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{{Short description|National park on the island of Java in Indonesia}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Baluran National Park
| alt_name = {{lang|id|Taman Nasional Baluran}}
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Golden hour at bekol savannah.jpg
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'''Baluran National Park''' is located in [[Situbondo Regency]], [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]]. It has a relatively dry climate and mainly consists of savanna (40%), as well as lowland forests, mangrove forests and hills, with [[Mount Baluran]] (1,247m) as its highest peak.<ref name="TJP 2013">Indra Harsaputra, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/07/20/baluran-the-little-africa-java.html Baluran: the little Africa of Java'], ''The Jakarta Post'', 20 July 2013.</ref>
 
Baluran National Park is situated at the north-eastern extremity of [[Java]], close to the islands of [[Bali]] and [[Madura]]. The park is bordered by the [[Madura Strait]] to the north, the [[Bali Strait]] to the east, the river Bajulmati (Wonorejo village) to the west and the river Klokoran (Sumberanyar village) to the south. The park is a rough circle, with the extinct [[volcano]], Baluran, at its centre. Its total area is 25,000 ha.<ref name="dephut">Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia: [http://www.dephut.go.id/uploads/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/baluran_NP.htm Baluran National Park], retrieved 20 December 2013</ref> It consists of five zones: the Main Zone (12,000 ha), the Wilderness Zone (5,537 ha, comprising 1,063 ha water and 4,574 ha land), the Intensive Utilization Zone (800 ha), the Specific Utilization Zone (5,780 ha) and the Rehabilitation Zone (783 ha).<ref>[http://balurannationalpark.web.id/sejarah-letak-dan-luas-kawasan/ Baluran National Park: History, Location and Area] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420060622/http://balurannationalpark.web.id/sejarah-letak-dan-luas-kawasan/ |date=2011-04-20 }} {{Idin iconlang|id}}</ref>
 
==Flora and fauna==
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There have been 444 plant species recorded in the park, including some endangered plant species such as: ''[[Ziziphus rotundifolia]]'', ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'', ''[[Dioscorea hispida]]'', ''[[Aleurites moluccanus]]'' and ''[[Corypha utan]]''.<ref name="dephut"/>
 
Baluran National Park hosts 26 [[mammal]] species, including the endangered [[bantengBanteng]], [[Sumatran dhole]], [[Indian muntjac]], [[Java mouse-deer]], [[fishingSunda leopard cat]], [[Javan leopard]] and [[Javan lutung]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
The banteng population decreased from 338 in 1996 to just 26 in 2012.<ref name="TJP 2013"/> This is caused by invasive species such as ''[[Acacia nilotica]]''<ref>[https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/seni/1903/akasia-berduri-dulu-didatangkan-kini-jadi-ancaman?lang=1], 27 June 2020</ref> and the [[water buffalo]].<ref>[https://www.kompas.id/baca/utama/2017/10/12/tn-baluran-tumpas-akasia-demi-banteng-jawa]</ref> However, intensive breeding efforts have increased the population to around 200 individuals by 2020.<ref>[https://www.balurannationalpark.id/Berita/baca_berita/39]</ref>
The banteng population decreased from 338 in 1996 to just 26 in 2012.<ref name="TJP 2013"/>
 
[[Avifauna]] in the park include the [[green peafowl]], [[red junglefowl]], [[Malabar pied hornbill]], [[rhinoceros hornbill]] and [[lesser adjutant]].<ref name="dephut"/> Until 2010 there had been 155 species of bird recorded in the park, but following a bird photography competition in 2012, the number of species was revised to 196.<ref>[http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2013/06/26/199491499/Baluran-National-Park-Holds-4th-Annual-Birding-Competition "Baluran National Park Holds 4th Annual Birding Competition"] in ''Tempo'', 26 June 2013</ref>
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Poaching poses a major threat to the wildlife in the park, especially to the decreasing banteng population. According to ProFauna Indonesia, not only locals but also members of the military have been involved in poaching.<ref name="TJP 2013-01"/>
 
The [[Acaciathorny niloticaacacia]], which occupied at least 6,000 hectares of savannah at the Baluran National Park, has made bantengsit increasingly difficult for bantengs to find food. In 2013, there were only 35 bantengs, while in 1996 there were still 320 bantengs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2015/02/07/206640671/Acacia-Trees-Invade-Baluran-National-Park |title=Acacia Trees Invade Baluran National Park |author=Ika Ningtyas |date=February 7, 2015}}</ref>
 
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Amazing Baluran National Park night view.jpg|[[Baluran|Mount Baluran]]
File:"Baluran" Africa van Java.jpg
File:Rusa dan Kijang - TN Baluran.jpg
</gallery>
 
== See also ==
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== External links ==
*{{commons-inline|Category:Baluran National Park|Baluran National Park}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
*[httphttps://wwwweb.archive.org/web/20190223212340/http://balurannationalpark.web.id/ Official site of Baluran National Park] (Indonesian)
 
{{National parks of Indonesia}}
 
{{authority control}}
 
[[Category:National parks of Indonesia]]
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[[Category:Geography of East Java]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in East Java]]
[[Category:Drainage basins of the North Coast of Java]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluran_National_Park"