Julius Evola|Evolian traditionalism]]) to [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] and [[White separatism|white separatist]] interpretations of Christianity, pantheism, atheism and paganism ([[Christian Identity]], [[Creativity Movement]], [[William Luther Pierce|Cosmotheism]] and [[Wotansvolk|Nordic racial paganism]]) to [[neo-Nazi subcultures]] ([[esoteric Hitlerism]], [[Nazi Satanism]] and [[National Socialist black metal]]). According to the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], only pagan-type groups are recognized as neo-völkisch, excluding [[Christian Identity]].<ref>Staff (ndg) [https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/neo-volkisch "Neo-Volkisch"] [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]</ref>
* [[Far-right subcultures]]
* [[Occultism and the far right (disambiguation)]]
 
{{disambiguation}}
== Nazi Satanism ==
{{further|Theistic Satanism}}
Among the terms used are Nazi Satanism and fascist Satanism. Sometimes these groups self-identify as traditional Satanism and consist of small groups in Norway, Britain, New Zealand and France under names such as [[Black Order (Satanist group)|Black Order]] or Infernal Alliance which draw their inspiration from the [[esoteric Nazism]] of [[Miguel Serrano]].<ref>Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 106.</ref> Uww, founder of [[black metal]] fanzine ''Deo Occidi'', denounced [[Anton LaVey]] as a "moderate Jew" and embraced the "esoterrorism" of the [[Early Norwegian black metal scene|Scandinavian Black Metal]] milieu. Small Satanist grouplets catering to the black metal Satanist fringe include the Black Order, the [[Order of Nine Angles]] (ONA), the Ordo Sinistra Vivendi (formerly the Order of the Left Hand Path) and the Order of the Jarls of Baelder.<ref>Introvigne 2002, p. 148.</ref>
 
The chief initiator of Nazi Satanism in Britain has been alleged to be [[David Wulstan Myatt]] (b. 1950), active in neo-Nazi politics from the late 1960s.<ref>Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 216.</ref> The ONA was allegedly led by Myatt,<ref>Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 218.</ref> who converted to [[Islam]] in 1998 and renounced it in 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davidmyatt.ws/biog.html#N11a |archive-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120728223342/http://www.davidmyatt.ws/biog.html#N11a |url-status=dead|title=The Promethean Peregrinations of David Myatt |publisher=Davidmyatt.ws |accessdate=25 May 2016 }}</ref> in favor of his own Numinous Way philosophy.<ref name="ntnu.no">Senholt, Jacob C: ''Political Esotericism & the convergence of Radical Islam, Satanism and National Socialism in the Order of the Nine Angles''. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Conference: Satanism in the Modern World, November 2009. [http://www.ntnu.no/eksternweb/multimedia/archive/00083/Christiansen_83940a.pdf]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.wulstan.info/numinous-way-myatt.html "The Numinous Way of David Wulstan Myatt"].{{dead link|date=May 2016}} Retrieved 9 December 2009.</ref> However, Myatt has always denied any involvement with the ONA and Satanism and has repeatedly challenged anyone to provide any evidence of such allegations.<ref name=Ryan>Ryan 1994: 53.</ref><ref name="Myatt:The National-Socialist">''The National-Socialist'' (March 1998, Thormynd Press, York, England).</ref>
 
The ONA "represent a dangerous and extreme form of Satanism"<ref>Per Faxneld: ''Post-Satanism, Left Hand Paths, and Beyond'' in Per Faxneld & Jesper Petersen (eds) ''The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity'', Oxford University Press (2012), p. 207. {{ISBN|9780199779246}}</ref> and first attracted public attention during the 1980s and 1990s after being mentioned in books detailing Satanist and [[Far-right politics|far-right]] groups.<ref name=Ryan/><ref name=Lewis>Lewis 2001.</ref><ref>Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 215-216.</ref><ref>Ankarloo and Clark 1999: 113.</ref> The ONA was formed in the United Kingdom and rose to public note during the 1980s and 1990s. Presently, the ONA is organized around clandestine cells (which it calls "traditional nexions"){{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} and around what it calls "sinister tribes".<ref name="ntnu.no"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntnu.no/iar/konferanser/satanisminthemodernworld/papers|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120904135538/http://www.ntnu.no/iar/konferanser/satanisminthemodernworld/papers|url-status=dead|title=Papers, Satanism in the Modern World 19-20 November 2009 - NTNU - NTNU|date=4 September 2012|archivedate=4 September 2012|website=ntnu.no|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref>
 
