USS Orizaba: Difference between revisions

<noinclude>{{pp-move|small=yes}}</noinclude>{{other ships|SS Orizaba|Brazilian ship Duque de Caxias}}

|Ship builder=*[[William Cramp & Sons]], [[Philadelphia]]

|Ship launched=26 February 1917 as ''Orizaba''

|Ship flag=[[File:WardHouse LineFlag flagof New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company.svg|50px]]

|Ship identification=[[Maritime call sign|Call sign]]: NUBY<ref>Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, ''U.S. Navy radio call sign book'', pp. 17–28</ref>

|Ship depth={{convert|15|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on}}

|Ship power=4 [[steam turbine]]s

|Ship propulsion=2 [[steamscrew turbine]]s<ref name=TSWW2 />propellers

|Ship capacity={{convert|35455|cuft}},<ref name=TSWW2 /> of which {{convert|13107|cuft}} refrigerated

|Ship armament=*'''World War I:'''<ref name=navsrc>{{cite web | first = Gary P. | last = Priolo | url = http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/22/22024.htm | title = ID-1536 / AP-24 Orizaba | work = NavSource Online | publisher = NavSource Naval History | date = 9 June 2006 |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 }}</ref>

'''USS ''Orizaba'' (ID-1536/AP-24)''' was a [[transport ship]] for the [[United States Navy]] in both [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. She was the sister ship of {{USS|Siboney|ID-2999|2}} but the two were not part of a [[ship class]]. In her varied career, she was also known as '''USAT ''Orizaba''''' in service for the [[United States Army]], and as '''SS ''Orizaba''''' in interwar civilian service for the [[Ward Line]], and as '''''Duque de Caxias'' (U-11)''' as an auxiliary in the [[Brazilian Navy]] after World War II.

''Orizaba'' made&nbsp;15 [[transatlantic crossing|transatlantic voyages]] for the navy carrying troops to and from Europe in World War I with the second-shortest average in-port turnaround time of all navy transports. The ship was turned over to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] in 1919&nbsp;for use as army transport USAT ''Orizaba''. After her service in World War I service ended, ''Orizaba'' reverted to the Ward Line, her previous owners. The ship was briefly engaged in transatlantic service to Spain and then engaged in New York–Cuba–Mexico service until 1939, when the ship was chartered to [[United States Lines]]. While ''Orizaba'' was in her Ward Line service, American poet [[Hart Crane]] leapt to his death from the rear deck of the liner off Florida in April 1932.

In World War II the ship was requisitioned by the [[War Shipping Administration]] and again assigned to the War Department as USAT ''Orizaba''. After completing one voyage as an Army transport, the ship was transferred to the USU.S. Navy, where she was re-commissioned as USS ''Orizaba'' (AP-24). The ship made several transatlantic runs, was damaged in an air attack in the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]], and made trips to South America. The transport also served in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theatre]], making several transpacific voyages, and one to the [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutians]].

''Orizaba''—named after the town of [[Orizaba, Veracruz]], Mexico—was laid down for the [[Ward Line]] by [[William Cramp & Sons|William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company]] of [[Philadelphia]] and launched in February 1917.<ref name=DANFS-Orizaba /> In mid-1917 the [[United States Shipping Board]] (USSB) commandeered and received title to all private shipbuilding projects in progress, including the still-incomplete ''Orizaba'' and her sister ship ''Siboney''. Plans for both ships were modified for troop-carrying duties.<ref>Crowell and Wilson, p. 321.</ref> Upon ''Orizaba''’s{{'s}} completion, the USSB delivered her to the US Navy for transport duty on 11 April 1918, and she was commissioned as USS ''Orizaba'' (ID-1536) on 27 May.<ref name=DANFS-Orizaba>{{cite DANFS | title = Orizaba | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/o/orizaba-sp-1536.html | short = yes }}</ref>

[[ImageFile:Orizaba-under-construction.jpg|thumb|180px|left|''Orizaba'' under construction at [[William Cramp & Sons]] in [[Philadelphia]], c. 1917]]

