Wikipedia

Baculites: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
what native american attribution?
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(44 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Short description|Genus of molluscs (fossil)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossilrange|14096|66| 65}} Upper [[Cretaceous]] to Lower [[Paleocene]]
| image = SouthDakotaBaculites.jpg
| image_caption = ''Baculites'' fossils from South Dakota. Some still have traces of the original [[nacre]] (shells).
| image_width = 240px
| taxon = Baculites
| image_caption = ''Baculites'' fossils from South Dakota. Some<br/>still have traces of the original [[nacre]] (shells).
| authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1799
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Baculites vertebralis'''''
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| ordo = [[Ammonitida]]
| subordo = [[Ancyloceratina]]
| superfamilia = [[Turrilitoidea]]
| familia = [[Baculitidae]]
| genus = '''''Baculites'''''
| genus_authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1799
| type_species = ''Baculites vertebralis''
| type_species_authority = Lamarck, 1801<ref>Lamarck, J. P. B. A. de M. de (1801): ''Systeme des Animaux sans vertebres''. The author; Deterville, Paris, vii + 432 pp.</ref> vide Meek, 1876<ref>Meek, F. B. (1876): A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the upper Missouri country. In Hayden,F. V. ''Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories'', 9, lxiv + 629 pp., 45 pis</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = See text
}}
 
'''''Baculites''''' ("walking stick rock") is an extinct genus of cephalopods with a nearly straight shell, included in the heteromorph [[Ammonitida|ammonitesammonite]] [[cephalopod]]s with almost straight shells. The genus, which lived worldwide throughout most of the [[Late Cretaceous]], and which briefly [[Paleocene ammonites|survived]] the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|K-Pg mass extinction event]], was named by [[Jean Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]] in 1799.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Lamarck, J. P. B. A. de M. de (1799): Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles. ''Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat.Paris'', (1799), 63-90.</ref>
 
== Life ==
[[Image:Baculites grandis shell.JPG|thumb|left|A fossil cast of the shell of a ''Baculites grandis'' on display at the [[North American Museum of Ancient Life]] in Lehi, Utah.]]
 
=== Shell anatomy ===
The adult shell of ''Baculites'' is generally straight and may be either smooth or with sinuous striae or ribbing that typically slant dorso-ventrally forward. The aperture likewise slopes to the front and has a sinuous margin. The venter is narrowly rounded to acute while the dorsum is more broad. The juvenile shell, found at the apex, is coiled in one or two whorls and described as minute, about a centimeter in diameter. Adult ''Baculites'' ranged in size from about seven centimeters (''Baculites larsoni'') up to two meters in length.
The adult shell of ''Baculites'' is generally straight and may be either smooth or with sinuous striae or ribbing that typically slant dorso-ventrally forward. The aperture likewise slopes to the front and has a sinuous margin. The venter is narrowly rounded to acute while the dorsum is more broad. The juvenile shell, found at the apex, is coiled in one or two whorls and described as minute, about {{convert|1|cm|in}} in diameter. Adult ''Baculites'' ranged in size from about {{convert|7|cm|in}} (''Baculites larsoni'') up to {{convert|2|m|ft}} in length.
 
As with other [[Ammonoidea|ammonites]], the shell consisted of a series of camerae, or chambers, that were connected to the animal by a narrow tube called a siphuncle by which gas content and thereby buoyancy could be regulated in the same manner as ''[[Nautilus]]'' does today. The chambers are separated by walls called septa. The line where each septum meets the outer shell is called the suture or suture line. Like other true [[Ammonitida|ammonites]], ''Baculites'' have intricate suture patterns on their shells that can be used to identify different species.
 
As with other [[Ammonoidea|ammonites]], the shell consisted of a series of camerae, or chambers, that were connected to the animal by a narrow tube called a siphuncle by which gas content and thereby buoyancy could be regulated in the same manner as ''[[Nautilus (genus)|Nautilus]]'' does today. The chambers are separated by walls called septa. The line where each septum meets the outer shell is called the suture or suture line. Like other true [[Ammonitida|ammonites]], ''Baculites'' have intricate suture patterns on their shells that can be used to identify different species.
[[Image:Baculites grandis shell.JPG|thumb|left|A fossil cast of the shell of a ''Baculites grandis'' on display at the [[North American Museum of Ancient Life]] in Lehi, Utah.]]
One notable feature about ''Baculites'' is that the males may have been a third to a half the size of the females and may have had much lighter ribbing on the surface of the shell.
 
