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'''Gene trapping''' is a [[High-throughput screening|high-throughput]] approach that is used to introduce insertional [[mutations]] across an organism's genome.
'''Gene trapping''' is a high-throughput approach that is used to introduce insertional [[mutations]] across the [[mammalian]] genome. It is performed with gene trap vectors whose principal element is a gene trapping cassette consisting of a promoterless reporter gene and/or selectable [[genetic marker]] flanked by an upstream 3’ splice site (splice acceptor; SA) and a downstream [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]]al termination sequence (polyadenylation sequence; polyA). When inserted into an [[intron]] of an expressed gene, the gene trap cassette is transcribed from the endogenous promoter of that gene in the form of a fusion transcript in which the exon(s) upstream of the insertion site is spliced in frame to the reporter/selectable marker gene. Since transcription is terminated prematurely at the inserted polyadenylation site, the processed fusion transcript encodes a truncated and non-functional version of the cellular [[protein]] and the reporter/selectable marker. Thus, gene traps simultaneously inactivate and report the expression of the trapped gene at the insertion site, and provide a [[DNA]] tag (gene trap sequence tag, GTST) for the rapid identification of the disrupted [[gene]].▼
An international public consortium [http://www.genetrap.org/ International Gene Trap Consortium] is centralizing the data and cell lines can be requested from them.
 
==See alsoMethod ==
Trapping is performed with gene trap vectors whose principal element is a gene trapping cassette consisting of a promoterless reporter gene and/or selectable [[genetic marker]], flanked by an upstream 3' splice site (splice acceptor; SA) and a downstream [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]]al termination sequence ([[polyadenylation]] sequence; polyA).
*[[Enhancer trap]]
 
▲'''Gene trapping''' is a high-throughput approach that is used to introduce insertional [[mutations]] across the [[mammalian]] genome. It is performed with gene trap vectors whose principal element is a gene trapping cassette consisting of a promoterless reporter gene and/or selectable [[genetic marker]] flanked by an upstream 3’ splice site (splice acceptor; SA) and a downstream [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]]al termination sequence (polyadenylation sequence; polyA). When inserted into an [[intron]] of an expressed gene, the gene trap cassette is transcribed from the endogenous promoter of that gene in the form of a fusion transcript in which the exon(s) upstream of the insertion site is spliced in frame to the reporter/selectable marker gene. Since transcription is terminated prematurely at the inserted polyadenylation site, the processed fusion transcript encodes a truncated and non-functionalnonfunctional version of the cellular [[protein]] and the reporter/selectable marker. Thus, gene traps simultaneously inactivate and report the expression of the trapped gene at the insertion site, and provide a [[DNA]] tag (gene trap sequence tag, GTST) for the rapid identification of the disrupted [[gene]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=G|last1=Cobellis|first2=G|last2=Nicolaus|display-authors=etal|date=2005|title=Tagging genes with cassette-exchange sites|journal=Nucleic Acids Res|volume=33|issue=4|page=e44|pmid= 15741177|doi=10.1093/nar/gni045|pmc=552971}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=S|last1=De-Zolt|first2=F|last2= Schnutgen|display-authors=etal|date=2006|title=High-throughput trapping of secretory pathway genes in mouse embryonic stem cells|journal=Nucleic Acids Res|volume=34|issue=3|page=25|pmid=16478711|doi=10.1093/nar/gnj026|pmc=1369290}}</ref>
==References==▼
# Gossler, A., A. L. Joyner, et al. (1989). "Mouse embryonic stem cells and reporter constructs to detect developmentally regulated genes." Science 244(4903): 463-5.▼
# von Melchner, H. and H. E. Ruley (1989). "Identification of cellular promoters by using a retrovirus promoter trap." J Virol 63(8): 3227-33.
# Friedrich, G. and P. Soriano (1991) "Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells: a genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in mice." Genes Dev 5:1413-1523.
# Zambrowicz, B. P., G. A. Friedrich, et al. (1998). "Disruption and sequence identification of 2,000 genes in mouse embryonic stem cells." Nature 392(6676): 608-11.
# Wiles, M. V., F. Vauti, et al. (2000). "Establishment of a gene-trap sequence tag library to generate mutant mice from embryonic stem cells." Nat Genet 24(1): 13-4.
# Gene Trap Mutagenesis past, present & beyond; Stanford WL, Cohn JB, Cordes SP (2001)Nature Rev. Genet., 2, 756–768
# Skarnes, W. C., H. von Melchner, et al. (2004). "A public gene trap resource for mouse functional genomics." Nat Genet 36(6): 543-4.
# Hansen, J., T. Floss, et al. (2003). "A large-scale, gene-driven mutagenesis approach for the functional analysis of the mouse genome." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(17): 9918-22.
# Zambrowicz, B. P., A. Abuin, et al. (2003). "Wnk1 kinase deficiency lowers blood pressure in mice: A gene-trap screen to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(24): 14109-14.
# Schnutgen, F., S. De-Zolt, et al. (2005). "Genomewide production of multipurpose alleles for the functional analysis of the mouse genome." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(20): 7221-
# De-Zolt, S., F. Schnutgen, et al. (2006). "High-throughput trapping of secretory pathway genes in mouse embryonic stem cells." Nucleic Acids Res 34(3): e25.
# Patricia S. Springer (2000). "Gene Traps: Tools for Plant Development and Genomics." The Plant Cell, Vol. 12:1007-1020.
 