Assigned to the Atlantic Transport Service, ''Orizaba'' carried over 15,000&nbsp;troops in six convoy trips to France before the end of [[World War I]].<ref name=DANFS-Orizaba /> In one such voyage, ''Orizaba''’s{{'s}} [[executive officer]], ordnance expert [[William Price Williamson]], worked closely with [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] Richard Drace White—''Orizaba''’s{{'s}} commanding officer, himself an ordnance expert—to develop a workable [[depth charge]] launcher which would provide the transport with a measure of protection from enemy submarines. Williamson set about modifying a [[Lyle gun]] into a depth charge launcher, and successfully tested it on 16 August 1918. While attempting another test with an increased propellant charge the following day, a defective fuse exploded the depth charge prematurely, killing Williamson and three other sailors. White, four other officers, and twenty-two enlisted men were also wounded in the blast.<ref name=DANFS-williamson>{{cite DANFS | short = yes | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w9/williamson.htm | title = Williamson | work = [[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]] | publisher = United States Navy | access-date =21 | accessdate =January 2008-01-21 }}</ref><ref name=Gleaves172ff>Gleaves, pp. 172–173.</ref>

In December 1918, she was temporarily assigned to assist the French government in repatriating French, [[Belgian people|Belgian]], and Italian prisoners of war. Detached from that duty on 10 January 1919, she joined the [[Cruiser and Transport Force]] at [[Brest, France|Brest]], and in nine voyages returned over 31,700&nbsp;troops to the United States. After the completion of transport duty service in the summer of 1919, she was decommissioned on 4 September and subsequently turned over to the [[United States Army|Army]] for further transport service as USAT ''Orizaba''. The boat served in that capacity until returned to the Ward Line in 1920.<ref name=DANFS-Orizaba />

According to the Statistical Department of the US Navy, ''Orizaba'' had the second-shortest average in-port turnaround time out of 37 US Navy transports used in World War I. The ship completed 15 round trips with an average turn-around time of just over 30&nbsp;days per trip, while the overall Navy average was 39.8&nbsp;days.<ref name=Stats>{{cite web | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h82000/h82951.jpg | format = image file | title = The Original U.S. Troop Transports | date = 16 August 1919 | author = United States Navy, Statistical Department |access-date=21 accessdate =January 2008-01-21 | deadurl url-status= yesdead | archiveurl archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070206015056/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h82000/h82951.jpg | archivedate archive-date= 6 February 2007 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

After both''Orizaba'' and ''Siboney'' were reacquired by the [[Ward Line]], ''Orizaba'' was registered as a merchant vessel. Her [[port of registry]] was [[New York City|New York]], and United States Official Number 216294 and [[Code Letters]] LJKM were allocated to her.<ref name=Orizaba33/> ''Orizaba'' and ''Siboney'' were placed in transatlantic service on New York–Cuba–Spain routes in 1920, with ''Orizaba'' calling at [[A Coruña|Corunna]], [[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]], and [[Bilbao]] in Spain. The two ships accommodated 306&nbsp;first-class, 60&nbsp;second-class, and 64&nbsp;third-class passengers, with each ship making several trips on the route, but a lack of passengers (along with the grounding of ''Siboney'' at [[Vigo]] in September 1920)<ref>{{cite news | url = httphttps://querytimesmachine.nytimes.com/memtimesmachine/archive-free1920/09/11/98589689.pdf?_r=1&res=950DE1D61E3CEE3ABC4952DFBF66838B639EDE | format = pdf | title = Siboney aground at Vigo. | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 11 September 1920 |access-date=19 accessdate =January 2008-01-19 | page = 10 }}</ref> led to the abandonment of the route.<ref name=Flayhart>Flayhart, p. 292.</ref>

By October 1921, ''Orizaba'' was placed in New York–Cuba–Mexico service, where business thrived, in part because of [[Prohibition in the United States]]. Ward Line cruises to Havana were one of the quickest and least expensive ways to what one author called "alcohol-enriched vacations".<ref name=Flayhart /> Three years later, the ship underwent a major refit that, among other things, lengthened her funnels.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wardline.com/albums/album_image/4557875/1359631.htm | title = S.S. Orizaba of 1917 | first = Michael | last = Alderson | publisher = Wardline.com |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 | deadurl url-status= yesdead | archiveurl archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071019090640/http://www.wardline.com/albums/album_image/4557875/1359631.htm | archivedate archive-date= 19 October 2007 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> A typical voyage at this time sailed from New York and called at [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], Havana, [[Progreso, Yucatán|Progreso]], [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]] and [[Tampico, Tamaulipas|Tampico]].<ref name=1921WardLine>{{cite web | title = Proposed sailings for November & December 1921 and January 1922 | publisher = [[Ward Line|New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company]] | date = 21 October 1921 | url = http://www.timetableimages.com/maritime/images/cml.htm | format = scan and summary of timetable at [http://www.timetableimages.com/maritime/index.htm |via=Maritime Timetable Images] |access-date=21 accessdate =January 2008-01-21 }}</ref>

