Kugaaruk: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=MarchDecember 20172022}}

{{use Canadian English|date=MarchDecember 20192022}}

|coordinates = {{coord|68|3132|5905|N|089|49|3630|W|region:CA-NU_type:city_scale:20000|notes=<ref>{{Cite cgndb|OAUPF|Kugaaruk}}</ref>|display= inline,title}}

|leader_name1 = [[EmilianoInagayuk QirngnuqQuqqiaq]]

|area_footnotes =&nbsp;(2021)<ref name="census2016KG"2021census/>

|area_total_km2 = 45.9706

|population_total = 9331,033

|population_as_of = 20162021

|population_footnotes =<ref name="census2016KG"2021census/>

|population_density_km2 = auto204.2

'''Kugaaruk''' ([[Inuktitut syllabics]]: ᑰᒑᕐᔪᒃ<ref name="tour"/><ref>John Ningark MLA for Kugaaruk, [http://www.assembly.nu.ca/node/181 syllabics] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130115121213/http://www.assembly.nu.ca/node/181 |date=15 January 2013 }}, [http://www.assembly.nu.ca/john-ningark English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525101914/http://www.assembly.nu.ca/john-ningark |date=25 May 2012 }}</ref> ''Kuugaarjuk''{{Pronunciation-needed}} or ᑰᒑᕐᕈᒃ ''Kuugaarruk'';{{Pronunciation-needed}} English: "little stream") (also called ''ArviligjuaqArviligjuaqy'',{{Pronunciation-needed}} meaning "the great [[bowhead whale]] habitat"<ref name=coop/>), formerly known as Pelly Bay until 3 December 1999,<ref name="tour">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nunavuttourism.com/kugaaruk.aspx |title=Kugaaruk at Nunavut Tourism |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115143052/http://www.nunavuttourism.com/kugaaruk.aspx |archive-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is located on the shore of [[Pelly Bay (Nunavut)|Pelly Bay]], just off the [[Gulf of Boothia]], [[Simpson Peninsula]], [[Kitikmeot Region|Kitikmeot]], in Canada's [[Nunavut]] territory. Access is by air by the [[Kugaaruk Airport]] and, by annual supply [[sealift]], and by sea ice. ''Kugaaruk'' means "little stream",<ref>{{cite web|url=httphttps://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.comca/en/article/kugaaruk/ |title="Kugaaruk" in ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''|access-date=2006-10-07}}</ref> the traditional name of the brook that flows through the hamlet.

{{stack|{{Historical populations

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| footnote =

| source = [[Statistics Canada]]<br/><ref name=2021census/><ref name=1976census>{{cite web | url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/statcan/CS92-805-1976.pdf | title=1976 Census of Canada: Population - Geographic Distributions | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=June 1977 | accessdateaccess-date=February 1, February 2022}}</ref><ref name=1981census>{{cite web | url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/statcan/CS94-905-1981.pdf | title=1981 Census of Canada: Census subdivisions in decreasing population order | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=May 1992 | accessdateaccess-date=February 1, 2021February 2022}}</ref><ref name=1986census>{{cite web | url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/statcan/rh-hc/CS92-101-1987.pdf | title=1986 Census: Population - Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=September 1987 | accessdateaccess-date=February 1, February 2022}}</ref><ref name=1991census>{{cite web | url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/statcan/rh-hc/CS93-304-1992.pdf | title=91 Census: Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions - Population and Dwelling Counts | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=April 1992 | accessdateaccess-date=February 1, February 2022}}</ref><ref name=1996census>{{cite web | url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/statcan/rh-hc/CS93-357-1997.pdf | title=96 Census: A National Overview - Population and Dwelling Counts | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=April 1997 | accessdateaccess-date=1 February 1, 2022}}</ref><ref name=2001census>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/popdwell/Table-CSD-P.cfm?T=1&SR=1&S=1&O=A&PR=62 | title=Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Nunavut) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=15 August 15, 2012 | accessdateaccess-date=1 February 1, 2022}}</ref><ref name=2006census>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-550/Index.cfm?TPL=P1C&Page=RETR&LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=1&O=A&RPP=9999&CMA=0&PR=62 | title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Nunavut) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=20 August 20, 2021 | accessdateaccess-date=1 February 1, 2022}}</ref><ref name=2011census>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&CMA=0&PR=62 | title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Nunavut) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=25 July 25, 2021 | accessdateaccess-date=1 February 1, 2022}}</ref><ref name=2016census>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=62 | title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Nunavut) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=8 February 8, 2017 | accessdateaccess-date=1 February 1, 2022}}</ref><ref name=2021census/>