Joy of Satan ministries is another notable [[satanism|satanic]] organization that combines elements of Nazism with theistic Satanism, believing that the "Aryan race" was genetically-engineered from Nordic extraterrestrials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/national-socialist-movement-implodes|title=The National Socialist Movement Implodes|website=splcenter.org|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref>
 
== Order of the Jarls of Baelder ==
The Order of the Jarls of Baelder (OJB) which was dissolved in early 2005 was a [[British neopagan]] non-political and non-aligned educational society founded in 1990 by Stephen Bernard Cox, who was briefly associated in the 1980s with the ONA,<ref>Long, Anton: ''Bealuwes Gast – Of Mythos, Sorcery, and a Mad Mage'', Thormynd Press, Third Edition, 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-257-89657-8}}</ref><ref>Arkadiusz Sołtysiak. ''NEOPOGAŃSTWO I NEONAZIZM. KILKA SŁÓW O IDEOLOGIACH DAVIDA MYATTA I VARGA VIKERNESA''. Antropologia Religii. Wybór esejów. Tom IV, (2010), pp. 173-182</ref> Cox having published the ONA's book ''Naos'' in 1990 under the imprint of his Coxland Press<ref>Order of Nine Angles: ''Naos'', Coxland Press, England, 1990, {{ISBN|1-872543-00-6}}</ref> and ''Antares'' by the ONA's C. Beest in 1993.<ref>''Antares, The Dark Rites of Venus'', Coxland Press, 1993, {{ISBN|1-872543-27-8}}.</ref>
 
According to Anti-fascistische Actie Nederland, in the 1990s the OJB belonged to the international network of satanic Nazi organizations which the ONA played a pivotal role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afa.home.xs4all.nl/alert/3_7/mystiek2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085128/http://afa.home.xs4all.nl/alert/3_7/mystiek2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-24|accessdate=13 July 2011|title=Pieter Zoomers: De mystieke vrienden van een spritueel blad}}</ref>
 
The OJB ([[Jarl (title)|Jarl]] is [[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]] for [[earl]]) which was renamed the Arktion Federation in 1998 was also described by Partridge as a fascist Satanist group.<ref>Partridge 2005, p. 230.</ref> However, according to the OJB these allegations are incorrect. Instead, the OJB claimed to have advocated [[Pan-European identity|pan-European]] [[neo-tribalism]] which involved celebration of the rich tapestry of cultural diversity of humanity, study of [[Race Life of the Aryan Peoples|Aryan traditions and heritage]], pursuing the "aeonic destiny of Europe" and the emergence of the elitist [[super race]] as an element of the unfolding of variant global/continental cultural forms. The activities of the OJB which functioned as a spiritual and heritage group for people of any race or religion included such activities as [[rock climbing]], [[hang gliding]], [[hiking]] and the study of [[runes]].<ref name="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 2002">Goodrick-Clarke 2002</ref> [[Gay]] members were encouraged to join because it was felt they added to the [[male bonding]] of the organization. The OJB symbol formerly consisted of the [[valknut]] combined with the [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]] sign within a broken curved-armed [[swastika]].<ref>Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 224.</ref> Its symbol was later changed to a representation of the world tree embracing the [[yin-yang]] and maze with sun and stars.
 