=== Orientation ===
The shell morphology of ''Baculites'' with slanted striations or ribbing, similarly slanted aperture, and more narrowly rounded to acute keel-like venter points to its having had a horizontal orientation in life as an adult. This same type of cross section is found in much earlier [[Nautiloidea|nautiloids]] such as ''[[Bassleroceras]]'' and ''[[Clitendoceras]]'' from the [[Ordovician]] period, which can be shown to have had a horizontal orientation. In spite of this, some researchers have concluded that Baculites lived in a vertical orientation, head hanging straight down, since lacking an apical counterweight, movement was largely restricted to that direction. More recent research, notably by Gerd Westermann, has reaffirmed that at least some ''Baculites'' species in fact lived in a more or less horizontal orientation.<ref>Westermann, G. E. G. 1996. Ammonoid life and habitat. In N. H. Landman, K. Tanabe, and R. A. Davis (editors), ''Ammonoid Paleobiology'', pp. 607–707. New York: Plenum Press.</ref>
The shell morphology of ''Baculites'' with slanted striations or ribbing, similarly slanted aperture, and more narrowly rounded to acute keel-like venter points to its having had a horizontal orientation in life as an adult. This same type of cross section is found in much earlier [[Nautiloidea|nautiloids]] such as ''[[Bassleroceras]]'' and ''[[Clitendoceras]]'' from the [[Ordovician]] period, which can be shown to have had a horizontal orientation. In spite of this, some researchers have concluded that Baculites lived in a vertical orientation, head hanging straight down, since lacking an apical counterweight, movement was largely restricted to that direction. More recent research, notably by Gerd Westermann, has reaffirmed that at least some ''Baculites'' species in fact lived in a more or less horizontal orientation.<ref>Westermann, G. E. G. (1996). Ammonoid life and habitat. In N. H. Landman, K. Tanabe, and R. A. Davis (editors), ''Ammonoid Paleobiology'', pp. 607–707. New York: Plenum Press.</ref>
 
=== Ecology ===
From shell isotope studies, it is thought that ''Baculites'' inhabited the middle part of the water column, not too close to either the bottom or surface of the ocean. In some rock deposits ''Baculites'' are common, and they are thought to have lived in great shoals. However, they are not known to occur so densely as to be rock-forming, as do certain other extinct, straight-shelled cephalopods (e.g., [[orthoceras|orthocerid nautiloids]]).
From shell isotope studies, it is thought that ''Baculites'' inhabited the middle part of the water column, not too close to either the bottom or surface of the ocean. In some rock deposits ''Baculites'' are common, and they are thought to have lived in great shoals. However, they are not known to occur so densely as to be rock-forming, as do certain other extinct, straight-shelled cephalopods (e.g., [[orthocerid]] [[nautiloid]]s). Studies on exceptionally preserved specimens have revealed a [[radula]] by [[synchrotron]] imagery.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kruta | first1 = I. | last2 = Landman | first2 = N. | last3 = Rouget | first3 = I. | last4 = Cecca | first4 = F. | last5 = Tafforeau | first5 = P. | title = The Role of Ammonites in the Mesozoic Marine Food Web Revealed by Jaw Preservation | doi = 10.1126/science.1198793 | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6013 | pages = 70–72| year = 2011 | pmid = 21212354|bibcode = 2011Sci...331...70K | s2cid = 206530342 }}</ref> The results suggest that ''Baculites'' fed on pelagic [[zooplankton]] (as suggested by remains of a larval [[gastropod]] and a pelagic [[isopod]] inside the mouth).<ref>{{cite book|author=Neil H. Landman, Richard Arnold Davis, Royal H. Mapes|year=2007|url=http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Cephalopods%20Present%20and%20Past.pdf|title=Cephalopods. Present and Past: New Insights and Fresh Perspectives. Chapter 13: Jaws and Radula of ''Baculites'' from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of North America|publisher=Springer|pages=257–298|isbn=978-1-4020-6806-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912060637/http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Cephalopods%20Present%20and%20Past.pdf|archive-date=September 12, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
=== Convergent evolution ===
''Baculites'' fossils are very brittle and almost always break. They are most commonly found broken in half or several pieces, usually along suture lines. Individual chambers found this way are sometimes referred to as "stone buffaloes" (due to their shapes), though the Native-American attribution typically given as part of the story behind the name is likely apocryphal.{{Clarification needed}}
''Baculites'' and related [[Cretaceous]] straight [[ammonite]] cephalopods are often confused with the superficially similar [[orthocerid]] [[nautiloid]] cephalopods. Both are long and tubular in form, and both are common items for sale in rock shops (often under each other's names). Both lineages evidently evolved the tubular form independently, and at different times in earth history. The [[orthocerid]] [[nautiloid]]s mostly lived much earlier (common during the [[Paleozoic]] Era, possibly going extinct in the [[Aptian|Early Cretaceous]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doguzhaeva|first=Larisa|date=1994-01-01|title=An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from North-Western Caucasus|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284124370|journal=Palaeontology|volume=37|pages=889–899}}</ref> than ''Baculites'' (Late [[Cretaceous]]-[[Danian]] only). The two types of fossils can be distinguished by many features, most obvious among which is the suture line: it is simple in orthocerid nautiloids and intricately folded in ''Baculites'' and related ammonoids.
 
