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This Leica model is designed by Oskar Barnack his unique design is known as the Barnack camera or Barnack model. |
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'''Copying''' products has been the normal practice since the [[industrial revolution]] began, and probably even long before that. Everything from [[typewriters]] to [[car]]s are quite similarily designed. To some extent, new designs may be protected by [[patent]]s for a limited period. [[Patent application]] would be needed in each country the manufacturer want their design protected by patent rights. After [[World War II]], the [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]] made all German patents in their country available to the public free of charge. [[Ernst Leitz]] had no patents registered in the [[USSR]]. Cameras introduced later would not cause patent rights infringements as far as the early Leica models are concerned.<ref>{{cite book|title=Leica Copies|author=HPR|publisher=Classic Collection Publications, London|year=1994|isbn=1874495054}}</ref>▼
The Leica copies originate from the '''[[Leica camera]]'''
▲[[Image:Leica II Canon lens 14162384 6cd2a80124 o.jpg|thumb|Leica II (1939), with a later Canon lens]]
The post 1932 Leica II and Leica III cameras were differentiated by the latter having a "slow speed dial" on the front of the camera to the left of the lens mount. After 1940, with the introduction of the Leica IIIc, the upper body was die cast rather than stamped and the visual appearance of the camera changed with a more prominent shutter-crate around the lens mount -- this was not covered with leather as in the previous models. The Soviet cameras followed the pattern of the Leica II, while most of the Asian cameras included the slow-speed feature. <ref name="Copies">{{cite book|title=Leica Copies|author=HPR|publisher=Classic Collection Publications, London|year=1994|isbn=1-874485-05-4}}</ref> The earlier copies used the stamped upper body, while a few of the later cameras had die cast upper bodies. Several of the Asian brands combined the viewfinder and rangefinder features, this was not done on the Barnack Leica cameras or Soviet copies.
▲The '''[[Leica camera]]''' using the [[35mm]] perforated film was launched by [[Ernst Leitz]], Wetzlar in 1925. The design was carried out by [[Oscar Barnack]], beginning in 1913 by building a camera for 24×36mm negatives that by now is called the Ur-Leica; but Ernst Leitz did not decide to manufacture it until 1924. Once started, the [[Leica Camera|Leica]] production volume doubled each year, and in 1929, some 16.000 cameras were produced. In 1930, an improved model with interchangeable lens was introduced, and a year later came the fully developed Leica II with standardized film to lens flange distance; the Leica concept was established. This camera's features are the basis for defining a Leica copy. <ref>{{cite book|title=35mm Cameras|author=Brian Long|publisher=The Crowood Press, Wiltshire|year=1997|isbn=9781861269485}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Leica Collectors Guide|author=Dennis Laney|publisher=Hove Collectors Books, Hove|year=1992|isbn=1874707006}}</ref>
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*2 - 28.8mm [[Flange focal distance|film to lens flange distance]]▼
*4 - Using [[135 film|35mm perforated film]] ▼
*5 - Employing a [[focal-plane shutter]]▼
One set of specifications which may define a Leica copy, are described by Hans P. Rajner,<ref name="Copies"/> is:
[[Image:Minolta-35B.JPG|thumb|Minolta-35 (1947)]]▼
*1 - Predominantly a [[Rangefinder camera|rangefinder/viewfinder camera]] type
[[Image:Canon IIB IMG 0372.jpg|thumb|Canon IIB (1951)]]▼
*2 - With the 39mm Leica screw [[lens mount]] with approximately 1 mm pitch
Some 500 individual camera models that are produced by a variety of camera manufacturers since the introduction of the Leica fall into this category. These originate from about 21 original Leica inspired cameras. However, some of these never made it past the prototype stage, and some came on the market only in very small quantities. Those who made it to the market by more than a few thousands were:▼
[[File:Шанхай - китайская Лейка 1958 год фото4.JPG|thumb|Shanghai (1958)]]
