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The Copenhagen City Heart Study involved 19,698 Copenhagen inhabitants aged 20–100 years in a cardiovascular [[population study]] and concluded that cycling at high or average speed increases [[life expectancy]] of the participants by 5 and 3 years respectively compared to those who cycle at low speed (4 and 2 respectively for women).
<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Peter|last1=Schnohr|first2=Jacob L.|last2=Marott|first3=Jan S.|last3=Jensen|first4=Gorm B.|last4=Jensen|title=Intensity versus duration of cycling, impact on all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study
Since the [[Health system|health care system]] in Denmark is both [[Universal health care|universal]] and tax payer funded, a major driver in the economics of bicycle promotion and investments, comes from savings in the health care system. One study has shown a decrease in [[Mortality rate|mortality]] of 30% among adults who commute by bicycle daily. And the city estimates that for each kilometre cycled society saves 1.21 DKK in the health care system, added up that amounts to approximately DKK 534 million (US$91 million) of savings per year,<ref name="Bicycle Account 2010" /> in addition society gains from increased productivity of a healthier work force.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cameron|first=Scott|title=Biking boosts worker productivity|url=http://blog.sfgate.com/green/2011/08/22/biking-boosts-worker-productivity/|newspaper=SFGate|date=22 August 2011}}</ref> Other savings come from reduced congestion and lower road infrastructure maintenance costs.<ref>{{cite book|title=CBA of Cycling|year=2005|publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers|isbn=92-893-1209-2|pages=8|url=http://www.thepep.org/ClearingHouse/docfiles/CBA%20on%20cycling%20nordic%20council%20report%202005.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100209/http://www.thepep.org/ClearingHouse/docfiles/CBA%20on%20cycling%20nordic%20council%20report%202005.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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[[File:Larry vs Harry Miss Bullitt.jpg|thumb|right|Deep front loading cargo bicycle ''Bullitt'' since 2008 by Larry vs. Harry, Copenhagen (2018)]]
The bicycle culture of Copenhagen brings both direct and derived economic benefits to the city. The city has estimated that every kilometre cycled brings a net gain for society of 1.22 DKK (US$0.21 per mile), compared to a net loss of 0.69 DKK for every
In the private sector there are 289 [[Local bike shop|bicycle shops]] and [[wholesale]] dealers in greater Copenhagen, as well as 20 companies that design and sell bicycles, mainly the city's signature [[cargo bike]]s, such as Christiania Bikes (Boxcycles in the U.S.), [[Nihola]] and [[Larry vs Harry]] (Bullitt) , and luxury bike brands as [[Biomega (bicycles)|Biomega]] and [[Velorbis]]. These firms generate 650 full-time jobs and a total estimated annual [[Revenue|turnover]] of DKK 1.3 billion (US$222 million).<ref name="Bicycle Account 2010" />
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Copenhagen currently offers ''Bycyklen'', a [[bicycle sharing system]] which launched on 1 April 2014 with [[electric bicycle]]s equipped with a GPS routing device. Unlike its predecessor, [[Copenhagen City Bikes]], this system is not free.
While Copenhagen City Bikes was considered one of the first examples of modern bike share systems, it was also of little or no use to commuters, and was mainly seen as serving tourists and casual users since it was primarily designed to prevent bike theft.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bycyklens Historie |url=http://www.bycyklen.dk/dansk/nyhederhistorie/bycyklenshistorie.aspx |publisher=Fonden Bycyklen I København |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427032123/http://www.bycyklen.dk/dansk/nyhederhistorie/bycyklenshistorie.aspx |archive-date=27 April 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> This was set to change with the city's new bike share system opening in 2013, to be designed specifically for commuters, in order to function as a range extender for the public transit system. With that in mind, the cities of Copenhagen and [[Frederiksberg Municipality|Frederiksberg]] appointed the operator of the S-train system, [[DSB (railway company)|DSB]] to both [[Call for bids|tender]] and subsequently run the system.<ref>[http://www.bycyklen.dk/english/thecitybikeandcopenhagen.aspx Bycyklen København: The citybike projekt in Copenhagen is closed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220111452/http://www.bycyklen.dk/english/thecitybikeandcopenhagen.aspx |date=20 December 2008 }}</ref> In 2013, a new system, [[Bycyklen]], provided by Gobike was established,<ref>[http://byogpendlercyklen.dk/en/ Bycyklen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401193017/http://byogpendlercyklen.dk/en/ |date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> once fully installed it will provide 1,260 modern bikes with aluminium [[Bicycle frame|frame]], adjustable [[Bicycle seat|seat]]-height and [[Global Positioning System|GPS-guidance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gobike.com/Solution |title=gobike.com: The solution |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610205616/http://gobike.com/Solution |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As of December 2022 they are no longer operating.