''Baculites'' and related [[Cretaceous]] straight [[ammonite]] cephalopods are often confused with the superficially similar [[orthocerid]] [[nautiloid]] cephalopods. Both are long and tubular in form, and both are common items for sale in rock shops (often under each other's names). Both lineages evidently evolved the tubular form independently, and at different times in earth history. The [[orthocerid]] [[nautiloid]]s lived much earlier (common during the [[Paleozoic]] Era and extinct by the end of the [[Triassic]] Period) than ''Baculites'' (Late [[Cretaceous]] Period only). The two types of fossils can be distinguished by many features, most obvious among which is the suture line: it is simple in orthocerid nautiloids and intricately folded in ''Baculites'' and related ammonoids.
 
Studies<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kruta | first1 = I. | last2 = Landman | first2 = N. | last3 = Rouget | first3 = I. | last4 = Cecca | first4 = F. | last5 = Tafforeau | first5 = P. | title = The Role of Ammonites in the Mesozoic Marine Food Web Revealed by Jaw Preservation | doi = 10.1126/science.1198793 | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6013 | pages = 70–72| year = 2011 | pmid = 21212354| pmc = |bibcode = 2011Sci...331...70K }}</ref> on exceptionally preserved specimens have revealed a [[radula]] by [[synchrotron]] imagery. The results suggest that ''Baculites'' fed on pelagic [[zooplankton]] (as suggested by remains of a larval [[gastropod]] and a pelagic [[isopod]] inside the mouth).<ref>Neil H. Landman, Neal L. Larson and William A. Cobban (2007). Chapter 13. Jaws and Radula of ''Baculites'' from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of North America. In N. H. Landman et al. (eds.), ''[http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Cephalopods%20Present%20and%20Past.pdf Cephalopods Present and Past: New Insights and Fresh Perspectives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202020933/http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Cephalopods%20Present%20and%20Past.pdf |date=2013-02-02 }}'', 257–298. © 2007 Springer.</ref>
 
==Species distribution==
Line 44 ⟶ 36:
[[Image:BaculitesSuturesAragonite.jpg|thumb|''Baculites'' showing sutures and remnant [[aragonite]]; western South Dakota, Late Cretaceous.]]
[[Image:BaculitidArticulated.jpg|thumb|''Baculites'' from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming. The original aragonite of the outer conch and inner septa has dissolved away, leaving this articulated internal mold.]]
'''Cenomanian''':
The type species, ''Baculites vertebralis'' is from the upper Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous, and is one of the last of its kind.
 
''Baculites gracilis'' is known from the Cenomanian [[Britton Formation]].
The lower part of the Campanian stage (Upper Cretaceous) in the Western Interior of North America has yielded ''Baculites gilberti'', early ''B. perplexus'', ''B. asperiformis'', ''B. maclearni'', and ''B. obtusus'', followed temporally by late ''Baculites perplexus'' and then by ''Baculites scotti''. The upper part of the upper Campanian has yieled, from older to younger, ''B.compressus'', ''B coneatus'', ''B. reesidei''. ''B. jenseni'', and ''B. ellasi'', followed sequentially in the lower Maastrictian by ''Baculites baculus'', ''B. grandis'', and ''B. clinolobatis''.<ref>[http://www.narg-online.com/ammonites.htm Cretaceous Fossil Zones]</ref><ref>[http://www.jsdammonites.fr/635.html Baculitidae jdsamonites]</ref>
 
'''Turonian''':
''Baculites gracilis'' is known from the Cenomanian Britton Fm., Eagle Ford group of Texas; ''Baculites ovatus'' from the eastern U.S.<ref>[http://earthphysicsteaching.homestead.com/Mesozoic_Cephalopods.html Mesozoic Cephalopods]</ref> and ''Baculites pacificum'' from the Campanian of Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
 
