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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
:''This article is about a plant whose common names include "Angel Wings" , "Heart of Jesus" and "elephant ear" For other uses for those terms, please see [[Angel Wing (disambiguation)]] and [[Heart of Jesus (disambiguation)]].''
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Caladium schomburgkii changjur-1-yercaud-salem-India.JPG
|image =
| image_caption = Fancy-leaved''Caladium caladiumschomburgkii''
| display_parents = 2
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|genus taxon = '''''Caladium'''''▼
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|genus_authority authority = [[Étienne Pierre Ventenat|Vent.]] (1800), nom. cons.▼
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
|ordo = [[Alismatales]]
| subdivision = 19; see text
|familia = [[Araceae]]
| subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005919-2 ''Caladium'' Vent.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</ref>
|subfamilia = [[Aroideae]]
*| synonyms = ''[[Aphyllarum]]'' <small>S.Moore (1895)</small>▼
|tribus = [[Caladieae]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=jkjkjjkkkjkjpowo/>▼
▲|genus = '''''Caladium'''''
| range_map = Caladium distribution.svg▼
▲|genus_authority = [[Étienne Pierre Ventenat|Vent.]]
| range_map_caption = Range of the genus ''Caladium''▼
▲|synonyms_ref=<ref name=jkjkjjkkkjkj/>
|synonyms=*''[[Phyllotaenium]]'' <small>André</small>
▲*''[[Aphyllarum]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
▲|range_map = Caladium distribution.svg
▲|range_map_caption = Range of the genus ''Caladium''
}}
 
'''''Caladium''''' {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|d|i|əm}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of flowering plants in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Araceae]]. They are often known by the common name '''elephant ear''' (which they share with the closely related genera ''[[Alocasia]]'', ''[[Colocasia]]'', and ''[[Xanthosoma]]''), '''Heartheart of Jesus''',<ref name="hear">[http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/caladium_bicolor.htm Caladium bicolor]</ref> and '''Angelangel Wingswings'''. There are over 1000 named cultivars of ''Caladium bicolor'' from the original South American plant.<ref name="floridata">[http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cala_bic.cfm Caladium bicolor]</ref>
 
The genus ''Caladium'' includes seven species that are native to [[South America]] and [[Central America]], and naturalized in [[India]], parts of [[Africa]], and various tropical islands.<ref name=jkjkjjkkkjkj>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=28751 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> They grow in open areas of the [[forest]] and on the banks of rivers and go [[dormancy|dormant]] during the [[dry season]]. The wild plants grow to 15–35&nbsp;inches (40–90&nbsp;cm) tall, with [[leaf|leaves]] mostly 6-18&nbsp;inches (15–45&nbsp;cm) long and broad.<ref>Macbride, J. F. 1936. Araceae, Flora of Peru. Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(1/3): 428–486. </ref><ref>Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 55: 1–584</ref>
 
==Name==
==Cultivation and uses==▼
From Malay ''Keladi'', which refers to a few genera within the ''[[Araceae ]]'' family (''[[Alocasia]]'', ''Caladium'' and ''[[Dieffenbachia]]''). However, it may just specifically refer to the ''[[Colocasia]]'' genus.
Several species are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s for their large, arrowhead-shaped leaves marked in varying patterns in white, pink, and red (somewhat resembling the unrelated [[coleus]]) and have been in cultivation in [[Europe]] since the late 18th century. The two forms most widely cultivated are called "fancy-leaved" and "lance-leaved". The former is the more commonly seen and is the traditional caladium of cultivation; the leaves are more heart-shaped. The latter has more lance-head-shaped leaves. Most Caladiums in cultivation grow to about 24&nbsp;inches (60&nbsp;cm) high and 24&nbsp;inches (60&nbsp;cm) wide, although dwarf varieties are now in cultivation.▼
 
Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected, most of them (over 120) derived from ''C. bicolor''. The lance-leaved varieties are also derived from ''C. schomburgkii''. Many are sold as ''C. x hortulanem''.
 
;== Species ==▼
Caladiums grow from [[corm]]s and can be propagated by dividing the tubers. They are hardy only to [[USDA plant hardiness zone]] 10; in colder areas, they are typically grown as tender [[bulb]]s or as [[houseplant]]s.▼
Many names have been proposed for species and varieties in the genus, but the vast majority of the names have either been transferred to other genera or regarded as synonyms of other names. The following are accepted:<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Araceae/Caladium/ Caladium] on theplantlist.org</ref><ref name =jkjkjjkkkjkj powo/>▼
 
