Toddler: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|ChildPhase 12of tohuman 36growth monthsbetween 1 and 3 years old}}

{{Human growth and development}}A '''toddler''' is a child approximately 121 to 363 monthsyears old, though definitions vary.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=toddler|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/toddler|journal=The Free Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Barker R |year=2001 |title=The Mighty Toddler: The essential guide to the toddler years |publisher=Pan Macmillan Australia |location=Sydney |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Lieberman AF |date=1993 |title=The Emotional Life of the Toddler |publisher=The Free Press |place=New York |page=1}}</ref> The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. The word is derived from "to toddle", which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.verywell.com/what-is-a-toddler-289861 |title=What Is the Definition of a Toddler? | vauthors last= Brown S|first=Stephanie |date=December 19, 2015 |website=verywell.com |publisher=About, Inc. |access-date=November 13, 2016 |archive-date=November 14, 2016 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114003506/https://www.verywell.com/what-is-a-toddler-289861 |quote=The term toddler comes from the way that children first walk, which is at first unsteady and more like a toddle than actual walking.}}</ref>

* '''Hearing and [[speech]]''': the ability to hear and receive information and listen ([[interpret]]), and the ability to understand and learn language and use it to communicate effectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=age-appropriate-speech-and-language-milestones-90-P02170 |title=Age-Appropriate Speech and Language Milestones |publisher=Stanford Children’sChildren's Health |access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref>

Although it is useful to chart defined periods of development, it is also necessary to recognize that development exists on a continuum, with considerable individual differences between children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fischer KW, Silvern L |title=Stages and Individual Differences in Cognitive Development |journal=[[Annual Review of Psychology]] |date= February 1985 |volume=36 |pages=613–648 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.36.020185.003145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nordicnaturals.com/healthy-science/understanding-your-childs-developmental-milestones/ |title=Your Child's Developmental Milestones: Why it's 'Normal' to be Different | vauthors = Jaeger G |date=20 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> There is a wide range of what may be considered 'normal' development. However, according to experts, there are specific milestones that should be achieved by certain ages and stages in life in order to properly grow and develop.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.goldlearners.com/your-toddler| publisher = Gold Learners | title = Toddler growth | language = en}}</ref> However, medicalMedical experts also point out that children develop in their own time and suggest that carers should not worry too much if a child fails to reach all the milestones for their age range. Premature birth or illness during infancy may also slow down a young child's development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Development|url=https://www.nhsggc.org.uk/kids/child-development/|website=KIDS- Child development website associated with [[NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde]]|date=17 December 2017 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

!Two and a half years old

* Does not share possessions—everything "mine" as in the "Toddler's Creed":<ref name="Burton L. White 1995">{{cite book|title=Raising a Happy, Unspoiled Child|vauthors=White BL|date=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster [Fireside Book]|page=161}}</ref>

It was alreadyhas long- been known that markedly late achievingachievement of [[developmental milestones]] is related to [[Intellectual disability|intellectual]] or [[MentalPhysical Retardationdisability|mental retardationphysical]] disabilities. However, it was thought for a long time that within the normalgeneral population no relationship between the age of passing developmental milestones and later intelligence is givenseen. It was found only inmore recentrecently yearsdiscovered that early passing of developmental milestones indicates in general a higher level of intelligence. A study offrom 2007 based on more than 5,000 children born in the United Kingdom in 1946 showed that for every month earlier a child learned to stand, there was a gain of one half of one intelligence quotient point at age 8.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murray GK, Jones PB, Kuh D, Richards M | title = Infant developmental milestones and subsequent cognitive function | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 128–36 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17487877 | pmc = 3465788 | doi = 10.1002/ana.21120 }}</ref> Also a later 2018 study found a relationship between milestone achievement and intelligence in adulthood (in this case, the milestone used was being able to name objects/animals in pictures at less than 18 months, 18-2418–24 months, and later than 24 months).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flensborg-Madsen T, Mortensen EL | title = Developmental milestones during the first three years as precursors of adult intelligence | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 54 | issue = 8 | pages = 1434–1444 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30047773 | doi = 10.1037/dev0000545 | s2cid = 51718533 }}</ref> The IQ of children who were able to form a sentence at less than 24 months of age averaged 107 points, whereas children who were able to form a sentence later than 24 months of age in young adulthood (20-3420–34 years old) had an average IQ of 101.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flensborg-Madsen T, Mortensen EL | title = Associations of Early Developmental Milestones With Adult Intelligence | journal = Child Development | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 638–648 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 28198006 | doi = 10.1111/cdev.12760 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Early passing developmental milestones up and the head circumference up to the age of 3 years explained about 6% of variance in IQ in adulthood. In comparison, parental socioeconomic status and the child's sex explained about 23% of the variance in IQ.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flensborg-Madsen T, Falgreen Eriksen HL, Mortensen EL | title = Early life predictors of intelligence in young adulthood and middle age | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = e0228144 | date = 2020-01-28 | pmid = 31990952 | pmc = 6986721 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0228144 | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1528144F | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, experts advise against rushing children through milestones, as long as they’rethey are reaching them within a normal range.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Milestones, Smarter Child?|date=15 February 2019 |url=https://babysparks.com/2019/02/15/early-milestones-smarter-child/|access-date=2021-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref>

# Process training .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-23|title=The Complete Toilet Learning Guide {{!}} The SOEL Way|url=https://www.soel.wa.edu.au/toilet-learning-guide/|access-date=2020-09-07|website=SOEL|language=en-AU}}</ref>

# Parental response.

Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware. A toddler's first [[word]] often occurs around 12 months, but again this is only an average.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a1050145/your-childs-talking-timeline|title=Child talking timeline|website=babycentre}}</ref> The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly. He or she may learn as many as 7–9 new words a day. Around this time, toddlers generally know about 50 words. At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary, such as "I go", "mama give", and "baby play".{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} Before going to sleep they often engage in a [[monologue]] called [[crib talk]] in which they practice conversational skills. At this age, children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion.<poem>"If I want it, it's mine.

| caption2 = Before and in the early stages of developing verbal communication, children often struggle to communicate negative emotions in ways other than tearfulness.

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* {{commonsWiktionary category-inline|Toddlerstoddler}}

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