Species known from Europe, in addition to ''Baculites vertebratis'' include ''Baculites undulatus'', from the upper Touronian,Turonian of Europe.<ref>[{{Cite web|url=http://crioceratites.free.fr/ammonitesturonien_23.htm Ammonites in Ammonites et autres fossiles]</ref> |title=''Baculites leopoliensisundulatus'' from the Upper Campanian and d''BaculitesOrbigny, anceps'' from the Upper Maastrictian1847|access-date=2024-02-13|website=crioceratites.free.fr|archive-url=https://web.<ref> [archive.org/web/20240213110743/http://wwwcrioceratites.ammonitesfree.fr/Familles/Baculitidaeturonien_23.htm|archive-date=February 13, Baculitidae]2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
'''Campanian''':
 
The lower part of the Campanian stage (Upper Cretaceous) in the Western Interior of North America has yielded ''Baculites gilberti'', early ''B. perplexus'', ''B. asperiformis'', ''B. maclearni'', and ''B. obtusus'', followed temporally by late ''Baculites perplexus'' and then by ''Baculites scotti''. The upper part of the upper Campanian has yielded, from older to younger, ''B. compressus'', ''B. coneatus'', ''B. reesidei''. ''B. jenseni'', and ''B. ellasi'', followed sequentially in the lower Maastrictian by ''Baculites baculus'', ''B. grandis'', and ''B. clinolobatis''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narg-online.com/ammonites.htm|title=Ammonite Zones (International Stratigraphy Standards)|website=North American Research Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004141222/http://www.narg-online.com/ammonites.htm|archive-date=October 4, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsdammonites.fr/635.html|title=Baculitidae (Gill 1871)|website=Jdsamonites|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605061717/http://www.jsdammonites.fr/635.html|archive-date=June 5, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
''Baculites pacificum'' is known from the Campanian of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and ''Baculites leopoliensis'' from the Upper Campanian of Europe.<ref name=":0" />
 
'''Maastrichtian'''/'''Danian''':
 
The type species, ''Baculites vertebralis'' is from the upper Maastrichtian and Danian, and is one of the [[Paleocene ammonites|very last species of ammonites]]. Findings in Denmark and the Netherlands suggest the species survived the [[K-Pg mass extinction|K-Pg mass extinction event]], albeit being restricted to the [[Danian]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=Landman|first1=Neil H.|title=Ammonites on the Brink of Extinction: Diversity, Abundance, and Ecology of the Order Ammonoidea at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) Boundary|date=2015|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19|work=Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography|pages=497–553|editor-last=Klug|editor-first=Christian|series=Topics in Geobiology|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19|isbn=978-94-017-9633-0|access-date=2024-02-13|last2=Goolaerts|first2=Stijn|last3=Jagt|first3=John W.M.|last4=Jagt-Yazykova|first4=Elena A.|last5=Machalski|first5=Marcin|editor2-last=Korn|editor2-first=Dieter|editor3-last=De Baets|editor3-first=Kenneth|editor4-last=Kruta|editor4-first=Isabelle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005-05-25|title=Bulletin Volume 52 – 2005|url=https://2dgf.dk/publikationer/bulletin/bulletin-volume-52-2005/|access-date=2024-02-13|website=Dansk Geologisk Forening|language=da-DK|doi=10.37570/bgsd-2005-52-08|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=W. M. Jagt|first=John|date=2012-01-01|title=Ammonieten uit het Laat-Krijt en Vroeg-Paleogeen van Limburg|url=https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/1000190|journal=Grondboor & Hamer|language=en|volume=66|issue=1|pages=154–183}}</ref> ''Baculites anceps'' is also known from Europe, although only from the Upper Maastrichtian.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ammonites.fr/Familles/Baculitidae.htm|title=Baculitidae GILL 1871|website=www.ammonites.fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527183211/http://www.ammonites.fr/Familles/Baculitidae.htm|archive-date=May 27, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Baculites ovatus Say1820 holotype.jpg|thumb|Holotype of ''Baculites ovatus'' Say, 1820 from the [[Navesink Formation]] in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey.]]
''Baculites ovatus'' is known from the Maastrichtian deposits of [[Ripley Formation]] in [[McNairy County, Tennessee]], and [[Severn Formation]] in [[Prince George's County, Maryland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthphysicsteaching.homestead.com/Mesozoic_Cephalopods.html|title=Mesozoic_Cephalopods|website=earthphysicsteaching.homestead.com|access-date=2024-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922055835/http://earthphysicsteaching.homestead.com/Mesozoic_Cephalopods.html|archive-date=September 22, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Cultural significance ==
''Baculites'' fossils are very brittle and almost always break. They are most commonly found broken in half or several pieces, usually along suture lines. Individual chambers found this way are sometimes referred to as "stone buffaloes" (due to their shapes), though the Native-American attribution typically given as part of the story behind the name is likely apocryphal.{{Clarify|date=August 2018}} The Blackfoot have oral traditions that tell a story of the Iniskimm (Buffalo Calling Stone). They are still in use today by Indigenous peoples.
 
