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{{short description|Battle of World War II}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict▼
{{coord|20.120225|N| 93.442866|E|display=title}}
|conflict =Battle of Hill 170
▲{{Infobox Militarymilitary Conflictconflict
|partof = [[Burma campaign]]
|image conflict = Battle of Hill =170
| partof = the [[Burma campaign]], the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II]] and the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] of [[World War II]]
|caption =▼
|date image = The British =Army in 22–31Burma January1944 1945SE1231.jpg
| image_size = 300px
|place =[[Arakan]], [[Burma]]
[[File:19th| Lancerscaption Sherman 22 January 1945 getting into position to fire at Japanese positions in the Arakan hills.jpg|thumb|alt=tank in heavy undergrowth |300px|A [[Sherman tank]] of the [[19th King George's Own Lancers]], getting into position to fire at Japanese positionslines in the Arakan hills, 22 January 1945]]▼
|casus =
|territory date = 22–31 January 1945
|result place = British[[Rakhine State|Arakan]], victory[[Burma]]
▲|caption casus =
|combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}▼
| territory =
|combatant2 = {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Imperial Japan]]
| result = [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory
|commander1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Brigadier]] [[Campbell Hardy]]▼
▲| combatant1 = {{flag|UnitedBritish KingdomEmpire}}
|commander2 = {{flagicon|Japan}} [[General]] S Miyazaki▼
| combatant2 = {{flag|Empire of Japan}}
|strength1 = [[3rd Commando Brigade]]▼
▲| commander1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Brigadier]] [[Campbell Hardy]]
|strength2 = [[IJA 54th Division|54th Japanese Division]]▼
▲| commander2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[GeneralShigesaburō Miyazaki]] S Miyazaki
|casualties1 = 45 dead<br>90 wounded▼
▲|strength1 units1 = [[3rd3 Commando Brigade]]
|casualties2 = 340 dead<br>wounded unknown ▼
▲|strength2 units2 = [[IJA 54th Division|54th (Imperial Japanese Army)|54th Division]]
▲| casualties1 = 45 dead<br />90 wounded
▲| casualties2 = =Minimum 340 dead<br />woundedWounded unknown
| campaignbox =
}}
 
{{Campaignbox Burma}}
 
The '''Battle of Hill 170''' was a battle between the British [[3rd Commando Brigade]] and the Japanese [[IJA 54th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|54th Division]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The battle was fought in January 1945, as part of the [[Burma campaignCampaign]].
 
The 3rd Commando Brigade were given the task of assaulting the [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] Peninsula at [[Myebon]]. Here they were to take and hold the dominant features of the southern Chin Hills. If they could achieve this, they would cut off the supply and escape routes of the Japanese to [[Rangoon]] and secure the [[bridgehead]]. The battle for Hill 170 was the crisisclimax of the Arakan operations, and its outcome broke the spirit of the Japanese 54th Division. Had the commandos' positions fallen, this would have endangered all the Allied units that had been landed on the Myebon Peninsula.
 
After the battle, the commander of the [[XV Indian Corps]], —[[Lieutenant General]] Sir [[Philip Christison]] stated—stated in a special order of the day to the 3rd Commando Brigade, "The Battle of Kangaw had been the decisive battle of the whole Arakan campaign and that it was won was very largely due to your magnificent defence of Hill 170."<ref name=mo82/>
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
 
==Background==
In late December 1944, [[XV Corps (British India)|XV Indian Corps]], commanded—commanded by Lieutenant General Christison, wentChristison—went on the offensive, and on 29 December the 3rd Commando Brigade, thenBrigade—then commanded by [[Brigadier]] [[Campbell Hardy]], carried—carried out an unopposed landing on the island of [[Akyab]].<ref name=Saunders310>Saunders, p. 310</ref> Following this reconnaissance, operations were undertaken around the Myebon Peninsula and on the surrounding islands. During one of these patrols, a group of commandos from [[No. 5 Commando]] had a brief contact with a Japanese force during which they killed four of themJapanese without suffering loss themselves.
 