▲Some 500 individual camera models that
*1933 - 1990s: The [[FED (camera)|FED]] manufactured in the Kharkov labour commune in USSR <ref>{{cite book|title=Russian and Soviet Cameras|author=Jean Loup Princelle|publisher=Hove Foto Books|year=1995|isbn=1874031029}}</ref>▼
*1940 - 1961: The Leotax manufactured in Japan by Showa Kogaku, Tokyo ▼
*1947 - 1954: [[Harman Kardon|Kardon]] manufactured by Premier Instrument Corp., New York, USA▼
*1948 - 1959: [[Nicca]] manufactured in Japan by Nippon Camera Co. Ltd, Tokyo▼
*1948 - 1977: [[Zorki]] manufactured in USSR by KMZ, Krasnogorsk. <ref>{{cite book|title=Russian and Soviet Cameras|author=Jean Loup Princelle|publisher=Hove Foto Books|year=1995|isbn=1874031029}}</ref>▼
*1953 - 1961: [[Corfield Periflex|Periflex]] manufactured in England by [[K. G. Corfield Ltd]]. Wolverhampton<ref>{{cite book|title=The Periflex Story|author=John F. Lewis|publisher=Erisen Lewis (Publications) Norwich UK|year=1985|isbn=0951021109}}</ref>▼
*1958 - 1963: Shanghai 58-I manufactured in Shanghai China.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cameras of the peoples republic of China|author=Douglas St Denny|publisher=Jessop Specialist Publishing|year=1989|isbn=0951439200}}</ref>▼
*1959 - 1960: [[Yashica]] YE manufactured by Yashica as a continuation of the Nicca range <ref>{{cite book|title=Leica Copies|author=HPR|publisher=Classic Collection Publications, London|year=1994|isbn=1874495054}}</ref>▼
(Only the first model by each manufacturer is mentioned, while the indicated period encompasses the entire range of models until the end of production)
Note: Some 35mm rangefinder cameras were also partly inspired by the Zeiss Ikon [[Contax]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Collector's Checklist of Contax and other Zeiss classic miniature cameras, lenses and accessories|author=Dr. A. Neill and Ivor Matanle|publisher=Camera Collector Books, Sussex|year=1974 … 1980|isbn=n.a.}}</ref> Among these belong the 1934 Canon and the 1948 [[Nikon S-Mount|Nikon rangefinder camera]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Nikon rangefinder camera|author=Robert Rotoloni|publisher=Hove Foto Books, Sussex|year=1983|isbn=0906447259}}</ref>▼
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▲*
*1940 - 1961: The Leotax manufactured in Japan by Showa Kogaku, Tokyo.<ref name="Rosetta">{{cite book|title=The Collectors Guide to Japanese Cameras "The Rosetta Stone.."|author=K. Sugiyama, H. Naoi and J.R. Bullock|publisher=The Quarter Planning Co., Ltd. Tokyo|year=1985|isbn=0-87011-743-2}}</ref>
*1947 - 1959: The [[Minolta 35|Minolta-35]] manufactured by Chiyoda Kogaku, Osaka (24×32 mm at first).<ref name="Scheibel_1999_Kameratechnik">{{cite book|title=70 Jahre Minolta Kameratechnik - Von der {{sic|Nifcalette|expected=Nifcarette|nolink=yes}} bis zur Dynax 9|last1=Scheibel|first1=Anni Rita|last2=Scheibel|first2=Josef<!--|others=Scheibel, Robert-->|publisher=Verlag der H. Lindemanns Buchhandlung|location=Stuttgart|language=de|edition=3rd|year=1999|isbn=3-89506-191-3|url=http://minolta.kamerabuch.de/gebu/gebu.htm|access-date=2012-10-16}}</ref>
▲*1947 - 1954:
▲*1948 - 1959: [[Nicca]] manufactured in Japan by Nippon Camera Co. Ltd, Tokyo.<ref name="Copies"/>
*1948 - 1977: [[Zorki]] manufactured in USSR by KMZ, Krasnogorsk.<ref name="Russian"/>
*1951 - 1964: [[Reid and Sigrist|Reid]] Post WWII by Reid and Sigrist from seized Leitz plans
▲*
▲*1953 - 1961: [[Corfield Periflex|Periflex]] manufactured in England by [[K. G. Corfield Ltd]]. Wolverhampton.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Periflex Story|author=John
▲*1958 - 1963: Shanghai 58-I manufactured in China by Shanghai
▲*1959 - 1960: [[Yashica]] YE manufactured by Yashica as a continuation of the Nicca range
▲Note: Some '''35mm''' rangefinder cameras were also partly inspired by the Zeiss Ikon [[Contax]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Collector's Checklist of Contax and other Zeiss classic miniature cameras, lenses and accessories|author=Dr. A. Neill and Ivor Matanle|publisher=Camera Collector Books, Sussex|year=
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:135 film cameras]]
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