''Baculites ovatus'', the first species of ''Baculites'' described in the Americas, was described by [[Thomas Say]] in 1820<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Say|first=Thomas|date=1820|title=Observations on some species of Zoophytes, Shells, &c. principally fossil (part 2).|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/51607#page/50/mode/1up|journal=The American Journal of Science and Arts|volume=2|pages=34–45}}</ref> from a single specimen from the [[Navesink Formation]] in [[Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey]]. The specimen was later illustrated by [[Samuel George Morton]], who published an etching in 1828.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morton|first=Samuel George|date=1828|title=Description of the fossil shells which characterize the Atlantic Secondary Formation of New Jersey and Delaware; including four new species.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79409#page/351/mode/1up|journal=Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia|volume=6|pages=72–90}}</ref> After the death of the specimen's owner, the Quaker scientist [[Reuben Haines III]], in 1831, the specimen was lost for 180 years until it was rediscovered at Haines's home, the historic [[Wyck House]], in 2017 by Matthew Halley.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Halley|first=Matthew R.|date=2019|title=Rediscovery of the holotype of the extinct cephalopod Baculites ovatus Say, 1820 after nearly two centuries|url=https://bioone.org/journals/proceedings-of-the-academy-of-natural-sciences-of-philadelphia/volume-167/issue-1/053.167.0101/Rediscovery-of-the-holotype-of-the-extinct-cephalopod-Baculites-ovatus/10.1635/053.167.0101.full|journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia|volume=167|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1635/053.167.0101|s2cid=164642352|issn=0097-3157}}</ref>
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
*Arkell ''et al.'', 1957, Mesozoic Ammonoidea, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part L. Geological Soc. of America, Univ of Kansas Press. R.C. Moore, (Ed)
==Further reading==
*Arkell ''et al.'', 1957, Mesozoic Ammonoidea, [[Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology]] Part L. Geological Soc. of America, Univ of Kansas Press. R.C. Moore, (Ed)
*W. A. Cobban and Hook, S. C. 1983 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian) ammonite fauna from Fence Lake area of west-central New Mexico. Memoir 41, New Mexico Bureau of Mines&Mineral Resources, Socorro NM.
*W. A. Cobban and Hook, S. C. 1979, ''Collignoniceras woollgari wooollgari'' (Mantell) ammonite fauna from Upper Cretaceous of Western Interior, United States. Memoir 37, New Mexico Bureau of Mines&Mineral Resources, Socorro NM.
Line 62 ⟶ 73:
 
[[Category:Ammonitida genera]]
[[Category:Turrilitoidea]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous ammonites]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous cephalopods of North America]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of Africa]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of Asia]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of Australia]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of Europe]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of North America]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of Oceania]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of South America]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of Alberta]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of British Columbia]]
[[Category:Paleozoic life of Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Angola]]
[[Category:Fossils of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Australia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Austria]]
[[Category:Fossils of Belgium]]
[[Category:Fossils of Brazil]]
[[Category:Fossils of Canada]]
[[Category:Fossils of Chile]]
[[Category:Fossils of Denmark]]
[[Category:Fossils of Egypt]]
[[Category:Fossils of France]]
[[Category:Fossils of Germany]]
[[Category:Fossils of Greenland]]
[[Category:Fossils of Haiti]]
[[Category:Fossils of India]]
[[Category:Fossils of Japan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Jordan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Mexico]]
[[Category:Fossils of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Fossils of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Fossils of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Fossils of Romania]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]
[[Category:Fossils of South Africa]]
[[Category:Fossils of Spain]]
[[Category:Fossils of Sweden]]
[[Category:Fossils of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Turkey]]
[[Category:Fossils of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Fossils of the United States]]
[[Category:Fossils of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1799]]
[[Category:Cephalopods described in 1799]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculites"