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{{short description|Recording of information in a storage medium}}
{{about|all forms of data storage|data storage on computers in particular|computer data storage}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2018}}
[[File:RNA-comparedto-DNA thymineAndUracilCorrected.png|thumb|upright|[[DNA]] and [[RNA]] can be considered as biological storage mediums.<ref name="rna">{{cite journal|title=The RNA World|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|first=Walter|last=Gilbert|author-link=Walter Gilbert|date=Feb 1986|pages=618|volume=319|doi=10.1038/319618a0|issue=6055|bibcode=1986Natur.319..618G|s2cid=8026658|doi-access=free}}</ref>]][[File:PersonalStorageDevices.agr.jpg|thumb|Various electronic storage devices]]▼
[[File:EdisonPhonograph.jpg|thumb|Edison cylinder phonograph {{Circa|1899}}. The [[phonograph cylinder]] is a storage medium. The phonograph may be considered a storage device especially as machines of this vintage were able to record on blank cylinders.]]
[[File:Reel-to-reel recorder tc-630.jpg|thumb|On a [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|reel-to-reel tape recorder]] (Sony TC-630), the recorder is data storage equipment and the [[magnetic tape]] is a data storage medium.]]
[[File:PersonalStorageDevices.agr.jpg|thumb|Various electronic storage devices]]
▲[[File:RNA-comparedto-DNA thymineAndUracilCorrected.png|thumb|upright|[[DNA]] and [[RNA]] can be considered as biological storage
{{Memory types}}
'''Data storage''' is the recording (storing) of [[information]] ([[data]]) in a '''storage medium'''. Handwriting, [[Phonograph record|phonographic]] recording, [[magnetic tape]], and [[optical disc]]s are all examples of storage media. Biological molecules such as [[RNA]] and [[DNA]] are considered by some as data storage.<ref name="rna"> </ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DNA seen through the eyes of a coder|first=Bert|last=Hubert|url=https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/amazing-dna/|date=9 January 2021|accessdate=12 September 2022}}</ref> Recording may be accomplished with virtually any form of [[energy]]. Electronic data storage requires electrical power to store and retrieve data.
Data storage in a digital, machine-readable medium is sometimes called ''digital data''. Computer data storage is one of the core functions of a [[general-purpose computer]]. [[Electronic document]]s can be stored in much less space than paper [[document]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seas.gwu.edu/~shmuel/WORK/Differences/Chapter%203%20-%20Sources.pdf
==Recording media==<!--Recording medium, record medium and others redirect here-->
A recording medium is a physical material that holds information. Newly created information is distributed and can be stored in four storage media–print, film, magnetic, and optical–and seen or heard in four information flows–telephone, radio and TV, and the Internet<ref name="Berk2003">{{cite web
|url=http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info-2003/
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208212331/http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info-2003/printable_report.pdf
|archive-date=December 8, 2017
|title=HOW MUCH INFORMATION 2003?
|last1=Lyman |first1=Peter
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==Global capacity, digitization, and trends==
A 2003 [[UC Berkeley]] report estimated that about five [[exabyte]]s of new information were produced in 2002 and that 92% of this data was stored on hard disk drives. This was about twice the data produced in 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amount of new information doubled in last three years, UC Berkeley study finds|first=Kathleen|last=Maclay|date=28 October 2003|url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/10/28_information.shtml |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref> The amount of data transmitted over telecommunication systems in 2002 was nearly 18 exabytes—three and a half times more than was recorded on non-volatile storage. Telephone calls constituted 98% of the telecommunicated information in 2002. The researchers' highest estimate for the growth rate of newly stored information (uncompressed) was more than 30% per year.
A 2011 [[Science (journal)]] article estimated that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage: an age in which more information is stored on digital storage devices than on analog storage devices.<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">{{cite journal|last1=Hilbert|first1=Martin|last2=López|first2=Priscila|year=2011|title=The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=332|issue=6025|pages=60–65|bibcode=2011Sci...332...60H|doi=10.1126/science.1200970|pmid=21310967|s2cid=206531385|url=http://www.martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html/}}</ref> In 1986, approximately 1% of the world's capacity to store information was in digital format; this grew to 3% by 1993, to 25% by 2000, and to 97% by 2007. These figures correspond to less than three [[Data compression|compressed]] [[exabytes]] in 1986, and 295 compressed exabytes in 2007.<ref name="HilbertLopez2011"/> The quantity of digital storage doubled roughly every three years.<ref name="Hilbertvideo2011">{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Hilbert|url=http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0|title=Video animation on The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010|date=15 June 2011| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072720/http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0|archivedate=2012-01-18}}</ref>▼
In a more limited study, the [[International Data Corporation]] estimated that the total amount of digital data in 2007 was 281 exabytes, and that the total amount of digital data produced exceeded the global storage capacity for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|first=Adam|last=Theirer|title=IDC's "Diverse & Exploding Digital Universe" report|date=14 March 2008|url=https://techliberation.com/2008/03/14/idcs-diverse-exploding-digital-universe-report/|access-date=2008-03-14}}</ref>
▲A 2011 ''[[Science (journal)|Science Magazine]]'' article estimated that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage: an age in which more information is stored on digital storage devices than on analog storage devices.<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">{{cite journal|last1=Hilbert|first1=Martin|last2=López|first2=Priscila|year=2011|title=The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=332|issue=6025|pages=60–65|bibcode=2011Sci...332...60H|doi=10.1126/science.1200970|pmid=21310967|s2cid=206531385|url=http://www.martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html/|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1986, approximately 1% of the world's capacity to store information was in digital format; this grew to 3% by 1993, to 25% by 2000, and to 97% by 2007. These figures correspond to less than three
{{as of|2023|alt=It is estimated that around 120 zettabytes of data will be generated in 2023}}, an increase of 60x from 2010, and that it will increase to 181 zettabytes generated in 2025.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://explodingtopics.com/blog/data-generated-per-day
|title=Amount of Data Created Daily (2023) |last=Duarte |first=Fabio |date=April 3, 2023 |access-date=August 28, 2023}}</ref>
==See also==
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* [[Digital preservation]]
* [[Digital Revolution]]
* [[Disaggregated storage]]
* [[Distributed block storage]]
* [[Disk drive performance characteristics]]
* [[Disk storage]]
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* [[Format war]]
* [[Flip-flop (electronics)]]
* [[Fuzzy bit]]
* [[Information Age]]
* [[IOPS]]
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