Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
- Elle est australienne.
and possibly understand:
- Nous sommes à la maison.
- Les hommes sont de Paris.
Vocabulary review · Greetings and goodbyes
editSalut | /sa.ly/ (help·info) | Hi./Bye. | informal | ||
Bonjour | /bɔ̃.ʒuʁ/ (help·info) | Hello | more formal than salut; before 19h00 | ||
Bonsoir | /bɔ̃.swaʁ/ (help·info) | Good evening, hello | like bonjour; after 19h00 | ||
Bonne nuit | \bɔn nɥi\ (help·info) | Good night | lit: good night | ||
Au revoir | /o ʁə.vwaʁ/ (help·info) | Good-bye | Shortened "Au Plaisir De Vous Revoir" (at the pleasure of seeing you again) | ||
À demain | /a də.mɛ̃/ (help·info) | See you tomorrow | lit: to/until tomorrow |
Dialogue · Where are you from? · Où es-tu?
editGrammar · Subject pronouns · Les pronoms sujet
editFrench has six different types of pronouns: the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person singular and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person plural.
1st person | singular | je | /ʒə/ (help·info) | I |
---|---|---|---|---|
plural | nous | /nu/ (help·info) | we | |
2nd person | singular | tu | /ty/ (help·info) | you |
plural or respectful | vous | /vu/ (help·info) | ||
3rd person | singular | il elle on |
/il/ (help·info) /ɛl/ (help·info) /ɔ̃/ (help·info) |
he she one |
plural | ils elles |
/il/ (help·info) /ɛl/ (help·info) |
they (masculine) they (feminine) |
Supplementary usage notes
edit- Tu and vous
- This is an important difference between French and English. English no longer distinguishes between the singular and the plural, formal version of you, although thou used to be the informal singular version up to the Mid-nineteenth Century. In French, it is culturally important to know when to use vous /vu/ (voo) and when to use tu /ty/ (tew).
- Vous is the plural form of you. This is somewhat equivalent to you all, you guys, all of you, except that it does not carry any familiarity when used with the plural. You'd use it to address your friends as well as when talking to the government at a press conference. Vous is also used to refer to single individuals to show respect, to be polite or to be neutral. It is used when talking to someone who is important, someone who is older than you are, or someone with whom you are unfamiliar. This is known as Vouvoiement.
- Conversely, tu is the singular and informal form of vous (you) in French. It is commonly used when referring to a friend or a family member, and is also used between children or when addressing a child. If it is used when speaking to a stranger, it can be taken as disrespect. This is known as Tutoiement. As a rule of thumb, use tu only when you would call that person by his first name, otherwise use vous. French speaking people will make it known when they would like you to refer to them by tu. In French speaking Canada, the use of the singular tu is used everywhere, and can be considered a cultural difference from that of Europe and Africa. You can use the vous in Canada, but it won't affect your respect.
- Il, elle, and on
- French pronouns carry meanings that do not exist in English pronouns. The pronoun it does not exist in French. Il replaces all masculine nouns, even those that are not human; the same is true with elle and feminine nouns.
- The French third person on has several meanings, but most closely matches the now archaic English one. While in English, sentences with one as the subject sound old-fashioned, their French equivalents are quite acceptable. In everyday language, on is used, instead of nous, to express we; the verb is always used in the 3rd person singular.
- Ils and elles
- While the third person plural they has no gender in English, the French equivalents ils and elles do. However, when pronounced, they normally sound the same as il and elle, so distinguishing the difference requires understanding of the various conjugations of the verbs following the pronoun. Also, if a group of people consists of both males and females, the male form is used, even with a majority of females; however, this sensibly yields to overwhelming majority: given a group of only one male to thousands of females, the female form would be used.
Vocabulary · Common places
editla banque | /bɑ̃k/ (help·info) | the bank | |||
le bar | /baːʁ/ (help·info) | the bar | |||
le bureau | /by.ʁo/ (help·info) | the office | |||
l'école (f) | /e.kɔl/ (help·info) | the school | |||
la gare | /ɡaʁ/ (help·info) | the train station | |||
l'hôtel (m) | /o.tɛl/ (help·info) | the hotel | |||
le magasin | /ma.ɡa.zɛ̃/ (help·info) | the store | |||
la maison | /mɛ.zɔ̃/ (help·info) | the house |
Supplementary grammar · Verbs
editA verb is a word that describes an action or mental or physical state.
- Tenses and moods
- French verbs can be formed in four moods, each of which express a unique feeling. Each mood has a varying number of tenses, which indicate the time when an action takes place. The conjugations in the present tense of the indicative mood, the present indicative, is discussed in the next section. There is one conjugation for each of the six subject pronouns.
- Infinitives
- The infinitive form is the basic form of a verb. It does not refer to a particular tense, person or subject. The infinitive form of the verb is often used to identify it. In English, the infinitive form is to ___. In French, the infinitive is one word. For example, parler translates to to speak, finir translates to to finish, and aller translates to to go.
