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[[File:Josef H Neumann- Gustav I (1976).jpg|thumb|[[Josef H. Neumann]]: ''Gustav I'' (1976)]]{{Not to be confused with|Chemigram}}
A '''chemogram''' (from "chemistry", "optic" and ''gramma'', Greek for "things written")<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=-gram|encyclopedia=The New Oxford American Dictionary|edition=2nd}}</ref> is an experimental art where a [[photographic image]] is partly or fully enlarged and processed onto [[photographic paper]] in the [[darkroom]] and afterwards selectively painted over in full light with chemicals used in photographic processing. Due to the production process chemograms can be considered works of [[abstract photography]].
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==History==
[[File:Traumarbeit 1976.jpg|thumb|[[Josef H. Neumann]]: ''Traumarbeit'' 1976]]
Chemograms are
The term "chemogram" (German: "Chemogramm") was coined in
Neumann worked not only with a brush or cotton ball on black and white photo paper, but also exposed photo during the process. So this chemogram Neumann seventies of the 20th century differs beginning of the previously created decades cameraless [[Photogram]]
▲The term "chemogram" (German: "Chemogramm") was coined in 1976 by the photo designer [[Josef H. Neumann]] from [[Dortmund]]. He had learned the technique of creating [[chemigram]]s from his Professor [[Pan Walther]],<ref>Hannes Schmidt: Bemerkungen zu den Chemogrammen von Josef Neumann. Ausstellung in der Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther. in: Photo-Presse. Heft 22, 1976, p. 6.</ref> who had adopted it from [[Edmund Kesting]] – both coming from [[Dresden]].
▲Neumann worked not only with a brush or cotton ball on black and white photo paper, but also exposed photo during the process. So this chemogram Neumann seventies of the 20th century differs beginning of the previously created decades cameraless [[Photogram]] .Diese artworks were almost simultaneously with the invention of photography of various important artists as distinctive in its initial phase [[Hippolyte Bayard]], [[Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)|Thomas Wedgwood]], [[William Henry Fox Talbot]] and later inziniert in the twenties [[Man Ray]] and [[László Moholy-Nagy]] and in the 30s by the painter [[Edmund Kesting]] and [[Christian Schad]], by draped objects directly on suitably sensitized photographic paper and using a light source without use camera abbildeten.<ref>Gabriele Richter: Joseph H. Neumann. Chemogramme. in: Color Foto. Heft 12, 1976, p. 24.</ref> As the optic during the production process played a decisive role for him, he changed the term "chemigram" by replacing the letter „i“ with „o“.<ref>Harald Mante, Josef H. Neumann: ''Filme kreativ nutzen''. Photographie Verlag, Schaffhausen 1987, pp. 94-95.</ref> This way the first pieces of this technique were created at the [[Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts]] from 1974 to 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Thema 3 - Die Hochglanzwelt des Josef H. Neumann'' in Stadtjournal by WDR|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_rONcyIgsI|language=German}}</ref> The first chemograms were exhibited in 1976 at the "Fotografik Studio Gallerie Prof. Pan Walther" in [[Münster (Westfalen)|Münster]].<ref>Hannes Schmidt: Bemerkungen zu den Chemogrammen von Josef Neumann. Ausstellung in der Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther. in: Photo-Presse. Heft 22, 1976, p. 6.</ref>
This way the first pieces of this technique were created at the [[Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts]] from 1974 to 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Thema 3 - Die Hochglanzwelt des Josef H. Neumann'' in Stadtjournal by WDR| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_rONcyIgsI|language=German}}</ref> The first chemograms were exhibited in 1976 at the "Fotografik Studio Gallerie Prof. Pan Walther" in [[Münster (Westfalen)|Münster]].<ref name=":0" />
==Process==
A chemogram is a product of both [[photographic processing]] and [[painting]] on [[photographic paper]]. Unlike [[chemigram]]s the production process of chemograms consists of two different steps. First an [[enlarger]] is used to partly or fully process a [[photographic image]] onto [[photographic paper]] in the darkness of the [[darkroom]]. As soon as the preferred development of the image is reached, the photographic process is interrupted and the photographic paper is exposed to full light and treated with [[Photographic developer|developer]] and [[Photographic fixer|fixer]] (or other chemicals) like a [[chemigram]]. The procedure can be repeated until the chemogram is finished.<ref>Harald Mante, Josef H. Neumann: ''Filme kreativ nutzen''. Photographie Verlag, Schaffhausen 1987, pp. 94-95.</ref>
<ref>Exhibition Museo de Arte Moderno de Bucaramanga Colombia 6.9.2018 - 31.10.2018 </ref>
During the first part of the production the artist Josef H. Neumann had full control over the selection of the picture and the duration of the photographic processing, while in the second part the control remains only at the places where the colorless chemicals are applied. The exact reactions of the chemicals that produce the final colors at these locations are largely unpredictable. Thus, these first chemograms by Josef H. Neumann (1974-1978) originated as absolute pieces that can not be reproduced in the original creative process.(Unique).
In 1974, within Josef H. Neumann's chemogram, the interface between the artistic media of painting and photography that existed up to that point was closed for the first time in an art-historically relevant manner.
In September 2018, the Museo de Arte Moderno in Bucaramanga, Colombia, published further chemograms by the photo artist Josef H. Neumann, which he called “digital chemograms” under the influence of the now digital techniques and use of a “digital brush” on the computer.
Digital chemogram
In September 2018, the Museo de Arte Moderno in Bucaramanga, Colômbia, published further chemograms by the photo artist Josef H. Neumann, which he called “digital chemograms” under the influence of now digital techniques and the use of a “digital brush” on the computer.
[[File:Paris Trocadero.jpg|thumb|[[Josef H. Neumann]]:''Trocadero Paris'' (2017)]]
== Notes ==
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* {{in lang|de}} {{cite journal|author=Richter, Gabriele|date=1976|title=Joseph H. Neumann. Chemogramme|journal=Color Foto|volume=12|location=München, Germany|pages=24}}
* {{in lang|de}} {{cite journal|author=Schmidt, Hannes|date=1976|title=Bemerkungen zu den Chemogrammen von Josef Neumann. Ausstellung in der Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther|trans-title=Remarks on Josef Neumann's chemograms. Exhibition in the Fotografik Studio Galerie of Prof. Pan Walther|journal=Photo-Presse|volume=22|location=Hamburg, Germany|pages=6}}
* {{in lang|de}} {{cite book|
* {{in lang|es}} {{citation
|last=Ramos Molina|first=Antonio Luis|title=La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística. |year=2018|publisher=Universidad Granada|location=Granada 2018|pages=293–297}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemogram}}
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