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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kladno
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Statutory city (Czech Republic)|Statutory city]]
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| image_skyline = Kladno CZ Town Hall 01.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Kladno prapor.gif
| image_shield = Kladno znak mesta.jpg
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| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = {{CZE}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of the Czech Republic|Region]]
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Czech Republic
| coordinates = {{coord|50|
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| elevation_m = 381
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| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Municipalities – 1 January |
| population_density_km2 = auto
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| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 272 01, 272 03, 272 04
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'''Kladno''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈkladno}}; {{lang-de|Kladen}}) is a city in the [[Central Bohemian Region]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. It
==Administrative division==
Kladno is formed by six administrative parts: Kladno, Dubí, [[Kročehlavy]], Rozdělov, Švermov and Vrapice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Části obcí|url=http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce|work=Územně identifikační registr ČR|language=cs|access-date=2023-11-14}}</ref>
==Etymology==
The name Kladno is derived from the Czech word ''kláda'', meaning "log". In Old Czech, the word ''kladno'' denoted a mature forest from which logs were obtained.<ref>{{cite web |title=Z lednových zápisů v kladenské kronice|url=https://mestokladno.cz/z-lednovych-zapisu-v-kladenske-kronice/d-127048|publisher=City of Kladno|language=cs|date=2003-01-03|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
==Geography==
Kladno is located about {{convert|17|km}} northwest of [[Prague]]. It lies in a mostly flat landscape of the [[Prague Plateau]], albeit in the north the terrain becomes hillier. The highest point is at {{convert|434|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level, and the lowest at {{convert|283|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. There are no large bodies of water within city limits, only several small creeks. The city limits contain two nature monuments: Žraločí zuby and Krnčí a Voleška.
==History==
[[File:
[[File:KladnoRozdelov.JPG|thumb|Housing estates in Rozdělov, built in the 1950s]]
The first written mention of Kladno is from 1318, when it was a property of the Kladenský of Kladno noble family.<ref name=history>{{cite web |title=Historie města Kladno|url=https://www.kladnozive.cz/Historie-mesta-Kladno/|publisher=Kladno Živě|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> After 1543, when the Kladenský of Kladno family died out, it became a property of the Žďárský of Žďár family. In 1561, the settlement was granted the town status.<ref name=history2>{{cite web |title=Historie Kladna|url=https://mestokladno.cz/historie-kladna/d-1401489|publisher=City of Kladno|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
In 1566, the Žďárskýs of Žďár rebuilt the local fort into a Renaissance castle. The town walls were built in the following decades. The town prospered until the [[Battle of White Mountain]] in 1620, when it was looted by Polish [[Cossacks]]. However, during the rule of Florián Jetřich Žďárský, the town began to prosper again.<ref name=history/> After the Bohemian branch of the Ždárský family died out in 1670, the town changed hands several times before it was bought by the Benedictine [[Břevnov Monastery]] in 1705.<ref name=svmk>{{cite web |title=Stručná historie Kladna|url=http://www.omk.cz/index.html?url=http://www.omk.cz/dyn/doc/historie_kladna|publisher=Sládečkovo vlastivědné muzeum v Kladně|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
In the 18th century, the town began to expand beyond its walls. In 19th century, the town developed into a significant agricultural and industrial centre.<ref name=history/> [[Bituminous coal]] was first discovered within the present city limits in 1775, but significant mining activity only started in 1850 and intensified over the following decades.<ref>{{cite web |title=Z historie hornictví na Kladensku|url=http://www.omk.cz/index.html?url=http://www.omk.cz/dyn/doc/historie_hornictvi|publisher=Sládečkovo vlastivědné muzeum v Kladně|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> In 1855–1856, the city was connected to the railway network.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buštěhradská dráha|url=https://ipac.svkkl.cz/arl-kl/cs/detail-kl_us_auth-k0007232-Bustehradska-draha/|publisher=Středočeská vědecká knihovna v Kladně|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> The coal reserves began attracting the iron working industry, the largest of which eventually became the Poldi steelworks, founded in 1899. The growth of industrial activity spurred a massive population growth.<ref name=svmk/> In 1870, Kladno was promoted to a city by Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]], and in 1898 it was awarded the honorary title of "royal mining town".<ref name=history/>