== Nordic racial paganism ==
{{further|Germanic neopaganism|Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe|Viking revival}}
As defined by Goodrick-Clarke, Nordic racial paganism is synonymous with the [[Odinist]] movement (including some who identify as [[Wotansvolk]]). He describes it as a "spiritual rediscovery of the Aryan ancestral gods [...] intended to embed the white races in a sacred worldview that supports their tribal feeling" and expressed in "imaginative forms of ritual magic and ceremonial forms of fraternal fellowship".<ref>Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.</ref>
 
On the basis of research by [[Mattias Gardell]],<ref>Subsequently published in Gardell's ''Gods of the Blood''.</ref> Goodrick-Clarke traces the original conception of the Odinist religion by [[Alexander Rud Mills]] in the 1920s and its modern revival by [[Else Christensen]] and her [[Odinist Fellowship (United States)|Odinist Fellowship]] from 1969 onwards. Christensen's politics were left-wing, deriving from [[anarcho-syndicalism]], but she believed that left-wing ideas had a formative influence on both [[Italian Fascism]] and German [[National Socialism]], whose totalitarian perversions were a betrayal of these movements' socialist roots. Elements of a left-wing and libertarian racial-socialism could therefore be reclaimed from the fascism in which they had become encrusted.<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 261"/> However, Christensen was also convinced that the diseases of Western culture demanded a spiritual remedy. Mills' almost-forgotten writings inspired her with a programme for re-connecting with the gods and goddesses of the old Norse and Germanic pantheons which she identified with the [[Jungian archetypes|archetypes]] in [[Carl Jung]]'s concept of the racial [[collective unconscious]]. According to Christensen, Odinism is therefore organically related to race in that "its principles are encoded in our genes".<ref>Christensen 1984.</ref>
 
The [[Ásatrú]] movement as practiced by [[Stephen McNallen]] differed from Christensen's Odinist Fellowship in placing a greater emphasis on ritual and a lesser focus on racial ideology. In 1987, McNallen's [[Asatru Free Assembly]] collapsed from prolonged internal tensions arising from his repudiation of Nazi sympathizers within the organization. A group of these, including [[Wyatt Kaldenberg]], then joined the Odinist Fellowship as its Los Angeles chapter and formed an association with [[Tom Metzger (white supremacist)|Tom Metzger]] which led to a further rebuff since "Else Christensen thought Metzger too racist, and members of the Arizona Kindred also wanted the Fellowship to be pro-white but not hostile to colored races and Jews".<ref name="GC262">Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 262.</ref> A series of defections from both of the main United States-based organizations created secessionist groups with more radical agendas, among them Kaldenberg's Pagan Revival network and Jost Turner's [[National Socialist Kindred]].<ref name="GC262"/>
 
Kaplan and Weinberg note that "the religious component of the Euro-American radical right subculture includes both pagan and Christian or pseudo-Christian elements", locating Satanist or Odinist Nazi [[skinhead]] sects in the United States ([[Ben Klassen]]'s atheistic [[Creativity (religion)|Creativity Movement]]), Britain ([[David Myatt]]), Germany, Scandinavia and South Africa.<ref>Kaplan and Weinberg 1998, p. 88.</ref>
 
In the United States, some [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] groups and terrorists—including several with neo-fascist or neo-Nazi leanings—have built their ideologies around pagan religious imagery, including Odinism or Wotanism. One such group is the [[White Order of Thule]].<ref>Berlet and Vysotsky 2006.</ref> Founding members of [[The Order (white supremacist group)|The Order]] were Wotanists (a racial form of Odinism).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf|title=Project Megiddo|last=Federal Bureau of Investigations|date=1999|website=United States Government Publishing Office}}</ref> [[Anders Behring Breivik|Anders Brievik]], a Norwegian terrorist who committed the [[2011 Norway attacks|2011 Oslo attacks]], identified himself as an Odinist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dagen.no/Nyheter/hedning/Breivik-mener-Jesus-er-%C2%ABpatetisk%C2%BB-272638|title=Breivik believes Jesus is "pathetic".|last=Rognsvåg|first=Silje|date=2015|website=Dagen}}</ref> [[Wotansvolk|Wotanism]] is another religion that has appeared in the American white supremacist movement and also utilizes imagery derived from paganism. [[Odalism]] is a European ideology advocated by the defunct [[Heathen Front]] and the [[National Socialist Black Metal]] musician [[Varg Vikernes]].
 
