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{{short description|1965 board wargame}}
{{for|the video game|Blitzkrieg (video game)}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Cover_of_Blitzkrieg_1965.png|thumb|right|Cover of 1st edition, 1965]]
'''''Blitzkrieg''''' is a strategic-level [[Wargaming|wargame]] published by [[Avalon Hill]] in [[1960s in games|1965]] that simulates a non-historical attack by one major power against another using the [[blitzkrieg]] strategy. It was the first commercial wargame that did not simulate an actual historical battle, and with almost 400 counters, it was a precursor to the "monster" wargames of the 1970s featuring more than a thousand counters.
==Description==
''Blitzkrieg'' is a two-player wargame simulating military technology used at the end of [[World War II]]. The game uses a large [[hex grid]] map of a fictional continent dominated by the major powers "Big Red" and "Great Blue", with several neutral counties separating them.
''Blitzkrieg'' was innovative in several respects, including being the first commercial wargame to offer partial eliminations as a combat result, <ref name=gen20-4>{{cite magazine| last =Harmon | first =Robert D. | title =A New Look at an Old Friend | magazine=The General | volume =20 | issue =4 | pages =27–35 | date =1983 }}</ref> and also the first that did not simulate a specific historical battle.<ref name=bgg>{{cite web | url =https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/4168/blitzkrieg | title =Blitzkrieg (1965) | website =BoardGameGeek | access-date =2021-11-20}}</ref> Game historian Harry Lowood noted that "Players intrigued by the unprecedented array of military options in the game noticed the potential for experimentation, and a few articles proposing optional rules and other variants appeared in ''The General'' along with dozens of strategy articles."<ref name=lowood>{{Citation | last =Lowood | first =Harry | contribution = War Engines | date =2016 | title =Zones of Control: Perspective on Wargaming | editor-last1 =Harrigan | editor-first1 =Pat | editor-last2 =Kirschenbaum | editor-first2 =Matthew G. | publisher =MIT Press }}</ref>{{rp|95}} Lowood also noted that [[Jim Dunnigan]] and [[Redmond A. Simonsen]] of rival game company [[Simulations Publications Inc.]] used ''Blitzkrieg'' as a "starting point" for their new ''[[Blitzkrieg Module System]]'' series, which ultimately produced eighteen modules, constructed so that "players could use some or all of them, also picking and choosing physical components from ''Blitzkrieg''."<ref name="lowood" />{{rp|95}}
===Components===
The original 1965 edition contained:
* 390 die-cut counters (189 Blue counters plus 6 blank, 187 Red counters plus 8 blank)
* 44" x 22" hex grid game board featuring several different types of terrain (clear, forest, mountains, desert)
* Basic rule book
* Advanced/Tournament rule book
* 6-sided die
* Order of Appearance sheets
* Time Record sheet
* Game attrition tables
===Setup===
Great Blue places "Turn 1" units on any hexes within its borders. Big Red then does the same.
===Gameplay===
Each turn, Great Blue goes first, adding any units from the Order of Appearance sheet to the map before moving units and engaging in combat. Once Great Blue has moved all units desired, Big Red has the same opportunity to place reinforcements and move.
'''Terrain and Movement''': Plain terrain has a movement cost of 1. Armor may not enter forest hexes. All units entering a mountain hex must stop upon entering and wait for the next turn to continue moving at a rate of 1 mountain hex per turn. Defenders in mountain terrain double their defensive value.<ref name=ugc>{{cite web | url =https://www.unpluggedrva.com/game/game.php?id=649 | title =Blitzkrieg (1965) | website =Unplugged Games Cafe | access-date =2021-11-20}}</ref>
'''Zone of Control''': Every unit has a [[zone of control]] in the hexes adjacent to it — enemy units that enter the zone of control must stop and engage in combat.
'''Combat''': The ratio of attackers to defenders is determined, a die is rolled and the result is seen on the Attrition Table. This can vary from a draw to a forced retreat, or partial or complete elimination.
Players can stack units in the same hex up to a combined combat value of 12. Stacked counters move at the rate of the slowest counter in the stack.
===Victory conditions===
The Basic game lasts for 15 turns, and a player wins by fulfilling one of these victory conditions:
* eliminating all opposing units
* occupying all cities in the opposing player's home country for one complete turn
* holding more than 25 cities by the 15th turn
If neither player is able to meet any of the victory conditions by the end of the 15th turn, the game ends in a draw.
The Tournament game has no time limits, so only the first two victory conditions are valid, and the game cannot end in a draw unless by mutual consent.
==Publication history==
''Blitzkrieg'' was designed by Larry Pinksy and Thomas Shaw, and was released by Avalon Hill in 1965. The game was a bestseller for the company,<ref name="gen20-4" /> and paved the way for "monster" wargames of more than 1,000 counters.