}}}}

In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Kugaaruk recordedhad a population of {{nts|1033}}1,033 living in {{nts|214}} of its {{nts|225}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1033-933}}|933|1}} from its 2016 population of {{nts|933}}. With a land area of {{convertcvt|5.06|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1033|5.06|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000262 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nunavut | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, February 2022 | accessdateaccess-date=February 19, February 2022}}</ref>

The historical inhabitants were Arviligjuarmiut.<ref>Bennett, 2004, chapter 26, pg. 360</ref> Kugaaruk is a traditional "Central [[Central Inuit]]" community. Until 1968, the people followed a [[nomadicnomad]]ic lifestyle. The population is approximately 97% [[Inuit]] and most people self-identify as [[Netsilik Inuit]]. The residents blend a land based lifestyle with modern technology and interests. Most families supplement their diet with [[ringed seal]], [[Reindeer|caribou]], and [[Arctic char]]. Other gamewildlife includes [[narwhal]], [[Beluga whale|beluga]], [[bowhead whale]], [[polar bear]]s, [[wolverine]] and [[muskoxperegrine falcons]].<ref name=coop/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kugaaruk.com/kugaaruk-arctic-tours.htm |title=Arctic Adventure Tours|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kugaaruk.com/kugaaruk-nunavut.htm |title=Welcome to Kugaaruk|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Despite the isolation of the community, the traditional language, [[Inuktitut]] language, is declining. Most people 30 and over speak Inuktitut as their first language, but the language is not being passed on to their children. In most households, a mixture of [[English language|English]] and Inuktitut is spoken. Children understand their parents and grandparents, but respond to them in English. One goal of the Nunavut educational system is to encourage and spread the use of Inuktitut.

There are a few [[Inuit art]]ists in Kugaaruk, including the world-renowned [[Emily Illuitok]],<ref>Nunavut News North: 22 January 2007</ref> (1943-2012), who worked mostly in [[walrus]] [[ivory]] and bone; and [[Nick Sikkuark]], whose works are mainly in whale bone, caribou antler, and walrus ivory, and are characterized by "droll, macabre wit".<ref>{{cite book | last = Hessel | first = Ingo | title = Inuit Art: an Introduction | publisher = Douglas and McIntyre | year =2002 | location = Vancouver | pages = 119 | isbn = 1-55054-829-8}}</ref>

Kugaardjuq School includes [[kindergarten]] to [[Twelfth grade|grade 12]]. It is very modern and includes a large south facing library, computer lab, gymnasium and science lab. Currently there are two language specialists who teach the Nattilingmiut [[dialectNatsilingmiutut]], while the rest of the staff isare southern teachers.{{When|date=November 2009}} In 2010 many of the [[Nunavut Teacher Education Program]] (NTEP) graduates, who are locals, were to become teachers in levels from kindergarten to grade 7. As the only outsiders in the community are government workers, the student population is almost entirely Inuit.<ref>[http://kitikmeot.edu.nu.ca/pdf/kugaaruk.pdf Kugaardjuq School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107041724/http://kitikmeot.edu.nu.ca/pdf/kugaaruk.pdf |date=7 January 2009 }} at the Kitikmeot Schools Operations</ref><ref>[http://www.polarnet.ca/~pellybay/ Kugaardjuq School] (outdated)</ref>

Kugaaruk was involved in the [[Mississauga]] [[YMCA]] exchange in 2007. 15Fifteen children from Kugaaruk made their way to Mississauga with three teachers for seven days. Then 15 people from Mississauga traveledtravelled to Kugaaruk for 11 days to experience the land and culture. Sites visited in Ontario included the [[CN Tower]], the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]], [[Queen's Park (Toronto)|Queen's Park]], [[Square One Shopping Centre]], [[Much (TV channel)|MuchMusic]], [[Niagara Falls]], Great Wolf Lodge, and the two exchange schools: [[Clarkson Secondary School|Clarkson Secondary]], and Hillside Senior Public School.