By the early 1930s, ''Orizaba''’s{{'s}} typical route had remained virtually the same, though Nassau and Tampico were dropped as ports of call.<ref name=1933WardLine>{{cite web | title = Proposed sailings and passenger fares | publisher = [[Ward Line|New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company]] | date = 1 June 1933 | url = http://www.timetableimages.com/maritime/images/cml.htm | format = scan and summary of timetable at [http://www.timetableimages.com/maritime/index.htm |via=Maritime Timetable Images] |access-date=21 accessdate =January 2008-01-21 }}</ref> It was in this period that American poet [[Hart Crane]] leapt to his death from ''Orizaba''. At around noon on 27 April 1932, while the ship was headed to New York—some {{convert|275|mi}} north of Havana and {{convert|10|mi}} off the Florida coast—Crane, clad in pajamas and overcoat, climbed the rail at the stern of the ship and plunged into the ocean. The captain of ''Orizaba'' immediately stopped the ship and launched four lifeboats that searched in vain for two hours, but no trace of the poet was ever found. Before he jumped, Crane had been drinking and, the night before, had been the victim of violence after aan unwanted pick-up attempt of a crewman ended with a severe beating.<ref name=BrokenTower>Mariani, pp. 418–421.</ref>

[[ImageFile:Katharine Hepburn promopublicity picphotograph.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Katharine Hepburn]], seen here in 1941, sailed on ''Orizaba'' to get a Mexican divorce in 1934.]]

In 1934, ''Orizaba'' was allocated the Code Letters WECX.<ref name=Orizaba34>{{cite journal |url=http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=34b0634.pdf |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers and Motorships |journal=Lloyd's Register |year=1934 |publisher=Lloyd's of London |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221553/http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=34b0634.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 1934, American actress [[Katharine Hepburn]] sailed from New York on ''Orizaba'', eventually ending up in [[Mérida, Yucatán]]. After her arrival there on 22 April, she filed for divorce from businessman [[Ludlow Ogden Smith|Ludlow ("Luddy") Ogden Smith]], whom she had married in December 1928. After the divorce was finalized she and her travel companion, Laura Harding, planned to spend a week in Havana and return to New York on the Ward Line ship {{SS|Morro Castle|1930|2}}.<ref>{{cite news | last = Menendez | first = Carlos R | title = Katharine Hepburn in Yucatan awaiting action on divorce suit | work = [[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|The Atlanta Constitution]] | date = 2 May 1934 | page = 19 }}</ref> Other notable passengers on ''Orizaba'' in the 1930s included Ecuadorean diplomat [[Gonzalo Zaldumbide]] and Cuban president [[Fulgencio Batista]]. Zaldumbide, the Ecuadorean [[Minister (diplomacy)|Minister]] to the United States, sailed to Mexico for his new posting as Minister to Mexico in August 1932.<ref>{{cite news | title = Envoys plan leaving city on vacations | work newspaper= [[The Washington Post]] | date = 31 July 1932 | page = S1 }}</ref> In February 1939, ''Orizaba'' carried Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista back to Havana after a two-week goodwill visit to Mexico.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C12F73A5B177A93C5A81789D85F4D8385F9&scp=17&sq=Orizaba | format = fee | title = Cuban reception to Batista mixed | first = R. Hart | last = Phillips | work = The New York Times | date = 17 February 1939 |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 | page = 11 }}</ref>

Beginning in the mid-1930s, ''Orizaba'' often carried gold and silver bars from Veracruz to New York for the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]], [[Chase National Bank]], or for later transshipment to London. In October 1933 three [[short ton]]s (2.7&nbsp;[[tonne]]s) of gold bars and coins were shipped on ''Orizaba'' for eventual delivery to London, prompting some to believe that gold was being smuggled into Mexico to take advantage of its policy of not charging [[Duty (economics)|duties]] on gold.<ref>{{cite news | title = Mexico gold smuggling suspected under embargo | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 28 October 1933 | page = 2 }}<!-- composition, duties, smuggling--></ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Mexican gold to London | work = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | date = 30 October 1933 | page = 4 }}<!-- eventual destination --></ref> In July 1934 ''Orizaba'' brought in 16&nbsp;cases of Mexican gold, and in January 1935, 20&nbsp;cases; in both instances, for delivery to Chase National Bank.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gold arrival | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 11 July 1934 | page = 4 }}</ref><ref name=WSJ-1935-01-29>{{cite news | title = Gold and silver from Mexico | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 29 January 1935 | page = 8 }}</ref> Twice in 1935, the Ward liner delivered over 1,000&nbsp;bars of silver for the Federal Reserve Bank, bringing 1,390&nbsp;bars in March, and 1,933&nbsp;bars in July.<ref>{{cite news | title = Silver from Mexico | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 12 March 1935 | page = 8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Silver from Mexico | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 17 July 1935 | page = 15 }}</ref> Mexico was not the only place from which ''Orizaba'' delivered precious metals. In March 1934, she delivered 12&nbsp;cases of gold—consisting of 84 bars, and worth $1,624,000—from Havana for Chase.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gold from Cuba | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 22 March 1934 | page = 7 }}</ref>

In mid-1939, ''Orizaba'' was chartered to [[United States Lines]] as one of five ships added to increase what was perceived as a slow rate of return of US citizens fleeing war-torn Europe.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A12FA3F5514758DDDA10A94D1405B898FF1D3 | format = fee | title = U.S. refugee ships are for Americans | work = The New York Times | date = 28 September 1939 |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 | page = 7 }}</ref> In September, the ship was diverted to [[Galway]] to pick up American survivors of {{SS|Athenia|1922|6}}, torpedoed by [[German submarine U-30 (1936)|''U-30'']] on 3 September; ''Orizaba'' returned with 240 of the survivors later that month.<ref name=NYT-10to20>{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B1EF63E5C107A93C3A91783D85F428485F9 | format = fee | title = 10 to 20 die in fire on ship off Brazil | work = The New York Times | date = 1 August 1947 |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 | page = 13 }}</ref> After completing evacuation service, the ship was laid up in New York in the summer of 1940, and subsequently purchased by the [[United States Maritime Commission|Maritime Commission]] on behalf of the Army on 27 February 1941.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70C10FD3859167B93C5AB1789D85F458485F9 | format = fee | title = Army gets Orizaba for a troop ship | work = The New York Times | date = 27 February 1941 |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 | page = 4 }}</ref>

== Pre World War II ==

On 5 July she left Oran in [[Task Force|Task Force (TF)]]&nbsp;81. The next day, she rendezvoused with TF&nbsp;85 and on 9 July stood off [[Gela]], Sicily, disembarking troops into landing craft. On 11 July, she sustained slight damage in an enemy air attack and retired to Algeria the next day with casualties and prisoners on board the next day. She returned to Sicily at the end of the month to discharge troops and cargo at [[Palermo]] and then, on the night of 1 August, weighed anchor and stood out for home.<ref name=DANFS-Orizaba />

From Ulithi, ''Orizaba'' sailed east, passed through the Panama Canal again, and, as the battle for Okinawa raged, arrived at [[Tampa, Florida]]. DecommissioningDecommissioned on 23 April, she underwent an overhaul and on 16 July 1945 she was transferred to Brazil under the terms of Lend-Lease. The ship was permanently transferred to Brazil in June 1953 and struck from the US [[Naval Vessel Register]] on 20 July of that same year. ''Orizaba'' received one [[battle star]] for her US Navy service in World War II.<ref name=DANFS-Orizaba />

[[ImageFile:Duque de Caxias.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Duque de Caxias'' (U-11) in port, c. 1950s]]

Assuming control of the vessel at Tampa on 16 July 1945, the [[Brazilian Navy]] renamed the veteran transport ''Duque de Caxias'' (U-11), the second ship of that navy named in honor of [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias]], the patron of the [[Brazilian Army]].<ref name=duque>{{cite web | url = http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/D/D068/D068.htm | title = NTr/NE/NAux Duque de Caxias – U 11 | language = Portuguesept | work = Navios de Guerra Brasileiros (1822–Hoje) | publisher = Poder Naval |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 |archiveurl archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080330210308/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/D/D068/D068.htm |archivedate archive-date= 30 March 2008 |deadurlurl-status=yesdead}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=pt&u=http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/D/D068/D068.htm Google translation] into English.)</ref>

''Duque de Caxias'' headed to [[Naples]] and on 28 August 1945 left there with elements of the returning [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]]. The ship arrived at [[Rio de Janeiro]] for the first time on 17 September 1945.<ref name=duque /> The ship then loaded American military stores from US bases in Brazil and sailed for New York, arriving on 10 November 1945, with plans to repatriate wounded Brazilian soldiers who had been recuperating in the US.<ref name=NYT-braziltransport>{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F16FE3D5B1B7A93C3A8178AD95F418485F9 | format = fee | title = Brazil transport, old Orizaba, here | work = The New York Times | date = 11 November 1945 |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 | page = 20 }}</ref>