== Influence ==
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Copenhagen's relatively well-developed [[bicycle culture]] has given rise to the term ''[[Copenhagenization (bicycling)|Copenhagenization]]''. This is the practice where other cities try to follow the example Copenhagen has set in recent decades, by moving from their own (often long-held) car-centric transport policies to those that attempt to greatly increase the number of journeys by bicycle; they do this by developing bicycle infrastructure and/or improving their current bicycle infrastructure just as Copenhagen has done and continues to do.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/b0222c68d27626e2ca256c8c001a3d2d/6755f8108f4ff605ca2570700001e087!OpenDocument|title=Media Release: Copenhagen Comes To Swanston Street|publisher=Minister for Health, Victorian Government|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021070846/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/b0222c68d27626e2ca256c8c001a3d2d/6755f8108f4ff605ca2570700001e087!OpenDocument|archive-date=21 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An example of a city which has introduced bike lanes acknowledging inspiration from Copenhagen is [[Melbourne]] in Australia where kerbside bike lanes separated from moving and parked cars by a low concrete kerb are referred to as 'Copenhagen lanes'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bicyclenetwork.com.au/general/change-the-world/11629/|title=Inner: Swanston RMIT to Melbourne University|publisher=Bicycle Victoria|access-date=23 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417230448/http://www.bicyclenetwork.com.au/general/change-the-world/11629/|archive-date=17 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://skullcycles.com/copenhagen-style-bicycle-lanes/|title=Copenhagen style bicycle lanes|publisher=Skull Cycles|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> The concept of ''Copenhagenization'' has been featured by [[CNN]]s [[Richard Quest]] in the ''Futures Cities'' series<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|title='Copenhagenization' in the Danish Capital|url=http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/07/tackling-copenhagens-traffic-with-bicycles/|publisher=CNN|access-date=23 July 2012|date=7 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202050319/http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/07/tackling-copenhagens-traffic-with-bicycles/|archive-date=2 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and on [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]'s Earthrise series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cycle City|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2011/11/20111117153115771132.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref>
In 2007 Copenhagen-based Danish [[urban design]] consultant [[Jan Gehl]] was hired by the [[New York City Department of Transportation]] to re-imagine [[New York City]] streets by introducing designs to improve life for pedestrians and cyclists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Penge/2007/10/05/064448.htm |title=Danske cykelstier i New York|date=5 October 2007 |publisher=DR Online|access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> In this connection, Gehl took NYC planning chief Amanda Burden and transportation czar [[Janette Sadik-Khan]] on a bike trip around Copenhagen to show them what could be done for New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/40345/|title=Gehl on Wheels|date=21 September 2007 |publisher=New York News & Features|access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> Former British transport minister [[Andrew Adonis]] has also cycled the streets of Copenhagen in search of inspiration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copenhagenize.com/2009/09/british-transport-minister-in.html|title=British Transport Minister in Copenhagen|publisher=copenhagenize.com|access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> As a result of Russian president [[Dmitri Medvedev]]'s favorable impressions of Copenhagen's biking system during his visit to Denmark, 14 city bikes were sent to [[St Petersburg]] at the beginning of June 2010 where they will be available to citizens on an experimental basis. Medvedev believes the city bike approach could reduce traffic congestion in the city.<ref>[http://www.dr.dk/Regioner/Kbh/Nyheder/Koebenhavn/2010/06/01/115107.htm "Bycykler sendes til Rusland"], ''Danmarks Radio P4''. {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 8 June 2010.</ref> The Danish pavilion at the [[Expo 2010|2010 World Expo in Shanghai]] had been specially designed by [[Bjarke Ingels|BIG Architects]]. It allowed visitors to gain experience of cycling in Copenhagen by taking one of its 300 city bikes along the cycle paths which were incorporated throughout the structure.<ref>[http://www.inhabitat.com/2010/05/03/big-unveils-spiraling-cycling-pavilion-in-shanghai/ Mike Chino, "BIG Unveils Spiraling Cycling Pavilion in Shanghai"], ''Inhabitat''. Retrieved 8 June 2010.</ref> and city has since signed its first [[sister cities]] agreement with [[Beijing]] with a major goal of the cooperation being to provide inspiration to Beijing on how it can reintroduce the bicycle as a major mode of transport in the city.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wetherhold|first=Sherley|title=The Bicycle as Symbol of China's Transformation|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/06/the-bicycle-as-symbol-of-chinas-transformation/259177/|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref>
Another influence on bicycle culture from Copenhagen is the "[[cycle chic]]" movement. It grew from reactions to a photo of a girl wearing her regular clothes on a bike, which inspired the photographer, Michael Colville-Andersen, to start the blog ''Copenhagen Cycle Chic'' featuring mainly female subjects riding their bikes in fashionable everyday clothes. Its popularity have spawned a global movement with over 100 cycle chic blogs featuring similarly themed photography from other cities and areas around the world. So now many people are making their own blogs that feature cyclists around the world. Most of them are associated with the original blog, the ''Copenhagen Cycle Chic''.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cycling In Copenhagen}}
[[Category:Cycling in Copenhagen| ]]
[[Category:Cycling by
[[Category:Urban planning in Denmark]]
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