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{{Short description|
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{{Human growth and development}}A '''toddler''' is a child approximately
== Developmental milestones ==
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|colspan=2| [[Respiratory rate]] || 20–40<ref name=ucla/>
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[[File:The First Steps 1893.jpg|left|thumb|Painting from
Toddler development can be broken down into a number of interrelated areas.<ref>Barker, Robin (2001) The Mighty Toddler: The essential guide to the toddler years, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, p19.</ref> There is reasonable consensus about what these areas may include:
▲[[File:The First Steps 1893.jpg|left|thumb|Painting from 1893 of an infant learning to walk, taking their first independent steps (typically in the months after their first birthday) is often seen as one of the major milestones in the early years of a child's life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewsley|first=Joanne|date=February 2019|title=Developmental milestones: walking|url=https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a6507/developmental-milestones-walking|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
* '''Physical''': growth or an increase in size.
* '''Gross motor''': the control of large muscles which enable walking, running, jumping and climbing.
* '''Fine motor''': the ability to control small muscles; enabling the toddler to feed themselves, draw and manipulate objects.
* '''Vision''': the ability to see near and far and interpret what is seen.
* '''Hearing and [[speech]]''': the ability to hear and receive information and listen ([[interpret]]), and the ability to understand and learn language and use it to communicate effectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=age-appropriate-speech-and-language-milestones-90-P02170 |title=Age-Appropriate Speech and Language Milestones |publisher=Stanford
* '''Social''': the ability to interact with the world through playing with others, taking turns and fantasy play.
Although it is useful to chart defined periods of development, it is also necessary to recognize that development exists on a continuum, with considerable individual differences between children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fischer KW, Silvern L |title=Stages and Individual Differences in Cognitive Development |journal=[[Annual Review of Psychology]] |date= February 1985 |volume=36 |pages=613–648 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.36.020185.003145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nordicnaturals.com/healthy-science/understanding-your-childs-developmental-milestones/ |title=Your Child's Developmental Milestones: Why it's 'Normal' to be Different | vauthors = Jaeger G |date=20 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> There is a wide range of what may be considered 'normal' development. However, according to experts, there are specific milestones that should be achieved by certain ages and stages in life in order to properly grow and develop.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.goldlearners.com/your-toddler| publisher = Gold Learners | title = Toddler growth | language = en}}</ref>
Below follows a rough breakdown of the kinds of skills and attributes which young children can be expected to have developed by different points during the toddler period. Citations for the information given are provided here.<ref>Feigelman S. The first year. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chapter 8 quoted in [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002005.htm Developmental milestones record - 12 months] MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia</ref>
{| class="wikitable
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!Aspects
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!18 months old
!Two years old
!Two and a half years old
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|Physical and motor
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* Height: about 80–82 cm
* Teeth: 12 temporary
*Gross motor skills are quite well refined, can walk up and down stairs on both feet with one step at a time while holding on to a rail
* Builds tower of five cubes
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* Helps undress self and put on simple clothes
* Shows sign of increased autonomy and individuality
* Does not share possessions—everything "mine" as in the "Toddler's Creed"
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* Begins to see self as separate individual; may still see other children as "objects"
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===Early milestones and intelligence===
{{See also|Intelligence quotient#Interventions}}
It
[[File:Simple plastic potty.jpg|thumb|A simply designed potty, a place for young children who are first learning how to use the toilet to relieve themselves.]]{{Main|Toilet training}}▼
▲===[[Toilet training]]===
▲[[File:Simple plastic potty.jpg|thumb|A simply designed potty, a place for young children who are first learning how to use toilet to relieve themselves.]]
# Readiness: The Azrin and Foxx method of toilet training introduced the first set of objective criteria for determining whether a child is prepared to begin toilet training. The child should be physiologically and psychologically capable. Physiologic preparedness describes the ability of the child to perform tasks necessary for toilet training such as controlling their anal and urethral sphincter, sitting upright, and walking. Psychological readiness describes the child's motivation to become toilet trained and their ability to understand and follow directions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klassen TP, Kiddoo D, Lang ME, Friesen C, Russell K, Spooner C, Vandermeer B | title = The effectiveness of different methods of toilet training for bowel and bladder control | journal = Evidence Report/Technology Assessment | issue = 147 | pages = 1–57 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17764212 | pmc = 4781561 }}</ref>
# Process training
# Parental response.
== Squatting ==
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==Language==
Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware. A toddler's first [[word]] often occurs around 12 months, but
If I give it to you and change my mind later, it's mine.
If I can take it away from you, it's mine.
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If it looks like mine, it's mine."
:Poem about the social lives of young children written by Burton L. White in his ''Raising a Happy, Unspoiled Child''<ref name="Burton L. White 1995"/> </poem>
==Emotions and self-image==
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| caption1 = Children can express positive emotions through smiles and laughter from early on in infancy
| image2 = Crying-girl.jpg
| caption2 = Before and in the early stages of developing verbal communication, children often struggle to communicate negative emotions in ways other than tearfulness.
| caption_align =
}}There are several other important milestones that are achieved in this time period that parents tend not to emphasize as much as walking and talking. Gaining the ability to point at whatever it is the child wants you to see shows huge psychological gains in a toddler. This generally happens before a child's first birthday.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}
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== External links ==
* {{
* {{
* {{Wiktionary inline|toddlerhood}}
{{
{{succession box|title=[[Human development (biology)|Stages of human development]] |before=[[Infant|Infancy]]|after=[[Childhood]] |years=Toddlerhood}}
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{{Humandevelopment}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Childhood]]
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