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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Reiner Grundmann
| image
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|09|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Freudenstadt]], West Germany
|
| fields = {{hlist | [[Sociology]] | [[Science and Technology Studies]] | [[Social theory]] | [[Sustainability]] }}▼
| workplaces = {{plainlist|▼
▲| fields = {{hlist | [[Sociology]] | [[Science and Technology Studies]] | [[Social theory]] | [[Sustainability]] }}
▲| workplaces = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Nottingham]]
* [[Aston University]]
| alma_mater = [[Free University Berlin]]▼
| thesis_title = Marxism and Ecology▼
| thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24716▼
| thesis_year = 1991▼
| Other academic advisors= ▼
| notable_ideas = ▼
| influences = {{plainlist|▼
}}
▲| alma_mater = [[Free University Berlin]]
▲| thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24716
▲| thesis_year = 1991
▲| Other academic advisors =
▲| notable_ideas =
* [[Steven Lukes]] (doctorate)
* [[Peter Weingart]] ([[habilitation]])
}}
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://nottingham.academia.edu/ReinerGrundmann}}
}} '''Reiner Grundmann'''
== Life and academic career==
Grundmann took his A-levels at Schelztor Gymnasium in [[Esslingen am Neckar|Esslingen]]. He studied sociology in Berlin and received his doctorate 1989 at the [[European University Institute]] (EUI), [[Florence]] (Italy). His habilitation about environmental policy on the [[ozone layer]] challenge took place at the [[University of Bielefeld]] in 1998 under the auspices of [[Peter Weingart]] from the [[Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Bielefeld]]. Grundmann held post-doctoral positions, at the [[Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin]], at the Graduate college Risk and private law at the [[University of Bremen]], and at the [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]], Cologne. In 1997 he took up a position at [[Aston University]] and is since 2012 at the [[University of Nottingham]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Reiner Grundmann - The University of Nottingham|url = http://nottingham.ac.uk/Sociology/People/reiner.grundmann|website = nottingham.ac.uk|access-date = 2015-05-09}}</ref>
Grundmann's interest in the role of expertise in modern society is influenced by frameworks such as [[Post-normal science]] and [[Roger Pielke Jr.]]'s Honest broker. Both are in line with basic works in the sociology of science and technology doubting a direct influence of "certain knowledge" or "settled science" on political decision making, which is being discussed as the ''linear model of science policy interaction''.<ref name=":8">von Storch, H., Meinke, I., Stehr, N., Ratter, B., Krauß, W., Pielke, R., Grundmann, R., Reckermann, M., & Weisse, R. (2011): [http://www.hzg.de/imperia/md/content/klimabuero/publikationen/zfu_1-2011_1-15.pdf
</ref> His work challenges widespread believes in global success or failure of environmental policy as result of scientific consensus, or as an outcome of corporate power.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title = Book Review Essay: Science, Politics and International Environmental Policy|journal = Global Environmental Politics|date = August 1, 2002|issn = 1526-3800|pages = 118–123|volume = 2|issue = 3|doi = 10.1162/152638002320310554|first = Judith A.|last = Layzer|s2cid = 57559809}}</ref> In contrast, he shows the relevance of transnational [[Business networking|policy networks.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Walter Rösch: Review of Reiner Grundmann: Transnationale Umweltpolitik zum Schutz der Ozonschicht. Frankfurt a. M./New York: 1999, in: Portal für Politikwissenschaft (political science portal), http://pw-portal.de/rezension/9996-transnationale-umweltpolitik-zum-schutz-der-ozonschicht_11820, published on 01.01.2006.|url = http://www.pw-portal.de/rezension/9996-transnationale-umweltpolitik-zum-schutz-der-ozonschicht_11820|website = www.pw-portal.de|access-date = 2015-05-09}}</ref>
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=== Marxist view on Ecology ===