On 12 January 1945, the commando brigade carried out a landing on the peninsula. Coming ashore in the second wave behind [[No. 42 (Royal Marine) Commando]], [[No. 5 Commando]] carried the advance inland until they came under machine gun fire from a hill that had been named 'Rose' by the planning staff.<ref name=Saunders310/> The following morning, after air support was called in and tanks from the [[19th King George's Own Lancers|19th Lancers]] were brought up, No. 5 Commando launched an attack on the position. In the end, the attack was successful and as the defenders chose to fight to the death, no prisoners were taken.<ref name="Saunders310"/>
|19th Lancers]] were brought up, No. 5 Commando launched an attack on the position. In the end the attack was successful and as a result of the defenders deciding to fight to the death, no prisoners were taken.<ref>Saunders, p.310</ref>
 
For the next couple of days, No. 5 Commando carried out patrols throughout the peninsula as the enemy were cleared from the area, before they were withdrawn to the beachhead for a couple of days' rest. After this, the brigade captured the village of Kantha as a preliminary move on Kangaw,<ref name=Saunders312>Saunders, p. 312</ref> across a number of waterways on the mainland, where Christison had decided that he wanted to cut the Japanese line of withdrawal. The terrain was difficult, with no roads, and consisting of [[mangrove|mangrove swamps]] and [[paddy field|rice paddies]] that prevented tanks or artillery coming ashore initially. The whole area was dominated by a small wooded ridge known as Hill 170.<ref name=Saunders312/>
 
==Battle==
[[File:V15-British Commandos from 3rd Commando Brig3rd Commando Brigade coming ashore in the theThe Third Arakan campaign .jpg|thumb|300px|alt=British soldiers wading ashore from landing craft, in the background is a tree lined beach|[[3rd Commando Brigade]] coming ashore during the [[Burma Campaign]]]]
At 13:00 hours 22 January 1945, the leading elements of 3rd Commando Brigade landed {{convert|2|mi}} south of Kangow. The brigade landed without any naval or air bombardment in an attempt to surprise the Japanese.<ref>Moreman, p.78</ref>
 
3 Commando Brigade landed {{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Kangaw. The brigade landed without any naval or air bombardment in an attempt to surprise the Japanese.<ref>Moreman, p. 78</ref> The units of the brigade were given different objectives. [[No. 1 Commando|1 Commando]] in the lead would secure Hill 170, a {{convert|700|yd|m|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|300|yd|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} high hill codenamed '"Brighton'", supported by No. 5 Commando. No 42 (Royal Marine) Commando would be responsible for the security of the beachhead between two [[creek (tidal)|tidal creeks]] which were codenamed '"Thames'" and '"Mersey'". [[No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando]]|44 Commando's]] objectives were two valleys codenamed '"Milford'" and '"Pinner'" to the east of Hill 170. '"Milford'" was secured on 22 January and '"Pinner'" the following day. All the objectives were securedtaken with only minimal Japanese resistance.<ref name=mo79>Moreman, p. 79</ref> Over the night of 23/24 January, the Japanese attacked "Pinner" and an artillery barrage unprecedented for the theatre of war landed on Hill 170 and would continue for the next four days.<ref name=mo79/>
 
On 26 January, [[51st Indian Infantry Brigade]], supported—supported by a troop of [[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] tanks from the 19th Lancers, arrivedLancers—arrived from the beachhead and took over the positions of No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando on '"Milford'" and '"Pinner'". OverOn the night of 28/29 January, 51st Brigade attacked Kangaw and two heights codenamed '"Perth'" and '"Melrose'" which dominated the road east from Kangow,. butThough they only partially achieved their objectives as the Japanese resistance along their withdrawal route was hardening.increasing, TheyKangaw didwas howevercaptured secureand Kangawthe andBritish occupied positions to dominate the main road.<ref name=mo79/> ▼
Over the night of 23/24 January the Japanese attacked 'Pinner' and an artillery barrage unprecedented for the theatre of war landed on Hill 170 and would continue for the next four days.<ref name=mo79/>
▲On 26 January, [[51st Indian Infantry Brigade]], supported by a troop of [[M4 Sherman]] tanks from the 19th Lancers, arrived from the beachhead and took over the positions of No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando on 'Milford' and 'Pinner'. Over the night of 28/29 January, 51st Brigade attacked Kangaw and two heights codenamed 'Perth' and 'Melrose' which dominated the road east from Kangow, but they only partially achieved their objectives as the Japanese resistance along their withdrawal route was hardening. They did however secure Kangaw and occupied positions to dominate the main road.<ref name=mo79/>
 