The question of the relationship between Germanic neopaganism and the neo-Nazi movement is controversial among German neopagans, with opinions ranging across a wide spectrum. Active conflation of neo-fascist or [[Far-right politics|far-right]] ideology with paganism is present in the [[Artgemeinschaft]] and [[Deutsche Heidnische Front]]. In Flanders, [[Werkgroep Traditie]] combines Germanic neopaganism with the ideology of the [[Nouvelle Droite]].
 
In the United States, Michael J. Murray of [[Ásatrú Alliance]] (in the late 1960s an [[American Nazi Party]] member)<ref>Kaplan 1997; [http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=451 The New Barbarians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227160315/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=451 |date=27 December 2007 }} (Southern Poverty Law Center intelligence report, Winter 1998). Since the Alliance's foundation in 1988, Murray has emphasized that it "does not advocate any type of political or racial extremist views or affiliations" towards sympathizing Neo-Nazis.</ref> and musician/journalist [[Michael Moynihan (journalist)|Michael Moynihan]] (who turned to "[[metagenetic]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.golem-net.de/Ausg13/interview.htm |title=2003 interview with the German esotericist magazine '&#39;Der Golem'&#39; |publisher=Golem-net.de |accessdate=25 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518204113/http://www.golem-net.de/Ausg13/interview.htm |archivedate=18 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Asatru in the mid-1990s),<ref name=ESOTERRA5>"Wulfing One" 1995 (interview with Michael Moynihan in ''EsoTerra'' magazine).</ref> although Moynihan states that he has no political affiliations.<ref name=WWLORD>Zach Dundas. "Lord of Chaos: ACTIVISTS ACCUSE PORTLAND WRITER AND MUSICIAN MICHAEL MOYNIHAN OF SPREADING EXTREMIST PROPAGANDA, BUT THEY'RE NOT TELLING THE WHOLE STORY". (''Willamette Week'' culture feature, available online: {{cite web |url=http://wweek.com/html/leada081600.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=27 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626160033/http://wweek.com/html/leada081600.html |archivedate=26 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }})</ref> Kevin Coogan claims that a form of "eccentric and avant-garde form of cultural fascism" or "counter-cultural fascism" can be traced to the [[industrial music]] genre of the late 1970s, particularly to the seminal British Industrial band [[Throbbing Gristle]], with whom [[Boyd Rice]] performed at a London concert in 1978.<ref>Coogan 1999.</ref> Schobert alleges a neo-Nazi "cultural offensive" targeting the [[Dark Wave]] subculture.<ref>Schobert 1997a (with Moynihan's reply) & 1998.</ref>
 
Mattias Gardell claims that while older American racist groups are Christian and patriotic ([[Christian Identity]]), there is a younger generation of [[white supremacism|white supremacists]] who have rejected both Christianity and mainstream right-wing movements.<ref name="Kaplan 1997">Kaplan 1997.</ref> Many neo-Nazis have also left Christianity for neopaganism because of Christianity's Jewish roots and patriotism in favour of Odinism because they view both Christianity and the United States government as responsible for what they see as the evils of a liberal society and the [[White genocide conspiracy theory|decline of the white race]].<ref>Gardell 2001.</ref> Kaplan claims that there is a growing interest in one form of Odinism among members of the radical racist right-wing movements.<ref name="Kaplan 1997"/> Berger judges that there has been an aggregation of both racist and non-racist groups under the heading of Odinism which has confused the discussion about neo-Nazi neopagans and which has led most non-racist Germanic neopagans to favour terms like Ásatrú or Heathenry over Odinism.<ref>Berger 2005: 45.</ref> Thus, the 1999 [[Project Megiddo]] report issued by the [[FBI]] used Odinism as referring to white supremacist groups exclusively, sparking protests by the [[International Asatru-Odinic Alliance]], Stephen McNallen expressing concern about a "pattern of anti-[[European-American]] actions".<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/FBI_007.htm CESNUR] (Center for Studies on New Religions) news release, 10 November 1999.</ref>
 