Grundmann started his academic career with an analysis of the legacy of Marx's theory for the understanding of environmental problems. This work was a direct product of his PhD research at the EUI in Florence, in the late 1980s under the supervision of [[Steven Lukes]]. Grundmann described ecology as being no longer confined to the realms of biology since the 1970s. The term, as it had been coined in the 1870s by [[Ernst Haeckel]], a German biologist and [[monism|monist]], was about a branch of biology dealing with the interaction of organisms and their surroundings. The current use of the term started to put the interaction of pollution in a political context and was later to describe a political movement as well. The thesis was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1991 and a related article by Grundmann himself<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Grundmann | first = Reiner | title = The ecological challenge to Marxism | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = I | issue = 194 | pages = 103–120 | date = May–June 1991 | url = http://newleftreview.org/I/187/reiner-grundmann-the-ecological-challenge-to-marxism }} [https://www.academia.edu/161499/The_Ecological_Challenge_to_Marxism Available online.]</ref> and an answer and review of the study by Ted Benton appeared the following year in the [[New Left Review]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Benton | first = Ted | title = Ecology, socialism and the mastery of nature: a reply to Reiner Grundmann | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = I | issue = 194 | pages = 62–64 | date = July–August 1992 | url = http://newleftreview.org/I/194/ted-benton-ecology-socialism-and-the-mastery-of-nature-a-reply-to-reiner-grundmann }}</ref> The basic approach used [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]]'s ''Zur Kritik der politischen Ökologie''<ref>[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy|A Contribution to the Critique of Political Ecology]], the title being a pun on a famous Marx study</ref> published in 1973 in the German [[Kursbuch]]<ref>[[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]] (1973), Zur Kritik der politischen Ökologie', Kursbuch, 33 I</ref> It has been translated in English in Ted
Grundmann saw orthodox
* ''Online as'': {{Cite book | last = Han | first = Lixin | title = Eco-socialism as Politics | chapter = Marxism and
Oxford, Clarendon Press/New York, Oxford University Press, 1991, Marxist introductions URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24716 {{ISBN|0198273142}}</ref>▼
Cai Huajie, Lin Meiping: Reconstruction of nature control and historical materialism:a review of Reiner
▲* ''Online as'': {{Cite book | last = Han | first = Lixin | title = Marxism and ecology: Marx's theory of labour process revisited | journal = Eco-socialism as Politics: Rebuilding the Basis of Our Modern Civilisation (Book) | pages = 15–31 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-3745-9_2 | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-90-481-3744-2 }}</ref> Grundmann avoided depicting the domination as being a precondition of destruction, but allowed for interpretations as mastery or stewardship.<ref name=":2" /> Grundmann' defence of ‘mastery over nature' as a metaphor in ''ecologically informed socialism'' was however not in line with [[Ted Benton]]'s interpretation of the domination term used by Marx. Benton was positive about Grundmann cutting through ''a lot of sloppy thinking in the ‘ecocentric’ camp.'' <ref name=":1" /> He furthermore acknowledged that Grundmanns interpretation of Marx view of our relation to nature is insofar specific compared to e.g. Francis Bacon and Nietzsche, since in Marx's view that ‘man should make an impact on the world’. Such mastery, according to Grundmann, would be better interpreted as in mastering a musical instrument.<ref name=":1" /> Grundmann concluded "that the pursuit of productivity and the development of a healthy environment need not be mutually exclusive," arguing that only specific technologies, not technology as such, lead to environmental degradation.<ref>[http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/24716 Entry of the doctorate at Cadmus] Reiner Grundmann: Marxism and Ecology
▲Oxford, Clarendon Press/New York, Oxford University Press, 1991, Marxist introductions
▲</ref> Whilst the book received some praise and critical attention at the time, it was published at a difficult historical juncture—after the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]] there was little enthusiasm for theoretical frameworks inspired by Marx. This has changed, and the forthcoming Chinese translation and recent reviews and papers about Grundmann's marxist ecology published in China<ref>[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=WHKS201003009&DbName=CJFD2010&DbCode=CJFD 控制自然与历史唯物主义的重构——格伦德曼的生态马克思主义思想述评]
