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| Other academic advisors =
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* [[Steven Lukes]] (doctorate)
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| website = {{URL|https://nottingham.academia.edu/ReinerGrundmann}}
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'''Reiner Grundmann'''
== Life and academic career==
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Grundmann started his academic career with an analysis of the legacy of Marx's theory for the understanding of environmental problems. This work was a direct product of his PhD research at the EUI in Florence, in the late 1980s under the supervision of [[Steven Lukes]]. Grundmann described ecology as being no longer confined to the realms of biology since the 1970s. The term, as it had been coined in the 1870s by [[Ernst Haeckel]], a German biologist and [[monism|monist]], was about a branch of biology dealing with the interaction of organisms and their surroundings. The current use of the term started to put the interaction of pollution in a political context and was later to describe a political movement as well. The thesis was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1991 and a related article by Grundmann himself<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Grundmann | first = Reiner | title = The ecological challenge to Marxism | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = I | issue = 194 | pages = 103–120 | date = May–June 1991 | url = http://newleftreview.org/I/187/reiner-grundmann-the-ecological-challenge-to-marxism }} [https://www.academia.edu/161499/The_Ecological_Challenge_to_Marxism Available online.]</ref> and an answer and review of the study by Ted Benton appeared the following year in the [[New Left Review]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Benton | first = Ted | title = Ecology, socialism and the mastery of nature: a reply to Reiner Grundmann | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = I | issue = 194 | pages = 62–64 | date = July–August 1992 | url = http://newleftreview.org/I/194/ted-benton-ecology-socialism-and-the-mastery-of-nature-a-reply-to-reiner-grundmann }}</ref> The basic approach used [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]]'s ''Zur Kritik der politischen Ökologie''<ref>[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy|A Contribution to the Critique of Political Ecology]], the title being a pun on a famous Marx study</ref> published in 1973 in the German [[Kursbuch]]<ref>[[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]] (1973), Zur Kritik der politischen Ökologie', Kursbuch, 33 I</ref> It has been translated in English in Ted Bentonќs ''Greening of Marxism'' in the 1990s.<ref>Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1973): A Critique of Political Ecology, in: T. Benton (Hg.), ''The Greening of Marxism'', New York, 1996, S. 17-49.</ref>
Grundmann saw orthodox Мarxist thinking being caught between Marx's disrespect for the ''[[The Communist Manifesto|idiocy of rural life]]'' and his belief in a resurrection of nature. He attempted to identify problems which could be still dealt with convincingly with Marx's thought and approach. Grundmann dealt in detail with Marx and Engels' discourse on the 'domination over nature', which he claims of being of value. Grundmanns explicit advocacy of the term is exemptional <ref>The Political Economy of Development and Environment in Korea, A new framework for environmental analysis, Jae-Yong Chung, Richard J. Kirkby, Routledge, 25.07.2005, p. 10.</ref> and his introduction into the topic has been quoted as late as 2010 by leading Chinese Scholars as being ''wonderful.''<ref name=":2">{{citation | last = Han | first = Lixin | contribution = 'Realisation of Purpose' and 'Domination of Nature' | editor-last = Huan | editor-first = Qingzhi | title = Eco-socialism as politics: rebuilding the basis of our modern civilisation | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | location = Dordrecht New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9789048137442 | postscript = .}}
* ''Online as'': {{Cite book | last = Han | first = Lixin | title = Eco-socialism as Politics | chapter = Marxism and
Oxford, Clarendon Press/New York, Oxford University Press, 1991, Marxist introductions URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24716 {{ISBN|0198273142}}</ref>
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In the years that followed, he moved away from [[social theory]] and started engaging with issues about environmental [[sustainability]] from the viewpoint of [[science and technology studies]]. This move was inspired by the insight of [[Karl Marx]] that technology reveals the active transformation of nature, performed by humans and their social forms of organization.<ref>[http://readingcapitalsydney.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/chapter-15-machinery-and-large-scale-industry-sections-1-4-2/#_ftnref 'Technology reveals the active relation of man to nature, the direct process of the production of his life, and thereby it also lays bare the process of the production of the social relations of his life and of the mental conceptions that flow from these relations.'] Footnote 4 in Karl Marx, [[Das Kapital|Capital: A Critique of Political Economy]], Volume 1, trans. Ben Fowkes, Penguin Classics (London, New York: Penguin Books, 1990), p. 493.</ref>
A partial return to social theory was prompted by the co-operation with [[Nico Stehr]] with whom Grundmann worked since the late 1990s. Their common work on [[Werner Sombart]] led to a re-evaluation of the legacy of this pioneering German sociologist, examining in particular his low salience in the postwar period.<ref>'Why is Werner Sombart not part of the core of classical sociologists? From fame to (near) oblivion''' Journal of Classical Sociolog''y 1 (2): 257–287.</ref> Reviewer Lutz Kaelber from the [[University of Vermont]] referred to Stehrs and Grundmanns edition of Werner Sombart's ''Economic Life in the Modern Age'' as a ''valuable and accessible addition to the Anglo-American literature on Werner Sombart.''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Book Review: Sombart, Economic Life in the Modern Age|url = http://www.cjsonline.ca/reviews/sombart.html|website = www.cjsonline.ca|access-date = 2015-05-09|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://archive.today/20150512162825/http://www.cjsonline.ca/reviews/sombart.html|archive-date = 2015-05-12}}</ref>
=== Sustainability and large technical systems ===
The study of science and technology related issues led him to research large technical systems, which he did during his time at the [[Social Science Research Center Berlin]] (WZB) in the early 1990s. His special interest was focused on the future of automobility.<ref name=":4">Grundmann, Reiner; Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH (Ed.): Kommunikation und technische Infrastruktur: über Schienen, Straßen, Sand und Perlen. Berlin, 1993 (Schriftenreihe der Forschungsgruppe "Große technische Systeme" des Forschungsschwerpunkts Technik - Arbeit - Umwelt am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung 93-501). URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-30922.</ref> In the mid 1990s he spent three years at the [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]] in [[Cologne]] where he studied the efforts to protect the [[ozone layer]] (see as well [[ozone depletion and global warming]]). ''Transnational environmental policy - reconstructing Ozone'' was published in German in 1999 and in 2001 in English. It challenged widespread historical accounts which tend to explain the policies either as a result of scientific consensus, or as an outcome of corporate power.<ref name=":5"
== Science and technology Studies ==
Grundmann contributed to '''[[Science, technology and society]]''' ('''STS''') with books about the role of experts and the power of scientific knowledge. He sees a role of science as [[agenda setting|agenda setter]] in the political process but stays in line with
=== Role of Experts ===
In their book on [[Expert|expert knowledge]] (English translation in 2011: ''Experts: The knowledge and power of expertise''),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url =
''Experts: The knowledge and power of expertise'' got positive reviews e.g. in socialnet.de.<ref>Thorsten Benkel University of Passau) 10.15.2010 review of: Nico Stehr, Reiner Grundmann: Expertenwissen. Velbrück Wissenschaft (Weilerswist) 2010. In: socialnet Rezensionen, ISSN 2190-9245, http://www.socialnet.de/rezensionen/10190.php, access 09.05.2015.</ref> [[Perlentaucher]] mentioned e.g. a positive review of [[:de:Alexander Kissler|Alexander Kissler]] in [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]], stating Stehr and Grundmann would have successfully started ''to plough a new field''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Reiner Grundmann / Nico Stehr: Expertenwissen. Die Kultur und die Macht von Experten, Beratern und Ratgebern - Perlentaucher|url = https://www.perlentaucher.de/buch/reiner-grundmann-nico-stehr/expertenwissen.html|website = www.perlentaucher.de|access-date = 2015-05-09}}</ref> Climate change is a prominent current case which highlights the question about knowledge and decision making. Grundmann thinks that there exists a mistaken belief that the presence of a [[scientific consensus]] will enable ambitious climate policies. He considers that a much praised study overstates the case for scientific consensus.