== ''Tempelhofgesellschaft'' ==
The older ''Tempelhofgesellschaft'' (THG) was built in the 1980s by a few members of the Nazi Erbengemeinschaft der Tempelritter. The leader of this group was the former police officer Hans-Günter Fröhlich, who resided in Germany/Homburg. The group had close links to the German-speaking far-right network. Its first publication was ''Einblick in die magische Weltsicht und die magischen Prozesse'' in 1987.<ref name="Strube, 2012">Strube, 2012</ref>
 
The younger THG was founded in [[Vienna]] in the early 1990s by Norbert Jurgen-Ratthofer and Ralft Ettl to teach a [[Dualistic cosmology#Duotheism, bitheism, ditheism|dualist]] form of [[Christianity|Christian]] religion called [[Marcionism]] and a form of [[gnosticism]].<ref>Goodrick-Clarke 2002 p.164</ref> This one was a part of the main THG/Homburg. The group identifies an "evil creator of this world", the [[Demiurge]] with [[Jehovah]], the God of [[Judaism]] and holds that [[Jesus Christ]] was an [[Aryan]], not Jewish. They distribute pamphlets claiming that the [[Aryan race]] originally came to [[Root race#The civilization of Atlantis|Atlantis]] from the star [[Aldebaran]] (this information is supposedly based on "ancient [[Sumer]]ian manuscripts"). They maintain that the Aryans from Aldebaran derive their power from the [[vril]] energy of the [[Black Sun (occult symbol)|Black Sun]]. They teach that since the Aryan race is of [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] origin it has a divine mission to dominate all the other races. It is believed by adherents of this religion that an enormous space fleet is on its way to Earth from Aldebaran which when it arrives will join forces with the [[Nazi UFOs|Nazi Flying Saucers from Antarctica]] to establish the Western Imperium.<ref name="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 2002"/><ref name="Strube, 2012"/> Its major publication is called ''Das Vril-Projekt'' (1992). After the THG had been dissolved, Ralf Ettl founded the ''Freundeskreis'' (circle of friends) Causa Nostra. It remains active and maintains relations to far-right publishers like the Swiss Unitall-Verlag.<ref name="Strube, 2012"/>
 
== See also ==
{{col-begin|width=30%}}{{col-break}}
* [[Ecofascism]]
* [[Esoteric Nazism]]
* [[Germanic mysticism]]
* [[Gnosticism in modern times]]
* [[National-anarchism]]
{{col-break}}
* [[National Socialist black metal]]
* [[Nazi chic]]
* [[Nazi exploitation]]
* [[Nazi occultism]]
{{col-end}}
 
== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}
 
'''Bibliography'''
* Ankarloo, Bengt and Clark, Stuart (1999) ''The Twentieth Century''. U. Penn. Press.
* Bale, Jeffery M. (July 2002) "'National revolutionary' groupuscules and the resurgence of 'left-wing' fascism: the case of France's Nouvelle Résistance". ''Patterns of Prejudice''. '''36'''(3): 24-49.
* Berlet, Chip and Vysotsky, Stanislav (2006) "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3719/is_200607/ai_n16855770 Overview of U.S. white supremacist groups]". ''Journal of Political and Military Sociology'' Summer, '''34'''(1): 11-48.
* Burghart, Devin ed. (1999. ''Soundtracks to the White Revolution: White Supremacist Assaults on Youth Music Subcultures''. Chicago, IL: Center for New Community [in cooperation with Northwest Coalition for Human Dignity].
* Burghart, Devin and Massa, Justin (July 2001) "Damned, Defiant and Dangerous: Continuing White Supremacist Violence in the U.S." ''Searchlight''. online archive.
* Christensen, Elsa (1984) "Odinism – Religion of Relevance". ''The Odinist'' 82.
* Coogan, Kevin (1999) "[http://oraclesyndicate.twoday.net/stories/605560/ How Black is Black Metal?]" ''HITLIST'' February/March, '''1'''(1). Berkeley CA, USA & Oraclesyndicate.org.
* Cox, Stephen B.(2003) "The Path of the Sun in the Freemasons Lodge" (article; lecture).
* Dobratz, Betty A. (2001) "The Role of Religion in the Collective Identity of the White Racialist Movement". ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'' (2001): 287-301.
* Dohe, Carrie B. (2016) ''Jung's Wandering Archetype: Race and Religion in Analytical Psychology.'' London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1138888401}}
* Gardell, Mattias (2003) ''[[Gods of the Blood]]: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism''. Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-3071-7}}. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-3071-4}}.
* [[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke|Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas]] (2002) ''[[Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)|Black Sun]]: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity''. New York University Press. {{ISBN|0-8147-3124-4}}. (Paperback, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8147-3155-4}}.)
* Griffin, Roger (1985) "Revolts against the Modern World: The Blend of Literary and Historical Fantasy in the Italian New Right". ''Literature & History'' '''11'''(1): 101-23.
* Griffin, Roger (March 2003) "From slime mould to rhizome: an introduction to the groupuscular right". ''Patterns of Prejudice''. '''37'''(1): 27-50.
* Introvigne, M. (2002) "The Gothic Milieu" in Kaplan, Jeffrey ed. ''The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization''. {{ISBN|978-0-7591-0204-0}}.
* Kaplan, Jeffrey (1997) ''Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah''. Syracuse University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8156-0396-2}}.
* Kaplan, Jeffrey and Weinberg, Leonard (1998) ''The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right''. {{ISBN|0-8135-2564-0}}.
* Lewis, James R. (2001) ''Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture''. Abc-Clio Inc.
* One, Wulfing (1995) "[http://www.esoterra.org/moynihan.htm The Storm Before the Calm: An Interview with Blood Axis]". ''EsoTerra'' 5.
* Partridge, Christopher H. (2005) ''The Re-enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture and Occulture''. Continuum International Publishing Group. {{ISBN|0-567-04133-6}}.
* Ryan, Nick (1994) ''Into a World of Hate''. New York: Routledge.
* Schobert, Alfred (1997a) "[http://diss-duisburg.de/Internetbibliothek/Artikel/Heidentum.htm Heidentum, Musik und Terror]". ''Junge Welt'' 18.4.1997, S.13. (Online, with Michael Moynihan's reply: 2000, Duisburger Institut für Sprach- und Sozialforschung.)
* Schobert, Alfred (1997b) "Geheimnis und Gemeinschaft. Die Dark-Wave-Szene als Operationsgebiet 'neurechter' Kulturstrategie" in Cleve, Gabriele et al., eds., ''Wissenschaft Macht Politik. Intervention in aktuelle gesellschaftliche Diskurse'' 384-395. Münster.
* Schobert, Alfred (1998) "[http://www.diss-duisburg.de/Internetbibliothek/Artikel/Graswurzelrevolution.htm Graswurzelrevolution von rechts?]" In: ''Wider de Gewöhnung - der rechte Zeitgeist und seine Abwehr'' 49-52. Nürnberg.
* Strube, Julian (2012) "Die Erfindung des esoterischen Nationalsozialismus im Zeichen der Schwarzen Sonne." ''Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft'', '''20'''(2): 223-268.
* Zutter, Jan De Zutter (2000) ''Heidenen voor het blok - Radicaal rechts en het moderne Heidendom'' ("Heathens for the [Vlaams] Blok - the Radical Right and modern Heathenism"). Antwerpen/Baarn: Uitgeverij Houtekiet. {{ISBN|90-5240-582-4}}.
 
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224194607/http://www.stelling.nl/simpos/asatru.htm list of websites from stelling.nl summarily entitled 'Germanic', 'Celtic' 'pagan' religion, and the far Right]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ny5/dvera/bgoat/essays/index.html short list of Essays]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830140054/http://biphome.spray.se/d.scot/Satanism/Osv/osv.htm Ordo Sinistra Vivendi]
 
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{{neopaganism}}
{{religion and politics}}
{{white nationalism}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neo-Volkisch Movements}}
[[Category:Alt-right]]
[[Category:Gnosticism]]
[[Category:Left-Hand Path]]
[[Category:Neopaganism and society]]
[[Category:New Right (Europe)]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazism]]
[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
[[Category:Religious nationalism]]
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