▲Cai Huajie, Lin Meiping: Reconstruction of nature control and historical materialism:a review of Reiner Grundmann’s ecological Marxist thought,
Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition), 2010(03), in Chinese
</ref><ref>[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=WHDS200906013&DbName=CJFD2009&DbCode=CJFD 格伦德曼对马克思自然观的阐释——兼论马克思主义和生态学] Xiong Min (School of Marxism, Zhongnan University of Economics & Law, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China)
</ref><ref>[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=FDMX201011001015&DbName=CPFD2011&DbCode=CPFD 英国生态学马克思主义关于马克思的"自然极限"理论的阐释]
[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=FDMX201011001015&DbName=CPFD2011&DbCode=CPFD] Ni Ruihua (Zhongnan University of Economics and Law) British Eco-Marxism Interpreting
▲[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=FDMX201011001015&DbName=CPFD2011&DbCode=CPFD] Ni Ruihua (Zhongnan University of Economics and Law) British Eco-Marxism Interpreting Marx’s Theory of Natural Limits, Conference, The National Research Base for World Marxism and Thought Trends at Fudan University, China
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 知识搜索|url = http://search.cnki.com.cn/Search.aspx?q=Grundmann|website = search.cnki.com.cn|access-date = 2015-05-11}}</ref> indicate an ongoing interest in the topic.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 国外社会科学杂志-2010年06期-中国知网 Marx defended anthropocentrism - On Reiner Grundmann's Ecological Marxist Theory CNKI entry about a 国外社会科学 (Social Sciences abroad journal) 2010 06|url = http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/magadetail/GWSH201006.htm|website = mall.cnki.net|access-date = 2015-05-11}}</ref>
=== Sustainability and Werner Sombart ===
In the years that followed, he moved away from [[social theory]] and started engaging with issues about environmental [[sustainability]] from the viewpoint of [[science and technology studies]]. This move was inspired by the insight of [[Karl Marx]] that technology reveals the active transformation of nature, performed by humans and their social forms of organization.<ref>[http://readingcapitalsydney.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/chapter-15-machinery-and-large-scale-industry-sections-1-4-2/#_ftnref
A partial return to social theory was prompted by the co-operation with [[Nico Stehr]] with whom Grundmann worked since the late 1990s. Their common work on [[Werner Sombart]] led to a re-evaluation of the legacy of this pioneering German sociologist, examining in particular his low salience in the postwar period.<ref>
=== Sustainability and large technical systems ===
The study of science and technology related issues led him to research large technical systems, which he did during his time at the [[Social Science Research Center Berlin]] (WZB) in the early 1990s. His special interest was focused on the future of automobility.<ref name=":4">Grundmann, Reiner; Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH (Ed.): Kommunikation und technische Infrastruktur: über Schienen, Straßen, Sand und Perlen. Berlin, 1993 (Schriftenreihe der Forschungsgruppe "Große technische Systeme" des Forschungsschwerpunkts Technik - Arbeit - Umwelt am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung 93-501). URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-30922.</ref> In the mid 1990s he spent three years at the [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]] in [[Cologne]] where he studied the efforts to protect the [[ozone layer]] (see as well [[ozone depletion and global warming]]). ''Transnational environmental policy - reconstructing Ozone'' was published in German in 1999 and in 2001 in English. It challenged widespread historical accounts which tend to explain the policies either as a result of scientific consensus, or as an outcome of corporate power.<ref name=":5"
▲Sozialforschung 93-501). URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-30922</ref> In the mid 1990s he spent three years at the [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]] in [[Cologne]] where he studied the efforts to protect the [[ozone layer]] (see as well [[ozone depletion and global warming]]). ''Transnational environmental policy - reconstructing Ozone'' was published in German in 1999 and in 2001 in English. It challenged widespread historical accounts which tend to explain the policies either as a result of scientific consensus, or as an outcome of corporate power.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title = Book Review Essay: Science, Politics and International Environmental Policy|journal = Global Environmental Politics|date = August 1, 2002|issn = 1526-3800|pages = 118–123|volume = 2|issue = 3|doi = 10.1162/152638002320310554|first = Judith A.|last = Layzer|s2cid = 57559809}}</ref> In contrast, it shows the relevance of transnational [[Business networking|policy networks.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Walter Rösch: Review of Reiner Grundmann: Transnationale Umweltpolitik zum Schutz der Ozonschicht. Frankfurt a. M./New York: 1999, in: Portal für Politikwissenschaft (political science portal), http://pw-portal.de/rezension/9996-transnationale-umweltpolitik-zum-schutz-der-ozonschicht_11820, published on 01.01.2006.|url = http://www.pw-portal.de/rezension/9996-transnationale-umweltpolitik-zum-schutz-der-ozonschicht_11820|website = www.pw-portal.de|access-date = 2015-05-09}}</ref> The successful [[Montreal Protocol]] is often taken as an exemplar case which serves as the model for an (so far elusive) climate treaty. Grundmann claims that several problematic lessons have been drawn from this case.<ref>(2005) Ozone and Climate: Scientific consensus and leadership, Science, Technology, and Human Values 31(1): 73-101 [http://sth.sagepub.com/content/31/1/73.abstract].</ref> The book entry quotes [[Jim Lovelock]] stating ''This readable book is the best treatment of the subject published so far'' and [[Frank Sherwood Rowland|F.Sherwood Rowland]] with ''Stimulating and thought-provoking.'' <ref>Grundmann, Reiner:Transnational environmental policy: reconstructing ozone Routledge studies in science, technology, and society, {{ISBN|0-415-22423-3}}, http://samples.sainsburysebooks.co.uk/9781134592241_sample_543801.pdf Page ii</ref>
== Science and technology Studies ==
Grundmann contributed to '''[[Science, technology and society]]''' ('''STS''') with books about the role of experts and the power of scientific knowledge. He sees a role of science as [[agenda setting|agenda setter]] in the political process but stays in line with
=== Role of Experts ===
In their book on [[Expert|expert knowledge]] (English translation in 2011: ''Experts: The knowledge and power of expertise''),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url =
''Experts: The knowledge and power of expertise'' got positive reviews e.g. in socialnet.de.<ref>Thorsten Benkel University of Passau) 10.15.2010 review of: Nico Stehr, Reiner Grundmann: Expertenwissen. Velbrück Wissenschaft (Weilerswist) 2010. In: socialnet Rezensionen, ISSN 2190-9245, http://www.socialnet.de/rezensionen/10190.php, access 09.05.2015.</ref> [[Perlentaucher]] mentioned e.g. a positive review of [[:de:Alexander Kissler|Alexander Kissler]] in [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]], stating Stehr and Grundmann would have successfully started ''to plough a new field''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Reiner Grundmann / Nico Stehr: Expertenwissen. Die Kultur und die Macht von Experten, Beratern und Ratgebern - Perlentaucher|url = https://www.perlentaucher.de/buch/reiner-grundmann-nico-stehr/expertenwissen.html|website = www.perlentaucher.de|access-date = 2015-05-09}}</ref> Climate change is a prominent current case which highlights the question about knowledge and decision making. Grundmann thinks that there exists a mistaken belief that the presence of a [[scientific consensus]] will enable ambitious climate policies. He considers that a much praised study overstates the case for scientific consensus.<ref>Cook et al., [[Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature]] [http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/2/024024/article]</ref> Grundmann is in line with main STS scholars view that science hardly determines policy outcomes.<ref>{{citation |periodical=Social Studies of Science |title=The Third Wave of Science Studies Studies of Expertise and Experience |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=235–296 |issn=0306-3127|date=1 April 2002 |language=de |doi=10.1177/0306312702032002003 |last1=Collins |first1=H.M. |last2=Evans |first2=Robert|s2cid=145135881 }}</ref> Examples such [[acid rain]],<ref>Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, 1995. {{ISBN|9780198293330}}</ref> [[smoking ban|smoking regulations]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Grundmann | first1 = Reiner | year = 2013 | title = Debunking sceptical propaganda - Book review | journal = BioSocieties | volume = 8 | issue = 3| pages = 370–374 | doi = 10.1057/biosoc.2013.15 | s2cid = 145249396 }}</ref> [[ozone depleting]] substances, [[genetically modified foods]]<ref>Susan Wright, Molecular Politics: Developing American and British Regulatory Policy for Genetic Engineering, 1972-1982 (1994). {{ISBN|9780226910659}}</ref> show how cultural, economic and political issues exercised a strong influence. Conversely, the presence of an international science consensus (through the IPCC) has led to different national policies, none of which is on track to achieving the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that the [[IPCC Summary for Policymakers]] postulate as necessary.<ref>Reiner Grundmann (2005) Ozone and Climate: Scientific consensus and leadership, Science, Technology, and Human Values 31(1): 73-101.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ipcc14.de/berichte-1/ipcc-arbeitsgruppe-3/145-arbeitsgruppe-drei-veroeffentlicht-ergebnisse|title = IPCC Working group III|last = Schwarz|first = Susanne|date = 13 April 2014|access-date = 29 August 2014|archive-date = 3 May 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140503190458/http://www.ipcc14.de/berichte-1/ipcc-arbeitsgruppe-3/145-arbeitsgruppe-drei-veroeffentlicht-ergebnisse|url-status = dead}}</ref>
=== Climate change ===
He wrote about the legacy of the [[Climatic Research Unit email controversy]] and whether it
Grundmann and Stehr had themselves a controversy in the peer reviewed literature, when they clashed with Constance Lever-Tracy about the role of sociology in climate affairs. Grundmann stated a ''politicization of climate science'' which makes [[science, technology and society]] (STS) scholars feel uncomfortable with the topic of climate change.<ref name="rgclt" /> Grundmann identifies a problematic approach of climate scientists who believe to have a prerogative to make political suggestions in the field "which society at large should take up because scientists always know best"<ref name="hvSint" /> combined with a basic lack of actual<ref name="rgclt">{{cite journal | title=Climate Change: What role for Sociology? A Response to Constance Lever-Tracy' | author=Reiner Grundmann and Nico Stehr | journal=[[Current Sociology]] | year=2010 | volume=58 | issue=6 | pages=897–910 | doi=10.1177/0011392110376031| s2cid=143371210 }}</ref> feasible solution proposals.<ref name="hvSint" /> He sees climate change as a long term issue requiring more public involvement and debate, not less<ref name="hvSint" /> and asks social scientists to study the interaction between climate and society, Lever-Tracy was more about letting the climatologists having the lead.<ref name="rgclt" />
[[Mike Hulme]] noted that Grundmann (2007) pointed out some of the problems, with the circulation of IPCC knowledge or that he suggested that improvements need to be made, for example in form of improved communication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mikehulme.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Hulme-Mahony-PiPG.pdf|title=Climate Change: what do we know about the IPCC?|author=Mike Hulme|year=2010}}</ref> Grundmann wrote that besides the IPCC knowledge, it resulted in inaction in the United States, and that political agenda and high visibility of sceptical scientists in the media based on
==Publications and books==
* (1991) ''Marxism and Ecology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0198273142}}
** Korean (Dongnyok, Seoul 1995), Chinese translation is forthcoming
* (1999) Transnationale Umweltpolitik zum Schutz der Ozonschicht. USA und Deutschland im Vergleich. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus. {{ISBN|3-593-36222-8}}
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[[Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Academics of Aston University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Bielefeld University
[[Category:German political scientists]]
[[Category:German sociologists]]
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