<ref>Cook et al., [[Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature]] [http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/2/024024/article]</ref> Grundmann is in line with main STS scholars view that science hardly determines policy outcomes.<ref>{{citation |periodical=Social Studies of Science |title=The Third Wave of Science Studies Studies of Expertise and Experience |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=235–296 |issn=0306-3127|date=1 April 2002 |language=de |doi=10.1177/0306312702032002003 |last1=Collins |first1=H.M. |last2=Evans |first2=Robert|s2cid=145135881 }}</ref> Examples such [[acid rain]],<ref>Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, 1995. {{ISBN|9780198293330}}</ref> [[smoking ban|smoking regulations]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Grundmann | first1 = Reiner | year = 2013 | title = Debunking sceptical propaganda - Book review | journal = BioSocieties | volume = 8 | issue = 3| pages = 370–374 | doi = 10.1057/biosoc.2013.15 | s2cid = 145249396 }}</ref> [[ozone depleting]] substances, [[genetically modified foods]]<ref>Susan Wright, Molecular Politics: Developing American and British Regulatory Policy for Genetic Engineering, 1972-1982 (1994). {{ISBN|9780226910659}}</ref> show how cultural, economic and political issues exercised a strong influence. Conversely, the presence of an international science consensus (through the IPCC) has led to different national policies, none of which is on track to achieving the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that the [[IPCC Summary for Policymakers]] postulate as necessary.<ref>Reiner Grundmann (2005) Ozone and Climate: Scientific consensus and leadership, Science, Technology, and Human Values 31(1): 73-101.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ipcc14.de/berichte-1/ipcc-arbeitsgruppe-3/145-arbeitsgruppe-drei-veroeffentlicht-ergebnisse|title = IPCC Working group III|last = Schwarz|first = Susanne|date = 13 April 2014|access-date = 29 August 2014|archive-date = 3 May 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140503190458/http://www.ipcc14.de/berichte-1/ipcc-arbeitsgruppe-3/145-arbeitsgruppe-drei-veroeffentlicht-ergebnisse|url-status = dead}}</ref>
=== Climate change ===
He wrote about the legacy of the [[Climatic Research Unit email controversy]] and whether it revitalized or undermined climate science and climate policy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The legacy of climategate: revitalizing or undermining climate science and policy? |journal = Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change|doi=10.1002/wcc.166|volume=3|issue = 3|pages=281–288|year = 2012|last1 = Grundmann|first1 = Reiner| s2cid=142862122 |doi-access = free}}</ref> His own experiences with peer review of another paper about the issue are described in an interview with [[Hans von Storch]] on Storch's Klimazwiebel blog.<ref name="hvSint">[http://klimazwiebel.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/interview-reiner-grundmann.html Tuesday, May 29, 2012 Interview with Reiner Grundmann by Hans von Storch]</ref> According von Storch's intro, Grundmann's paper ''Climategate and The Scientific Ethos''<ref name="CSG">{{Cite journal|title = Climategate and the Scientific Ethos|last = Grundmann|first = Reiner|date = 2012|journal = Science, Technology, & Human Values|volume = 38|pages = 67–93|doi = 10.1177/0162243911432318|s2cid = 146731260}}</ref> faced severe resistance from social science journals before it was published in ''[[Science, Technology, & Human Values]]''.<ref name="hvSint" />
Grundmann and Stehr had themselves a controversy in the peer reviewed literature, when they clashed with Constance Lever-Tracy about the role of sociology in climate affairs. Grundmann stated a ''politicization of climate science'' which makes [[science, technology and society]] (STS) scholars feel uncomfortable with the topic of climate change.<ref name="rgclt" /> Grundmann identifies a problematic approach of climate scientists who believe to have a prerogative to make political suggestions in the field "which society at large should take up because scientists always know best"<ref name="hvSint" /> combined with a basic lack of actual<ref name="rgclt">{{cite journal | title=Climate Change: What role for Sociology? A Response to Constance Lever-Tracy' | author=Reiner Grundmann and Nico Stehr | journal=[[Current Sociology]] | year=2010 | volume=58 | issue=6 | pages=897–910 | doi=10.1177/0011392110376031| s2cid=143371210 }}</ref> feasible solution proposals.<ref name="hvSint" /> He sees climate change as a long term issue requiring more public involvement and debate, not less<ref name="hvSint" /> and asks social scientists to study the interaction between climate and society, Lever-Tracy was more about letting the climatologists having the lead.<ref name="rgclt" />
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