On 28 February 2017, the school caught on fire, described as "suspicious". Most of the school burned down, the gym, reception area and high school portion were all completely destroyed, and the elementary portion was damaged. The replacement cost was provisionally estimated between $25 toand $30 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/kugaaruk-kugaardjuq-school-fire-1.4004379|title=Fire in Kugaaruk, Nunavut hamlet's only school, leaves massive damage|work=CBC News|access-date=1 March 2017-03-01|language=en}}</ref>

The community has been served by the [[Qiniq (company)|Qiniq]] network since 2005. This is a fixed wireless service to homes and businesses, connecting to the outside world via a satellite backbone. The Qiniq network is designed and operated by [[SSISSi MicroCanada]]. In 2017, the network was upgraded to 4G LTE technology, and 2G-GSM for mobile voice.

Kugaaruk is the location of the coldestlowest [[wind chill]] ever recorded in Canada, of -79 °C−79<ref>[{{Cite web|title=Hourly Data Report for January 13, 1975|url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?hlyRange=1955-07-16%7C1992-05-31&dlyRange=1957-08-01%7C1992-05-31&mlyRange=1957-01-01%7C1992-12-01&StationID=1718&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2017&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=13&txtStationName=Pelly+Bay&timeframe=1&Year=1975 Hourly Data Report for January 13, 1975]</ref> or |archive-92 °C<ref>[httpurl=https://wwwweb.cbcarchive.caorg/newsweb/canada20240413005521/the-science-of-wind-chill-1.819530 The science of wind chill, CBC News, Jan. 14, 2009]</ref><ref>Elaine Wheaton, ''But it's a dry cold!'' (Fifth House Publishers, 1998) p48</ref> on 13 January 1975, based on an air temperature of {{Convert|-51|C}} and a wind speed of {{convert|56|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>Christopher C. Burt and Mark Stroud, ''Extreme Weatherhttps: A Guide & Record Book'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 2007) p58</ref><ref>[http://wwwclimate.ecweather.gc.ca/meteo-weatherclimate_data/defaulthourly_data_e.asphtml?langhlyRange=En1955-07-16%7C1992-05-31&ndlyRange=5FBF816A1957-08-01%7C1992-05-31&mlyRange=1957-01-01%7C1992-12-01&StationID=1718&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2017&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=13&txtStationName=Pelly+Bay&timeframe=1&Year=1975|archive-date Canada’s= Wind Chill Index]2024-04-13}}</ref>

Kugaaruk has a [[Tundra|tundra climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|ETKöppen]]: ''ETf'') with short but cool summers and long cold winters.

During colonization, Kugaaruk was named Pelly Bay after the bay on which it sits. Pelly Bay is named after [[Sir John Pelly, 1st Baronet|Sir John Pelly]], governor of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], company operating the [[British colonyNorth America]]n territory of [[Rupert's Land]] in which it was located when it was so named.<ref name=AnB-20190628> {{cite magazine |url= http://arcticjournal.ca/destination-focus/kugaaruk/ |title= Kugaaruk |date= 28 June 2019 |magazine= Above & Beyond }} </ref>

In 1854, Scottish explorer [[John Rae (explorer)|John Rae]] interviewed Inuit at Pelly Bay, to document some details of a camp of the doomed [[Franklin's Expeditionlost expedition|lost expedition]] of [[John Franklin]] that they Inuit had discovered.<ref name=NYT-20160318> {{cite news |date= 18 March 2016 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/20/magazine/franklin-expedition.html |title= Artifacts of a Doomed Expedition |author= Leann Shapton |newspaper= New York Times }} </ref>

In 1935 Father Pierre Henry established a Roman Catholic mission at Pelly Bay. The mission changed status to being a permanent mission in 1937, with the arrival of Father Franz van de Velde. A stone church was built in 1941.<ref name=Arctic-2002v55n4-407408> {{cite journal |journal= Arctic |volume= 55 |number= 4 |pages= 407–408 |title= Franz Van De Velde, O.M.I. (1909–2002) |author= Lorraine E. Brandson |date= December 2002 }} </ref><ref name=AnB-20190628/>

In 1968, the local airport was built, and the Canadian government imported prefab housing to build out the townsitetown site.<ref name=AnB-20190628/>

==Economy and Servicesservices==

* Bennett, John, and Susan Diana Mary Rowley. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6cjGnMRRrcEC&pg=PA360&lpg=PA360&dq=arviligjuaq&sourcepg=web&ots=sR2HPyvgEW&sig=vCMf_74L_Hznfz_rXRpzigAA4Ig#PPA360,M1PA360 Uqalurait An Oral History of Nunavut]''. McGill-Queen's native and northern series, 36. Montreal: [[MQUP]], 2004. {{ISBN|0-7735-2340-5}}

* http://www.kugaaruk.com/

{{Subdivisions of Nunavut}}