During their [[growing season]], they require moderate watering (damp, not soggy). Most varieties prefer partial to full shade, although sun-resistant varieties are now in cultivation. Approximately 98% of all caladium bulbs are from [[Lake Placid, Florida]], in the [[United States]]. In recent years, many new varieties have become available through breeding and are now largely disease resistant. The bulk of bulb production is sold to pot producers, who in turn provide local nursery outlets with potted caladiums ready for immediate planting. Most bulb growers also sell direct retail via websites, shipping of bulbs takes place in the spring when temperatures permit (bulbs are subject to damage if temperatures are too low).▼
 
In temperate areas, they should be lifted before the first frost. The corms are dried and stored for the winter when temperatures fall to 65&nbsp;°F (18&nbsp;°C), and stored moderately dry (not bone-dry) over the winter at temperatures between 56&nbsp;°F (13&nbsp;°C) and 61&nbsp;°F (16&nbsp;°C).▼
 
All parts of the plant are [[poison]]ous. They should not be ingested and may irritate sensitive skin.▼
 
==Public displays==▼
An annual festival is held during the last weekend of July in [[Lake Placid, Florida]], home to a majority of the world's caladium fields. A popular activity is a tour of the fields of caladiums, the product of local growers. Every July since 2003, [[Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center]] in [[Kissimmee, Florida]], has presented the Florida Caladium Showcase, the largest indoor and outdoor display of the plants, including new varieties. Many universities feature caladiums at field trials, you may also find displays at Arboretums and many public gardens.▼
 
Caladiums are [[tuber]]s, not [[corm]]s. A corm is a compressed mass of stem tissue with a basal plate (root tissue) at the bottom and one or more "eyes" on top from which vegetative growth and flowers will appear. A tuber is stem tissue with various eyes which may grow vegetative growth or roots.▼
 
▲;Species
▲Many names have been proposed for species and varieties in the genus, but the vast majority of the names have either been transferred to other genera or regarded as synonyms of other names. The following are accepted:<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Araceae/Caladium/ Caladium] on theplantlist.org</ref><ref name=jkjkjjkkkjkj/>
 
# ''[[Caladium amazonicum]]'' {{small|E.G.Gonç.}} – Pará state northern Brazil
# ''[[Caladium andreanum]]'' <small>Bogner</small> - Colombia
# ''[[Caladium bicolor]]'' <small>([[William Aiton|Aiton]]) [[Étienne Pierre Ventenat|Vent.]]</small> - widespread from Costa Rica to northern Argentina; naturalized in India, Bangladesh, western and central Africa, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and in the Caribbean
# ''[[Caladium clavatum]]'' <small>Hett., Bogner & J.Boos</small> - [[Napo moist forests|Napo region]] of Ecuador
# ''[[Caladium coerulescens]]'' <small>[[G.S.Bunting]]</small> - Venezuela
# ''[[Caladium cortesiae]]'' {{small|Croat & E.G.Gonç.}} – Colombia
# ''[[Caladium humboldtii]]'' <small>([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]) [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]</small> - Guyana, Amazonas State of southern Venezuela, Amazonas State of western Brazil, Loreto region of eastern Peru
# ''[[Caladium lindeniiintermedium]]'' <{{small>(André)|E.G.Gonç.}} Madison</small>– Tocantins state -of Panama,northern ColombiaBrazil
# ''[[Caladium macrotites]]'' <small>Schott</small> - Colombia, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
# ''[[Caladium palaciosii]]'' {{small|Croat & L.P.Hannon}} – Ecuador and Peru
# ''[[Caladium picturatum]]'' <small>[[Karl Heinrich Emil Koch|K.Koch]] & [[C.D.Bouché]]</small> - Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
# ''[[Caladium praetermissum]]'' <small>Bogner & Hett.</small> - range unknown
# ''[[Caladium schomburgkii]]'' <small>Schott</small> - Venezuela, northwestern Brazil, the Guianas
# ''[[Caladium smaragdinum]]'' <small>K.Koch & C.D.Bouché</small> - Venezuela
# ''[[Caladium steudnerifolium]]'' {{small|Engl.}} – western South America (Colombia to Bolivia)
# ''[[Caladium stevensonii]]'' {{small|Croat & Delannay}} – Colombia
# ''[[Caladium steyermarkii]]'' <small>G.S.Bunting</small> - Venezuela
# ''[[Caladium ternatum]]'' <small>Madison</small> - Colombia, Amazonas State of western Brazil
# ''[[Caladium tuberosum]]'' <small>([[Spencer Le Marchant Moore|S.Moore]]) [[Bogner & Mayo]]</small> - Mato Grosso
 
===Formerly placed here===
*''[[Phyllotaenium lindenii]]'' {{small|André (1872)}} (as ''Caladium lindenii'' <small>(André) Madison</small>)
 
▲==Cultivation and uses==
{{See also|List of Caladium cultivars}}
 
▲Several species are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s for their large, arrowhead-shaped leaves marked in varying patterns in white, pink, and red (somewhat resembling the unrelated [[coleus]]) and have been in cultivation in [[Europe]] since the late 18th century. The two forms most widely cultivated are called "fancy-leaved" and "lance-leaved". The former is the more commonly seen and is the traditional caladium of cultivation; the leaves are more heart-shaped. The latter has more lance-head-shaped leaves. Most Caladiums in cultivation grow to about 24&nbsp;inches (60&nbsp;cm) high and 24&nbsp;inches (60&nbsp;cm) wide, although dwarf varieties are now in cultivation.
 
Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected, most of them derived from ''C. bicolor''. Many are sold as ''C. × hortulanem'', a synonym for ''C. bicolor''.<ref>[http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/184/ davesgarden.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cala_bic.cfm floridata.com]</ref> The lance-leaved varieties are also derived from ''C. schomburgkii''.
 
▲Caladiums grow from [[corm]]stubers and can be propagated by dividing the tubers. They are hardy only to [[USDA plant hardiness zone]] 10; in colder areas, they are typically grown as tender "[[bulb]]s" or as [[houseplant]]s.
 
▲During their [[growing season]], they require moderate watering (damp, not soggy). Most varieties prefer partial to full shade, although sun-resistant varieties are now in cultivation. Approximately 98% of all caladium "bulbs" are from [[Lake Placid, Florida]], in the [[United States]]. In recent years, many new varieties have become available through breeding and are now largely disease resistant. The bulk of "bulb" production is sold to pot producers, who in turn provide local nursery outlets with potted caladiums ready for immediate planting. Most "bulb" growers also sell direct retail via websites, shipping of "bulbs" takes place in the spring when temperatures permit ("bulbs" are subject to damage if temperatures are too low).
 
▲In temperate areas, they should be lifted before the first frost. The cormstubers are dried and stored for the winter when temperatures fall to 65&nbsp;°F (18&nbsp;°C), and stored moderately dry (not bone-dry) over the winter at temperatures between 56&nbsp;°F (13&nbsp;°C) and 61&nbsp;°F (16&nbsp;°C).
 
▲All parts of the plant are [[poison]]ous. They should not be ingested and may irritate sensitive skin.
 
▲===Public displays===
▲An annual festival is held during the last weekend of July in [[Lake Placid, Florida]], home to a majority of the world's caladium fields. A popular activity is a tour of the fields of caladiums, the product of local growers. Every July since 2003, [[Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center]] in [[Kissimmee, Florida]], has presented the Florida Caladium Showcase,a the largestlarge indoor and outdoor display of the plants, including new varieties. In addition, Classic Caladiums of Avon Park, FL, holds an annual early September [https://classiccaladiums.com/classic_gardens.htm Open House] caladium garden of over 2 acres in addition to farm tours. Many universities feature caladiums at field trials, you may also find displays at Arboretumsarboretums and many public gardens.
 
▲Caladiums are [[tuber]]s, not [[corm]]s or bulbs. A corm is a compressed mass of stem tissue with a basal plate (root tissue) at the bottom and one or more "eyes" on top from which vegetative growth and flowers will appear. A tuber is stem tissue with various eyes which may grow vegetative growth or roots.
 
===Caladium drooping===
 
Caladium is a beautiful plant with astonishing leaves. They preferred a moderate shady place with indirect sunlight, high humidity, and a well-structured watering schedule.
 
Caladium is a tropical plant native to Brazil. It is intolerant to low temperature or prolonged absence of water. It is essential to note that after a while without water Caladium leaves will go dormant and droop.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Craft|first=King|date=4 October 2021|title=Why Is My Caladium Drooping (How to Fix Drooping)?|url=https://homecrafttips.com/why-is-my-caladium-drooping.html|access-date=4 October 2021|website=HomeCraftTips|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Caladium white1.JPG|Caladium with white leaf withand green veins at Courtallam
Image:Caladium bicolor 'Florida Sweetheart' Plant 2220px.jpg|Plant canopy (''Caladium bicolor '' 'Florida Sweetheart')
Image:Caladium bicolor 'Florida Sweetheart' Leaf 2000px.jpg|Leaf closeup (''Caladium bicolor '' 'Florida Sweetheart')
Line 70 ⟶ 85:
 
==References==
{{reflistReflist}}
 
==External links==
*[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005919-2 ''Caladium''] on [[Plants of the World Online]]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Araceae/Caladium/ Caladium] on theplantlist.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050905031519/http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~presslar/greenhouse/caladium/xhortulanum/ufces-1060.pdf Brochure on cultivation from the University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service] ([[PDF]] file)
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1521382}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:AroideaeCaladium| ]]
[[Category:Araceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Étienne Pierre Ventenat]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladium"