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| image_alt = Asexual (A: sporangia, B: zoospores, C: chlamydospores) and sexual (D: oospores) reproductive structures of Phytophthora infestans (Peronosporales)
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Oomycetes
| authority = [[Heinrich Georg Winter|Winter]], 1880<ref>Winter, G. ''[[Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst#woks|Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora]]'', 2nd ed., vol. 1, part 1, [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=987&Pagina=39 p. 32] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014755/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=987&Pagina=39 |date=2014-12-13 }}, 1880 [1879].</ref>
| synonyms =
* Oomycota <small>Arx, 1967</small>
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The '''Oomycetes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|oʊ|.|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|s|iː|t|s}}),<ref>{{cite Collins Dictionary|oomycete|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> or '''Oomycota''', form a distinct [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] lineage of [[fungus]]-like [[eukaryotic]] [[microorganism]]s within the [[Stramenopiles]]. They are [[mycelia|filamentous]] and [[heterotrophic]], and can reproduce both [[Sexual reproduction|sexually]] and [[Asexual reproduction|asexually]]. Sexual reproduction of an [[oospore]] is the result of contact between [[hyphae]] of male [[antheridia]] and female [[oogonia]]; these spores can overwinter and are known as resting spores.<ref name="Agrios-2005">{{Cite book|title=Plant Pathology|last=Agrios|first=George|publisher=Academic Press |edition=5 |isbn=978-0120445653 }}</ref>{{rp|409}} Asexual reproduction involves the formation of [[chlamydospores]] and [[Sporangium|sporangia]], producing [[motile]] [[Zoospore|zoospores]].<ref name="Agrios-2005" /> Oomycetes occupy both [[saprophytic]] and [[pathogenic]] lifestyles, and include some of the most notorious pathogens of plants, causing devastating diseases such as [[late blight of potato]] and [[sudden oak death]]. One oomycete, the [[Mycoparasitism|mycoparasite]] ''[[Pythium oligandrum]]'', is used for [[biocontrol]], attacking plant pathogenic fungi.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1128/AEM.02643-08|pmid=19447961|title=Influence of Pythium oligandrum Biocontrol on Fungal and Oomycete Population Dynamics in the Rhizosphere|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=75|issue=14|pages=4790–800|year=2009|last1=Vallance|first1=J.|last2=Le Floch|first2=G.|last3=Deniel|first3=F.|last4=Barbier|first4=G.|last5=Levesque|first5=C. A.|last6=Rey|first6=P.|pmc=2708430|bibcode=2009ApEnM..75.4790V}}</ref> The oomycetes are also often referred to as '''water molds''' (or '''water moulds'''), although the water-preferring nature which led to that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens.
Oomycetes were originally grouped with [[fungi]] due to similarities in morphology and lifestyle. However, molecular and phylogenetic studies revealed significant differences between fungi and oomycetes which means the latter are now grouped with the [[stramenopiles]] (which include some types of [[algae]]). The Oomycota have a very sparse fossil record; a possible oomycete has been described from [[Cretaceous]] [[amber]].<ref name="urlIntroduction to the Oomycota">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html |title=Introduction to the Oomycota |access-date=2014-07-07 |archive-date=2003-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009134355/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Etymology ==
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== Classification ==
[[File:07 01 filogenia, simplificada, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|thumb|right|Simplified phylogeny.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}]]
[[File:07 07 asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|thumb|right|Asexual structures (sporangia) in [[Saprolegniales]], [[Albuginales]] and [[Peronosporales]]{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}]]
[[File:Oomy1002L.jpg|thumb|right|Sexual structures (only [[oogonia]], antheridia not shown) of ''[[Saprolegnia]]''.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}]]
Previously the group was arranged into six orders.<ref name="books.google.ca"/>
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* The [[Lagenidiales]] are the most primitive; some are filamentous, others unicellular; they are generally parasitic.
However more recently this has been expanded considerably.<ref>{{citation | date=2015| author = Ruggiero| title = Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms | volume=10 |issue=4 | pages = e0119248|journal=PLOS ONE | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 | pmid = 25923521| pmc = 4418965|display-authors=etal| bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1019248R| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{citation
* [[Anisolpidiales]] <small>Dick 2001</small>
** [[Anisolpidiaceae]] <small>Karling 1943</small>
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===Internal===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
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Many oomycetes species are economically important, aggressive algae and [[plant pathology|plant pathogens]].<ref>Agrios, George N. (2005). ''Plant Pathology''. 5th ed. Academic Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CnzbgZgby60C link].</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S | title = Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae | journal = Molecular Plant Pathology | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 1029–1044 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29024322 | pmc = 5772912 | doi = 10.1111/mpp.12580 }}</ref> Some species can [[Fish diseases and parasites|cause disease in fish]], and at least one is a pathogen of mammals. The majority of the plant pathogenic species can be classified into four groups, although more exist.