Ten years after its original publication, Dave Roberts revised the rules and Avalon Hill published a second edition in 1975 that used all of the original components of the 1965 edition except for a revised rulebook and Attrition Table. By that time, the innovations of the original edition had inspired a new generation of monster wargames, and ''Blitzkrieg'', even with revised rules, was seen as outmoded. As a result, the second edition did not become the bestseller that the 1965 edition had been.<ref name="bgg" />
==SPI's ''Bliztkrieg Module System''==
In 1969, the newly founded wargame publisher [[Simulations Publications Inc.]] (SPI) introduced the ''[[Blitzkrieg Module System]]'' set of modules for ''Blitzkrieg'' that allowed players to add combinations of new rules to explore new ways to play the game. These rules included the use of navies, armies for the small neutral countries, railways, production, weather and guerillas. Although SPI provided the new rules, as well as more counters and revised charts, players still needed to buy a copy of Avalon Hill's original ''Blitzkrieg'' in order to use SPI's modules. As Nicholas Palmer noted, this was a "unique example of one leading company building on the game of another."<ref name=palmer />
==Reception==
In his 1977 book ''[[The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming]]'', [[Nick Palmer|Nicholas Palmer]] called the game an "Ambitious attempt to incorporate every aspect of modern warfare in an abstract context does not quite come off; both sides very similar [forces], and most players steer the game into boring wars of attrition." Palmer did note that if both players were aggressive, "the game comes alive with a bang."<ref name=palmer>{{cite book | last =Palmer | first =Nicholas | authorlink =Nick Palmer | title =The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming | publisher =Sphere Books | date =1977 | location =London | pages =136}}</ref>
In ''[[The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games]]'', game designer [[Jon Freeman (game designer)|Jon Freeman]] didn't think ''Blitzkrieg'' was very good, commenting, "Politicians who try to be all things to all people tend to be as slippery and hard to pin down as [[Proteus]], and games similarly designed give me that old [[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|Wizard of Oz]] feeling — that beneath the shifting facade is nothing of substance."<ref>{{cite book| last = Freeman| first = Jon| author-link = Jon Freeman (game designer) | title = The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games| publisher = Playboy Press| date = 1979| location = Chicago| pages = 238–239| isbn =0872165620 }}</ref>
In ''The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training'', Martin Campion pointed out that although the game was based upon strategies used during World War II, "Its result is more like that of World War I [...] because the two opponents are equal in power and weapons. So it is a lengthy game of attrition which is quite likely to be given up before it is concluded."<ref name=gtsg >{{cite book| last =Campion| first =Martin| contribution = Blitzkrieg | editor-last1 = Horn| editor-first1 = Robert E.| editor-last2 =Cleaves| editor-first2 = Ann| title = The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training| publisher = Sage Publications| date = 1980| location = Beverly Hills CA| pages = 484| isbn = 0-8039-1375-3}}</ref>
In a retrospective review in ''The General'', Robert Harmon recalled that ''Blitzkrieg'' "opened the floodgates to a host of land wargames of increasing complexity and originality." Harmon thought that ''Blitzkrieg'' still offered the player increased opportunities for imaginative play, saying, "The wargamer has freedom of action over a continental areas, with fewer restrictions that ''[[War and Peace (game)|War and Peace]]'' or ''[[Advanced Third Reich|Third Reich]]''."<ref name="gen20-4" />
The website Unplugged Games Cafe thought that despite its age, ''Blitzkrieg'' has much to offer, saying, "It is still a good two player game and there is enough variation so it won't get stale. It has a WWII or early cold war feel to it."<ref name="ugc" />
Wargamer Academy calls it "a good introductory game and also challenging in the advanced and optional rule forms. Despite its lack of correlation to an actual battle/campaign, this was a best seller."<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.wargameacademy.org/bzk/ | title =BZK - Blitzkrieg | date =2009-05-30 | website =Wargamer Academy | access-date =2021-11-20}}</ref>
==Other recognition==
A copy of ''Blitzkrieg'' is held in the collection of the [[Strong National Museum of Play]] (object 112.6283).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/board-game-blitzkrieg-the-avalon-hill-game-company/bgFncoJLrxuIcA?hl=en | title = Board game:Blitzkrieg | website =Google Arts & Culture | access-date = 2021-11-20 }}</ref>
==Other reviews and commentary==
*''Panzerfaust and Campaign'' No. 72 (Mar–Apr 1976)
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{bgg|4168|''Blitzkrieg''}}
{{Avalon Hill|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:American board games]]
[[Category:Avalon Hill games]]
[[Category:Board games introduced in 1965]]
[[Category:Board wargames]]
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