== Access ==
The International Gene Trap Consortium is centralizing the data and supplies modified cell lines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genetrap.org/|title=IGTC, International Gene Trap Consortium|website=www.genetrap.org|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref>
 
▲== References ==
{{unreferenced|date=May 2007}}
{{reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
[[Category:Genetics]]▼
{{refbegin|32em}}
▲#* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gossler, A., A.Joyner L.AL, JoynerRossant J, etSkarnes al.WC (1989).| title = "Mouse embryonic stem cells and reporter constructs to detect developmentally regulated genes." | journal = Science | volume = 244( | issue = 4903): 463-5| pages = 463–5 | date = April 1989 | pmid = 2497519 | doi=10.1126/science.2497519}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = von Melchner H, Ruley HE | title = Identification of cellular promoters by using a retrovirus promoter trap | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 63 | issue = 8 | pages = 3227–33 | date = August 1989 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.63.8.3227-3233.1989 | pmid = 2545900 | pmc = 250892 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Friedrich G, Soriano P | title = Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells: a genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in mice | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | pages = 1513–23 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1653172 | doi=10.1101/gad.5.9.1513| doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zambrowicz BP, Friedrich GA, Buxton EC, Lilleberg SL, Person C, Sands AT | title = Disruption and sequence identification of 2,000 genes in mouse embryonic stem cells | journal = Nature | volume = 392 | issue = 6676 | pages = 608–11 | date = April 1998 | doi = 10.1038/33423 | pmid = 9560157 | s2cid = 4329895 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wiles MV, Vauti F, Otte J, Füchtbauer EM, Ruiz P, Füchtbauer A, Arnold HH, Lehrach H, Metz T, von Melchner H, Wurst W | title = Establishment of a gene-trap sequence tag library to generate mutant mice from embryonic stem cells | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–4 | date = January 2000 | doi = 10.1038/71622 | pmid = 10615117 | s2cid = 29505338 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stanford WL, Cohn JB, Cordes SP | title = Gene-trap mutagenesis: past, present and beyond | journal = Nature Reviews Genetics | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = 756–68 | date = October 2001 | doi = 10.1038/35093548 | pmid = 11584292 | s2cid = 11468334 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Skarnes WC, von Melchner H, Wurst W, Hicks G, Nord AS, Cox T, Young SG, Ruiz P, Soriano P, Tessier-Lavigne M, Conklin BR, Stanford WL, Rossant J | title = A public gene trap resource for mouse functional genomics | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 543–4 | date = June 2004 | pmc = 2716026 | doi = 10.1038/ng0604-543 | pmid = 15167922 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hansen J, Floss T, Van Sloun P, Füchtbauer EM, Vauti F, Arnold HH, Schnütgen F, Wurst W, von Melchner H, Ruiz P | title = A large-scale, gene-driven mutagenesis approach for the functional analysis of the mouse genome | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 17 | pages = 9918–22 | date = August 2003 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1633296100 | pmid = 12904583 | pmc = 187885 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zambrowicz BP, Abuin A, Ramirez-Solis R, Richter LJ, Piggott J, BeltrandelRio H, Buxton EC, Edwards J, Finch RA, Friddle CJ, Gupta A, Hansen G, Hu Y, Huang W, Jaing C, Key BW, Kipp P, Kohlhauff B, Ma ZQ, Markesich D, Payne R, Potter DG, Qian N, Shaw J, Schrick J, Shi ZZ, Sparks MJ, Van Sligtenhorst I, Vogel P, Walke W, Xu N, Zhu Q, Person C, Sands AT | display-authors = 6 | title = Wnk1 kinase deficiency lowers blood pressure in mice: a gene-trap screen to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 24 | pages = 14109–14 | date = November 2003 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2336103100 | pmid = 14610273 | pmc = 283554 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schnütgen F, De-Zolt S, Van Sloun P, Hollatz M, Floss T, Hansen J, Altschmied J, Seisenberger C, Ghyselinck NB, Ruiz P, Chambon P, Wurst W, von Melchner H | title = Genomewide production of multipurpose alleles for the functional analysis of the mouse genome | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 102 | issue = 20 | pages = 7221–6 | date = May 2005 | pmc = 1129123 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0502273102 | pmid = 15870191 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Springer PS | title = Gene traps: tools for plant development and genomics | journal = The Plant Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 7 | pages = 1007–20 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10899970 | pmc = 149045 | doi=10.2307/3871251| jstor = 3871251 }}
{{refend}}
 
== External links ==
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{{Scholia}}
 
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