* The ''[[Phytophthora]]'' group is a [[paraphyletic]] [[genus]] that causes diseases such as [[Phytophthora cinnamomi|dieback]], [[late blight]] in [[potato]]es (the cause of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] of the 1840s that ravaged [[Ireland]] and other parts of Europe),<ref name="urlGenome of Irish potato famine pathogen decoded">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature08358 | pmid = 19741609 | year = 2009 | last1 = Haas | first1 = BJ | last2 = Kamoun | first2 = S | last3 = Zody | first3 = MC | last4 = Jiang | first4 = RH | last5 = Handsaker | first5 = RE | last6 = Cano | first6 = LM | last7 = Grabherr | first7 = M | last8 = Kodira | first8 = CD | last9 = Raffaele | first9 = S | last10 = Torto-Alalibo | first10 = Trudy | last11 = Bozkurt | first11 = Tolga O. | last12 = Ah-Fong | first12 = Audrey M. V. | last13 = Alvarado | first13 = Lucia | last14 = Anderson | first14 = Vicky L. | last15 = Armstrong | first15 = Miles R. | last16 = Avrova | first16 = Anna | last17 = Baxter | first17 = Laura | last18 = Beynon | first18 = Jim | last19 = Boevink | first19 = Petra C. | last20 = Bollmann | first20 = Stephanie R. | last21 = Bos | first21 = Jorunn I. B. | last22 = Bulone | first22 = Vincent | last23 = Cai | first23 = Guohong | last24 = Cakir | first24 = Cahid | last25 = Carrington | first25 = James C. | last26 = Chawner | first26 = Megan | last27 = Conti | first27 = Lucio | last28 = Costanzo | first28 = Stefano | last29 = Ewan | first29 = Richard | last30 = Fahlgren | first30 = Noah | title = Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans | volume = 461 | issue = 7262 | pages = 393–8 | journal = Nature | display-authors = 8 | bibcode = 2009Natur.461..393H | doi-access = free | url = http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/62453/1/WRAP_Jones_nature08358.pdf | access-date = 2024-02-20 | archive-date = 2024-02-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240220232114/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/62453/1/WRAP_Jones_nature08358.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> [[sudden oak death]], [[rhododendron root rot]], and [[Phytophthora cambivora|ink disease]] in the [[Castanea sativa|European chestnut]]<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10658-004-1882-0|pages=169–180|title=Occurrence and distribution of Phytophthora species in European chestnut stands, and their association with Ink Disease and crown decline|journal=European Journal of Plant Pathology|volume=111|issue=2|year=2005|last1=Vettraino|first1=A. M.|last2=Morel|first2=O.|last3=Perlerou|first3=C.|last4=Robin|first4=C.|last5=Diamandis|first5=S.|last6=Vannini|first6=A.|s2cid=2041934}}</ref>
* The [[paraphyletic]] ''[[Pythium]]'' group is more prevalent than ''Phytophthora'' and individual species have larger host ranges, although usually causing less damage. ''Pythium'' [[damping off]] is a very common problem in greenhouses, where the organism kills newly emerged seedlings. Mycoparasitic members of this group (e.g. ''[[Pythium oligandrum|P. oligandrum]]'') parasitize other oomycetes and fungi, and have been employed as biocontrol agents. One ''Pythium'' species, ''Pythium insidiosum'', also causes [[Pythiosis]] in mammals.
* The third group are the [[downy mildew]]s, which are easily identifiable by the appearance of white, brownish or olive "mildew" on the leaf undersides (although this group can be confused with the unrelated fungal [[powdery mildew]]s).
* The fourth group are the [[white blister rusts]], [[Albuginales]], which cause white blister disease on a variety of flowering plants. White blister rusts sporulate beneath the [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermis]] of their hosts, causing spore-filled blisters on stems, leaves and the [[inflorescence]]. The Albuginales are currently divided into three genera, ''[[Albugo]]'' parasitic predominantly to [[Brassicales]], ''[[Pustula (protist)|Pustula]]'', parasitic predominantly to [[Asterales]], and ''[[Wilsoniana]]'', predominantly parasitic to [[Caryophyllales]]. Like the [[downy mildews]], the [[white blister rusts]] are obligate [[biotrophic|biotrophs]], which means that they are unable to survive without the presence of a living host.
== References ==
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{{Chromalveolata}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q21445833|from2=Q223597
[[Category:Water moulds| ]]
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