===Japanese counter -attack===
The plan had now calledwas for the3 withdrawalCommando ofBrigade 3rdto Commando Brigadewithdraw on 30 January, but the plans were halted by a new Japanese counter -attack on the brigade's positions by the 154th Infantry Regiment. The next morning at 05:45 hours, the 2nd Battalion, 154th Infantry Regiment launched a surprise attack on Hill 170 under cover of a fierce artillery bombardment and heavy machine gun fire.<ref name=mo79/> The focus of their attack was the northern end of Hill 170 defended by No. 4 Troop, No. 1 Commando. The troop's position was ringed by gunfire in a preliminary to a major attack. Throwing grenades in front of them, the Japanese attacked at 07:30 hours on a {{convert|100|yd|m|abbr=on}} front platoon by platoon.<ref name=bsa/>▼
▲[[File:19th Lancers Sherman 22 January 1945 getting into position to fire at Japanese positions in the Arakan hills.jpg|thumb|alt=tank in heavy undergrowth |300px|A Sherman tank of the [[19th King George's Own Lancers]], getting into position to fire at Japanese positions in the Arakan hills, 22 January 1945]]
▲The plan had now called for the withdrawal of 3rd Commando Brigade on 30 January, but the plans were halted by a new Japanese counter attack on the brigade's positions by the 154th Infantry Regiment. The next morning at 05:45 hours the 2nd Battalion, 154th Infantry Regiment launched a surprise attack on Hill 170 under cover of a fierce artillery bombardment and heavy machine gun fire.<ref name=mo79/> The focus of their attack was the northern end of Hill 170 defended by No.4 Troop, No. 1 Commando. The troop's position was ringed by gunfire in a preliminary to a major attack. Throwing grenades in front of them, the Japanese attacked at 07:30 hours on a {{convert|100|yd|m}} front platoon by platoon.<ref name=bsa/>
 
Hill 170 was now defended by No. 1 and No. 42 Commandoscommandos supported by a tank troop from the 19th Lancers. The tanks which were deployed at the northern end of the hill were attacked in a suicidal assault by Japanese engineers armed with explosive charges on the end of bamboo poles. The engineers destroyed two of the three Sherman tanks after a hand -to -hand battle by climbing on top of them and exploding their charges.<ref name=bsa/>
 
The Japanese infantry continued to attackattacked Hill 170 throughout the rest of the day, the brunt of these attacks falling on No. 4 Troop of No. 1 Commando, which came under sustained pressure.<ref name=mo79/> At 09:30 hours, a counter -attack was launched by W Troop, No. 42 Commando and No. 3 Troop, No. 1 Commando, whichthat had to be abandoned after advancing only {{convert|20|yd|m|abbr=on}} against heavy sustainedmassed machine gun fire.<ref name=bsa/> The next counter -attack was by X Troop, No. 42 Commando supported by the remaining Sherman tank. This attackthat also failed in the face of the heavy Japanese fire. The Commandoscommandos nowthen responded by bringbringing all available artillery and mortar fire down on the Japanese positions.<ref name=bsa/> At 14:00 hours, No. 6 Troop, No. 1 Commando put in a counter -attack but this attack also failed, with the troop losing nearly half of its men.<ref name=bsa/> To the east of Hill 170 on '"Pinner'", No. 5 Commando hadwas nowby beenthen relieved by the 8/[[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] from the 51st Brigade and rejoined the 3rd Commando Brigade on Hill 170, their machine guns adding to the weight of fire brought to bear on the Japanese.<ref name=bsa/> At 16:00 hours, the 2/[[2nd Punjab Regiment]] from the 51st Brigade had managed to work their way around to the left flank of Hill 170 and also engaged the Japanese from there. At the same time No. 5 Commando were moved forward to take over from the front line from No.4 Troop acceptexcept for one section that had been cut off and overrun.<ref name=bsa/> Just after 17:00 hours some Japanese were seen to be withdrawing from the hill and the 2/2nd Punjabi Regiment started a flanking night attack but this failed to drive the Japanese off their positions on the hill. The Japanese responded with a night attack of their own against No. 5 CommandosCommando's positions whichthat also failed.<ref name=bsa>{{cite web |accessdateaccess-date=20 June 2010 |publisher=Burma Star Association |title=Extract from ‘Three'Three Quarters Of A Century Or Seventy Five Not Out’Out' the personal recollections of Brigadier K.R.S. Trevor CBE DSO |url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/trevor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231160005/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/trevor.htm |archive-date=31 December 2009 }}</ref>
 