Until 1918, Kladno was head of the Kladno district in [[Austria-Hungary]], one of the 94 ''Bezirkshauptmannschaften'' in [[Bohemia]].<ref>Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm Klein, 1967</ref> In the 20th century, the city was one of the centres of the Czech labor movement, with frequent strikes, protests and labor action.<ref name=history/>
The city's prosperity was once again interrupted by World War II, when it was ruled by the Nazis. In 1941, several surrounding municipalities (Kročehlavy, Rozdělov, Dubí, Dříň and Újezd) were annexed to Kladno. Vrapice was annexed in 1950 and the town of Švermov in 1980.<ref name=history2/>
The post-war history of Kladno was influenced by the philosophy of the communist regime. The city's development was determined by migration of labor forces unrelated to the city, by the construction of unified large housing estates and by an effort to erase the original buildings of the city centre. The focus on industrial production resulted in environmental damages. On 21 August 1968, Kladno was occupied for the second time in thirty years, this time by the [[Soviet Army]].<ref name=history2/>
After the socialist regime fell in 1989, Kladno struggled to adapt to a market economy. The operations of previously prosperous companies were terminated.<ref name=history/> In 2000, Kladno became a [[Statutory city (Czech Republic)|statutory city]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Analýzy: Analýza rozsahu výkonu veřejné správy v jednotlivých statutárních městech, městských částech a městských obvodech|url=https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/analyzy.aspx|website=mvcr.cz|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Czech Republic)|Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic]]|pages=16–18|language=cs|date=2018-12-02}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|align=none|cols=3
|1869|16421
|1880|23863
|1890|32079
|1900|42521
|1910|49668
|1921|48941
|1930|51249
|1950|50470
|1961|55919
|1970|63076
|1980|71141
|1991|71753
|2001|71132
|2011|68103
|2021|67756
|source=Censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Kladno|url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150203.pdf/8f29cc25-f080-4a97-b74b-cac9168a6dc5?version=1.2|publisher=Czech Statistical Office|pages=3–4|language=cs|date=2015-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population Census 2021: Population by sex|url=https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK|work=Public Database|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2021-03-27}}</ref>}}
==Economy==
[[File:Kladno CZ LEGO factory from NE 007.jpg|thumb|Lego factory]]
Kladno was one of the historical birthplaces of [[heavy industry]] in Bohemia. For years, the city was home to the Poldi [[steelmaking|steel factory]], the region's largest employer. Since economic restructuring in the 1990s, the heavy industry has largely been replaced by services and light industry.
A number of companies has established production in Kladno, including [[Lego]], [[NKT Holding|NKT Cables]], La Lorraine, [[Hanon Systems]] and [[Dr. Oetker]]. Lego is one of the largest employers in the region with more than 3,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Registr ekonomických subjektů|url=https://www.czso.cz/csu/res/registr_ekonomickych_subjektu|work=Business Register|publisher=Czech Statistical Office|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
==Transport==
Kladno is located at a railway junction. It lies on the railway lines Prague–[[Kralupy nad Vltavou]] and Kladno–[[Rakovník]]. The city is served by six stations and stops.
==Sport==
The city is known as the home of many internationally known ice hockey players, such as [[Jaromír Jágr]] and [[Tomáš Plekanec]]. Its ice hockey club, [[Rytíři Kladno]], was successful in the past and is connected with many famous players of Czech ice hockey history, including [[1998 Winter Olympics|1998 Olympic]] gold medalists Jaromír Jágr, [[Pavel Patera]], [[Martin Procházka]], [[Libor Procházka]] and [[Milan Hnilička]]. The club plays in the [[Czech Extraliga|top tier]], with Jaromír Jágr as its owner and president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jágr o své budoucnosti: Konec nechystám, ale začátek sezony nestihnu|url=https://www.idnes.cz/hokej/extraliga/jaromir-jagr-kladno-nova-sezona.A220804_171531_hokej_hrj|publisher=iDnes|language=cs|date=2022-08-05|access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>
The local football club [[SK Kladno]] played in the [[Czech First League]] in 2006–2010, but since 2013 has played in [[Czech Fourth Division|the fourth tier]].