On 31 July 1947, a day after sailing from Rio de Janeiro for Europe, oil spilled on the ship’sship's boilers, causing an engine-room fire that quickly spread through the first class cabins and killed 27. The ship was towed from its position off [[Cabo Frio]] into Rio de Janeiro on 1 August 1947. The ship had been carrying 1,060 passengers bound for [[Lisbon]], Naples, and [[Marseille]], along with 500 crew members, and had been scheduled to carry Italian refugees on its return voyage.<ref name=NYT-10to20 /><ref name=NYT-shipfire>{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50E13F73E5C107A93C0A91783D85F428485F9 | format = fee | title = Ship fire toll now is 27 | work = The New York Times | date = 2 August 1946 |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 | page = 5 }}</ref>

In 1953, ''Duque de Caxias'' was converted into a [[training ship]], and in August of that year began a European and Mediterranean training cruise, which included a 12-day visit to New York in March 1954 as part of its homeward leg.<ref name=NYT-Skipper>{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70617FE3C5C177B93C3A91788D85F408585F9 | format = fee | title = Skipper of Brazilian Training Ship Is Greeted Here | work = The New York Times | date = 1 March 1954 | accessdate access-date=22 January 2008-01-22 | page = 39 }}</ref> The ship visited the United States again in December 1955, with [[midshipman|midshipmen]] aboard who were touring the [[United States Naval Academy]] and who were honored at a cocktail party by the Brazilian Ambassador, JoaoJoão Carlos Muniz, at the Brazilian Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news | title = Dinner parties on embassy row | work newspaper= [[The Washington Post|The Washington Post and Times-Herald]] | date = 15 December 1955 | page = 73 }}</ref> In October the following year, ''Duque de Caxias'' called at Philadelphia, and the new Brazilian Ambassador [[Ernani do Amaral Peixoto]]—also an Admiral in the Brazilian Navy—and his wife sponsored a tea dance in honor of Captain Antonio Andrade, other officers of the ship, and the midshipmen aboard the ship; Peixoto had traveled to Philadelphia to greet Andrade, a former [[naval attaché]] at the embassy.<ref>{{cite news | last = McNair | first = Marie | title = Fechtelers plan 'anchorage' here | work = The Washington Post and Times-Herald | date = 26 October 1956 | page = D2 }}</ref> The ship was [[Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] 13 April 1959, and finally scrapped in 1963. It was the last surviving member of the older Ward Line to survive above water.<ref name=duque />

* {{cite book | last = Charles | first = Roland W. | title = Troopships of World War II | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | publisher = Army Transportation Association |date=April 1947 | oclc = 1871625 }}

* {{cite book | last = Crowell | first = Benedict | authorlink author-link= Benedict Crowell |author2=Robert Forrest Wilson | title = The Road to France I: The Transportation of Troops and Military Supplies, 1917–1918 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vwBNAAAAMAAJ | format=pdf | location = [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] | publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | year = 1921 | oclc = 287391 |access-date=10 accessdate =April 2008-04-10 | series = How America Went To War }}

* {{cite book | last = Flayhart | first = William H. | title = Disaster at Sea: Shipwrecks, Storms, and Collisions on the Atlantic | location = New York | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Co.]] | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-393-32651-2 | oclc = 56913373 }}

* {{cite book | last = Mariani | first = Paul L. | authorlink author-link= Paul L. Mariani | title = The Broken Tower: A Life of Hart Crane | location = New York | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Co.]] | year = 1999 | edition = 1st | isbn = 978-0-393-04726-4 | oclc=39890371 |url-access=registration 39890371|url=https://archive.org/details/brokentowerlife00mari }}

* {{cite DANFS |author=Naval Historical Center |author -link= [[Naval Historical Center]] | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/o/orizaba-sp-1536.html | title = Orizaba |access-date=22 accessdate =January 2008-01-22 }}

* {{cite DANFS |author=Naval authorHistorical Center |author-link= [[Naval Historical Center]] | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w9/williamson.htm | title = Williamson |access-date=21 accessdate =January 2008-01-21 }}

* {{cite book | title = U.S. Navy radio call sign book | author = Office of the Chief of Naval Operations | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/CallSigns/index.html | chapter = Ships' names (U.S. Navy) | chapterurl chapter-url= http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/CallSigns/CallSigns-17.html | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | publisher = [[United States Department of the Navy|Navy Department]]. [[Chief of Naval Operations|Office of the Chief of Naval Operations]] | date = 22 April 1944 | oclc = 85776444 |access-date=22 accessdate =April 2008-04-22 }}

[[Category:Ships built inby PhiladelphiaWilliam Cramp & Sons]]