An estimated 700 Japanese artillery shells had landed on the hill during the last day of the battle.<ref name=mo79/> In a day of continuous fighting, much of it hand -to -hand, the men of No. 1 and No. 42 Commandoscommandos had repulsed and counter-attacked the waves of Japanese infantry.<ref>{{cite web|accessdateaccess-date=20 June 2010|title=Sample Journal Articles|publisher=The Victoria Cross Society|url=http://www.victoriacrosssociety.com/sample_articles.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919005850/http://www.victoriacrosssociety.com/sample_articles.htm|archive-date=2003-09-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Early the following morning, No. 5 Commando were eventuallywas able to move forward and found the hill abandoned, apart from over 340 Japanese dead.<ref>Moreman, p.81</ref> The British losses for the battle were 45 dead and 90 wounded.<ref name=mo82/>
 
==Aftermath==
The Commandoscommandos' victory in the 36 -hour battle for Hill 170 had cut off the escape of the 54th Japanese Division. Further amphibious landings by the the [[25th Indian Infantry Division]] and the overland advance of the [[82nd (West Africa) Division]] made the Japanese position in the Arakan untenable and they ordered a general withdrawal to avoid the complete destruction of the [[Twenty-Eighth Army (Japan)|Twenty-Eighth Japanese Army]].<ref name=mo82>Moreman, p. 82</ref>
 
In recognition of the battle, the Commandoscommandos were awarded the [[battle honour]] Kangaw.<ref>Moreman, p. 94</ref> The men of 3rd Commando Brigade were awarded a number of [[Military awards and decorations|decoration]]sdecorations for gallantry]], which included a [[posthumous recognition|posthumous]] [[Victoria Cross]] for Lieutenant [[George Knowland]] No. 4 Troop, No.1 Commando. His citation reads:
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="90%" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"
|In Burma on 31 January, 1945, near Kangaw, Lieutenant Knowland was commanding the forward platoon of a Troop positioned on the extreme North of a hill which was subjected to very heavy and repeated enemy attacks -throughout the whole day. Before the first attack started, Lieutenant Knowland's platoon was heavily mortared and machine gunned, yet he moved about among his men keeping them alert and encouraging them, though under fire himself at the time. When the enemy, some 300 strong in all, made their first assault they concentrated all their efforts on his platoon of 24 men, but, in spite .of the ferocity of the attack, he moved about from trench to, trench distributing ammunition, and firing his rifle and throwing grenades at the enemy, often from completely exposed positions. Later, when the crew of one of his forward [[Bren Gun]]s had all been wounded, he sent back to Troop Headquarters for another crew and ran forward to man the gun himself until they arrived. The enemy was then less than {{convert|10|yd}} from him in dead ground down the hill, so, in order to get a better field of fire, he stood on top of the trench, firing -the light machine gun from his hip, and successfully keeping them at a distance until a Medical Orderly had dressed and evacuated the wounded men behind him. The new Bren team also (became casualties on the way up, and Lieutenant Knowland continued to fire the gun until another team took over. Later, when a fresh attack came in, he took over a [[2-inch mortar]] and in spite of heavy fire and the closeness of the enemy, he stood up in the open to face them, firing the mortar from his hip and killing six of .them with his first bomb. When all bombs were expended he went back through heavy grenade, mortar and machine gun fire to get more, which he fired in the same way from the open in front of his platoon positions. When those bombs were finished, he went back to his own trench, and still standing up fired his rifle at them. Being hard pressed arid with enemy closing in on him from only 10 yards away, he had no time to re-charge his magazine. Snatching up the [[Thompson machinegun|Tommy gun]] of a casualty, he sprayed the enemy and was mortally wounded stemming this assault, though not before he had -killed and wounded many of 'the enemy. Such was the inspiration of his magnificent heroism, that, though fourteen out of twenty four of his platoon became casualties at an early stage, and six of his positions were over-run -by the enemy, his men held on 'through twelve hours of continuous and fierce fighting until reinforcements arrived. If this Northern end of the hill had fallen, the rest of the hill would have been endangered, the beach-head dominated by the enemy, and other units farther inland cut off from their source of supplies. As it was, the final successful counter-attack was later launched from the vital ground which Lieutenant Knowland -had taken such a gallant part in holding.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37027|date=10 April 1945|startpage=1939|endpage= |supp=yes |accessdate=20 June 2010|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37027/supplements/1939}}</ref>▼
|}
 
{{quote|
==References==▼
▲|In Burma on 31 January, 1945, near Kangaw, Lieutenant Knowland was commanding the forward platoon of a Troop positioned on the extreme North of a hill which was subjected to very heavy and repeated enemy attacks -– throughout the whole day. Before the first attack started, Lieutenant Knowland's platoon was heavily mortared and machine gunned, yet he moved about among his men keeping them alert and encouraging them, though under fire himself at the time. When the enemy, some 300 strong in all, made their first assault they concentrated all their efforts on his platoon of 24 men, but, in spite .of the ferocity of the attack, he moved about from trench to, trench distributing ammunition, and firing his rifle and throwing grenades at the enemy, often from completely exposed positions. Later, when the crew of one of his forward [[Bren Gun]]sGuns had all been wounded, he sent back to Troop Headquarters for another crew and ran forward to man the gun himself until they arrived. The enemy was then less than {{convert|10|yd}} from him in dead ground down the hill, so, in order to get a better field of fire, he stood on top of the trench, firing -the light machine gun from his hip, and successfully keeping them at a distance until a Medical Orderly had dressed and evacuated the wounded men behind him. The new Bren team also (became casualties on the way up, and Lieutenant Knowland continued to fire the gun until another team took over. Later, when a fresh attack came in, he took over a [[2-inch mortar]] and in spite of heavy fire and the closeness of the enemy, he stood up in the open to face them, firing the mortar from his hip and killing six of .them with his first bomb. When all bombs were expended he went back through heavy grenade, mortar and machine gun fire to get more, which he fired in the same way from the open in front of his platoon positions. When those bombs were finished, he went back to his own trench, and still standing up fired his rifle at them. Being hard pressed aridand with enemy closing in on him from only 10 yards away, he had no time to re-charge his magazine. Snatching up the [[Thompson machinegun|Tommy gun]] of a casualty, he sprayed the enemy and was mortally wounded stemming this assault, though not before he had -killed and wounded many of 'the enemy. Such was the inspiration of his magnificent heroism, that, though fourteen out of twenty four of his platoon became casualties at an early stage, and six of his positions were over-runoverrun -by the enemy, his men held on 'through twelve hours of continuous and fierce fighting until reinforcements arrived. If this Northern end of the hill had fallen, the rest of the hill would have been endangered, the beach-head dominated by the enemy, and other units farther inland cut off from their source of supplies. As it was, the final successful counter-attack was later launched from the vital ground which Lieutenant Knowland -had taken such a gallant part in holding.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37027|date=10 April 1945|startpagepage=1939|endpage= |supp=yes |accessdate=20 June 2010|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37027/supplements/1939y}}</ref>}}
;Notes▼
{{Reflist|2}}▼
 
== See also ==
;Bibliography
* {{Portal inline|Japan}}
* {{Portal inline|United Kingdom}}
 
▲;==Notes==
*{{cite book|last=Moreman|first=Tim|title=British Commandos 1940–46|year=2006|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=|isbn= 9781841769868}}▼
▲{{Reflist|2colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Hilary St. George|title=The Green Beret: The Commandos at War|origyear=1949|year=1959|publisher=Four Square Books|location=London}}▼
 
▲==References==
{{Refbegin}}
▲* {{cite book|last=Moreman|first=Tim|title=British Commandos 1940–46|year=2006|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=|isbn= 9781841769868978-1-84176-986-8}}
▲* {{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Hilary St. George|title=The Green Beret: The Commandos at War|origyear orig-year=1949|year=1959|publisher=Four Square Books|location=London}}
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.commandoveterans.org/cdoGallery/v/documents/Special+Order+Notice+3+Cdo+Bde.jpg.html?g2_imageViewsIndex=1|XV Indian Corps special order of the day 17 February 1945]
* [http://www.combinedops.com/No%201%20Commando.htm| No. 1 Commando]
* [http://www.combinedops.com/No%205%20Commando.htm| No. 5 Commando ]
* [http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/royalmarines/units-and-deployments/3-commando-brigade/42-commando-royal-marines/history/history/*/viewPage/2|No. 42 Commando]
 
{{British Commando raids of the Second World War}}
{{DEFAULTSORT|Hill 170, Battle of}}▼
 
[[Category:Conflicts in 1945]]▼
▲{{DEFAULTSORT|:Hill 170, Battle of}}
[[Category:1945 in Burma]]
[[Category:Military history of Burma during World War II]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II British Commando raids]]▼
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]
▲[[Category:Conflicts in 1945]]
[[Category:January 1945 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Burma campaign (1944–1945)]]
▲[[Category:World War II British Commando raids]]
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