The city hosts various athletic events including the [[TNT – Fortuna Meeting]] in June, and the [[Kladno Marathon]] in September each year.
==Sights==
[[File:Kladno náměstí 2013.jpg|thumb|Starosty Pavla Square]]
[[File:Kladno CZ St Florian chapel front view 028.jpg|thumb|160px|Chapel of Saint Florian]]
The Kladno Castle was originally a Gothic fortress, rebuilt in the Renaissance style in the 1560s, then completely rebuilt into a Baroque castle in 1737–1740 by the architect [[Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer]]. Today it houses a museum and gallery. Next to the castle is a castle park with a beararium built in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historie zámku|url=https://www.kladenskyzamek.cz/cs/historie-zamku|work=Kladenský zámek|publisher=City of Kladno|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref name=sights>{{cite web |title=Historické památky Kladna|url=https://mestokladno.cz/historicke-pamatky-kladna/d-1401490|publisher=City of Kladno|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
There are several major landmarks of Kladno on the Starosty Pavla Square. The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was built in the Neo-Romanesque style in 1897–1899. It was built on the site of a Gothic church from the 1350s. The city hall is a Neo-Renaissance house, which was built in 1897–1898. The Marian sculpture group was created according to the design by K. I. Dietzenhofer in 1739–1741. This late Baroque columns stands on the site where the [[pillory]] used to be. Notable is also the Archdeaconry building, originally a rectory built in 1804–1807.<ref name=sights/>
The Chapel of Saint Florian is a significant Baroque chapel. It is the last project of K. I. Dietzenhofer before his death. The construction started in 1751 and after being interrupted, it was completed in 1827.<ref name=sights/><ref>{{cite web |title=Kaple sv. Floriána|url=https://www.pamatkovykatalog.cz/kaple-sv-floriana-14277905|publisher=National Heritage Institute|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
The former synagogue is a Neo-Renaissance building from 1884. Today it serves as a prayer house of the [[Czechoslovak Hussite Church]].<ref name=sights/>
There are four churches in the local parts of Kladno. The Church of Saint John the Baptist in Dubí was originally a Gothic church, first documented in 1352. In 1861, it was rebuilt into its current form with a Neogothic tower. It is a pilgrimage site. The Church of Saint Nicholas in Vrapice was a Romanesque rotunda from the early 13th century, rebuilt in the Gothic style around 1400. It was then rebuilt and extended in 1858. The Church of Saint Wenceslaus in Rozdělov is modern, built in 1925–1927.<ref name=sights/> The Church of Saint Nicholas in Švermov, built in 1912–1913, is a mixture of [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Modernism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kostel sv. Mikuláše|url=https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/kostel-sv-mikulase-11470673|publisher=National Heritage Institute|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
==Notable people==
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Anton Cermak]] (1873–1933), mayor of [[Chicago]] in 1931–1933
*[[Antonin Raymond]] (1888–1976),
*[[Cyril Bouda]] (1901–1984), painter and graphic artist
*[[Josef Košťálek]] (1909–1971), footballer
*[[Václav Horák]] (1912–2000), footballer
*[[Karel Kolský]] (1914–1984, football player and manager
*[[Luděk Pešek]] (1919–1999), artist and novelist
*[[Zdeněk Miler]] (1921–2011), animator and illustrator
*[[Antonín Kachlík]] (1923–2022), film director and screenwriter
*[[Petr Pithart]] (born 1941), politician, former [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Prime Minister]]▼
*[[Jiří Dienstbier]] (1937–2011), politician and journalist
▲*[[Petr Pithart]] (born 1941), politician,
*[[Michal Pivoňka]] (born 1966), ice hockey player
*[[Jiří Dienstbier Jr.]] (born 1969), politician
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==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic}}
Kladno is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Partnerská města Kladna|url=https://mestokladno.cz/partnerska-mesta-kladna/d-1401504
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bellevue, Washington|Bellevue]], United States
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Vitry-sur-Seine]], France
▲Kladno also cooperates with:<ref name=twins/>
==References==
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==External links==
{{commons category|Kladno}}
{{
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{{Kladno District}}
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