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{{Short description|none}}
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=February 2012}}
[[File:DEA Operation Mallorca, 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] Operation Mallorca, 2005]]
[[File:Drogenbeschaffungskriminalitaet 9526.jpg|thumb|right|Typical collateral damage of drug-related theft]]
== U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics ==
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==Drugs and crime==
[[Drug abuse]] and [[Substance dependence|addiction]] is associated with drug-related crimes. In the [[United States|U.S.]] several jurisdictions have reported that [[drug misuse|benzodiazepine misuse]] by criminal detainees has surpassed that of opiates.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1081/JA-120016569 | pmid = 12602810 | title = Correlates of Drug use among a sample of arrestees surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program | author = Yacoubian GS. | volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=127–39 |date=January 2003 | journal = Substance Use & Misuse| s2cid = 25817581 }}</ref> Patients reporting to two emergency rooms in Canada with violence-related injuries were most often found to be intoxicated with alcohol and were significantly more likely to test positive for benzodiazepines (most commonly [[temazepam]]) than other groups of individuals, whereas other drugs were found to be insignificant in relation to violent injuries.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00184-7 | pmid = 10402149 | title = Demographic and substance use factors related to violent and accidental injuries: results from an emergency room study | author = Macdonald S |author2=Wells S |author3=Giesbrecht N |author4=Cherpitel CJ
Research carried out on drug-related crime found that drug misuse is associated with various crimes that are in part related to the feelings of invincibility, which can become particularly pronounced with abuse. Problematic crimes associated include [[shoplifting]], [[property crime]], [[drug dealing]], [[violence]] and [[aggression]] and [[driving whilst intoxicated]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/pub/Mono%2021%20Summary.pdf | title = Benzodiazepine and pharmaceutical opioid misuse and their relationship to crime |
Research carried out by the Australian government found that benzodiazepine users are more likely to be violent, more likely to have been in contact with the police, and more likely to have been charged with criminal behavior than those using opiates. Illicit benzodiazepines mostly originate from medical practitioners but leak onto the illicit scene due to diversion and [[doctor shopping]]. Although only a very small number originate from thefts, forged prescriptions, armed robberies, or [[ram raids]], it is most often benzodiazepines, rather than opiates, that are targeted in part because benzodiazepines are not usually locked in vaults and or do not have as strict laws governing prescription and storage of many benzodiazepines. Temazepam accounts for most benzodiazepine sought by forgery of prescriptions and through pharmacy burglary in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title= Injecting Temazepam: The facts — Temazepam Injection and Diversion |url= http://www.health.vic.gov.au/drugservices/pubs/temazepam/facts.htm |date= 29 March 2007 |publisher= Victorian Government Health Information |
Benzodiazepines have been used as a tool of murder by serial killers, and other murderers, such as those with the condition [[Munchausen syndrome by proxy|Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 7979864 | title = [Serial homicide in the Vienna-Lainz hospital] | author = Missliwetz J | volume=194 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–7 |date=
[[Temazepam]] and [[midazolam]] are the most common benzodiazepines used to facilitate [[date rape]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Negrusz A |author2=Gaensslen RE
Some benzodiazepines are more associated with crime than others especially when abused or taken in combination with alcohol. The potent benzodiazepine [[flunitrazepam]] (Rohypnol), which has strong amnesia-producing effects can cause abusers to become ruthless and also cause feelings of being invincible. This has led to some acts of extreme violence to others, often leaving abusers with no recollection of what they have done in their drug-induced state. It has been proposed that criminal and violent acts brought on by [[benzodiazepine abuse]] may be related to lowered [[serotonin]] levels via enhanced [[GABA]]ergic effects.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10093441 | title = [Rohypnol should be classified as a narcotic]
Flunitrazepam has been implicated as the cause of one serial killer's violent rampage, triggering off extreme aggression with [[anterograde amnesia]].<ref>
{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00273-1 | pmid = 14550609 | title = The importance of a urine sample in persons intoxicated with flunitrazepam--legal issues in a forensic psychiatric case study of a serial murderer | author = Dåderman AM |author2=Strindlund H |author3=Wiklund N |author4=Fredriksen SO |author5=Lidberg L
== Criticisms ==
The concept of drug-related crime has been criticized for being too blunt, especially in its failure to distinguish between three types of crime associated with drugs:<ref name=ncvc>
* Use-Related crime: These are crimes that result from or involve individuals who ingest drugs, and who commit crimes as a result of the effect the drug has on their thought processes and behavior.<ref name=ncvc />
* Economic-Related crime: These are crimes where an individual commits a crime to fund a drug habit. These include theft and prostitution.<ref name=ncvc />
* System-Related crime: These are crimes that result from the structure of the drug system. They include production, manufacture, transportation, and sale of drugs, as well as violence related to the production or sale of drugs, such as a turf war.<ref name=ncvc />
Drug-related crime may be used as a justification for prohibition, but, in the case of system-related crime, the acts are only crimes because of prohibition.{{cn|date=June 2023}} In addition, some consider even user-related and economic-related aspects of crime as symptomatic of a broader problem.{{cn|date=June 2023}}
==See also==
*[[Alcohol-related crime]]
*[[Drug abuse]]
*[[Drugwipe test]]
*[[Self-medication]]
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{{Commons category|Drug-related crimes}}
* [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.Content&nnodeid=33752&sLanguageiso=EN Defining drug-related crime - EU]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070814144503/http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/040223/d040223a.htm Drug-related crime Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061209023649/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/drug-related-crime Drug-related crime UK]
* [http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudsfp04.pdf PDF version of Drug-related crime U.S. Department of Justice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916224915/http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudsfp04.pdf |date=2012-09-16 }}
* [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/?nnodeid=1574 Prevention of drug-related crime - EU]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071202105152/http://www.internationaldrugpolicy.net/reports/BeckleyFoundation_Report_05.pdf Beckley Foundation Report 2005, Reducing drug-related crime: an overview of the global Evidence]
* [
* [http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=32348 The National Center for Victims of Crime]
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