- Conjugation
- French verbs conjugate; they take different shapes depending on the subject. English verbs only have one conjugation; that is the third person singular (I see, you see, he/she sees, we see, they see). The only exception is the verb to be (I am; (thou art); you are; he/she is; we are; they are). Most French verbs will conjugate into many different forms. Most verbs are regular, which means that they conjugate in the same way. The most common verbs, however, are irregular.
Grammar · To be · Être
editÊtre translates as to be in English. As in most languages, it is an irregular verb, and is not conjugated like any other verb.
Formation
editêtre /ɛtʁ/ (ehtr) | to be |
---|---|
je suis /sɥi/ (sewee) | I am |
tu es /e/ (eh) | you are |
il est /e/ (eh) | he is |
elle est /el/ (eh) | she is |
nous sommes /sɔm/ (sohm) | we are |
vous êtes /ɛt/ (eht) | you are |
ils sont /sɔ̃/ (soh(n)) | they are |
été /e.te/ | been |
Examples
editJe suis avocat. | (zhuh sewee-zah-voh-kah) | I am (a) lawyer. | |||
Tu es à la banque. | (tew eh ah lah bah(n)k) | You (familiar) are at the bank. | |||
Il est beau. | (eel eh boh) | He is handsome. |
Supplementary vocabulary · Expressions
editUsed as a noun, l'être means the being or the creature. Likewise, the phrase l'être humain /ɛ.tʁ‿y.mɛ̃/ means the human being.
Ça y est! | There we go!, There you have it. | ||||
Vous y êtes? | Are you ready? | ||||
C'est du chinois. | French/Lessons/IPA | It's all Greek to me. | lit: It's Chinese. | ||
être à la bourre | French/Lessons/IPA | to be late or rushed | |||
Le silence est d'or. | French/Lessons/IPA | Silence is golden. | |||
Le temps, c'est de l'argent. | French/Lessons/IPA | Time is money. | lit: The time, it's money |
Expressing agreement
editTu es d’accord ou pas ?, Tu es d’accord ?, literally meaning You are of agreement?, or simply D'accord ? /d‿a.kɔʁ/ is used informally to ask whether someone agrees with you.
To respond positively, you say Oui, je suis d'accord. or simply D'accord:
- Oui, je suis d’accord avec vous.Yes, I agree with you.
D'accord corresponds to the English okay.
Grammar · Nationalities and jobs
editWhen stating your nationality or job, it is not necessary to include the article:
- Je suis australien(ne).I am [an] Australian.
- Je suis avocat.I am [a] lawyer.
This is an exception to the normal rule.
There is both a masculine and a feminine form of saying your nationality—for males and females respectively:
- Il est australien.He is [an] Australian.
- Elle est australienne.She is [an] Australian.
Supplementary vocabulary · Nationalities · Les nationalités
editNationalities are not capitalized as often in French as they are in English. If you are referring to a person, as in an Arab person or a Chinese person, the French equivalent is un Arabe or un Chinois. However, if you are referring to the Arabic language or Chinese language, the French would not capitalize: l'arabe, le chinois. If the nationality is used as an adjective, it is normally left uncapitalized: un livre chinois, un tapis arabe.
Masculine | Feminine | English |
---|---|---|
allemand | allemande | German |
américain | américaine | American |
anglais | anglaise | English |
australien | australienne | Australian |
belge | belge | Belgian |
birman | birmane | Burmese |
brésilien | brésilienne | Brazilian |
britannique | britannique | British |
cambodgien | cambodgienne | Cambodian |
canadien | canadienne | Canadian |
chinois | chinoise | Chinese |
coréen | coréenne | Korean |
écossais | écossaise | Scottish |
espagnol | espagnole | Spanish |
finlandais | finlandaise | Finnish |
français | française | French |
indien | indienne | Indian |
indonésien | indonésienne | Indonesian |
iranien | iranienne | Iranian |
irlandais | irlandaise | Irish |
israëlien | israëlienne | Israeli |
italien | italienne | Italian |
japonais | japonaise | Japanese |
malaisien | malaisienne | Malaysian |
mauricien | mauricienne | Mauritian |
néerlandais | néerlandaise | Dutch |
philippin | philippine | Filipino |
portugais | portugaise | Portuguese |
singapourien | singapourienne | Singaporean |
suédois | suédoise | Swedish |
suisse | suisse | Swiss |
thaïlandais | thaïlandaise | Thai |
vénézuélien | vénézuélienne | Venezuelan |
vietnamien | vietnamienne | Vietnamese |
Supplementary vocabulary · Professions
edit
|
l'agriculteur (m) l'agricultrice (f) |
[a.ɡʁi.kyl.tœʁ] (help·info) /a.ɡʁi.kyl.tʁis/ (help·info) |
farmer | |||
l'architecte (m or f) | /aʁʃitɛkt/ (help·info) | architect | |||
l'avocat (m) | /a.vɔ.ka/ (help·info) | lawyer | |||
le/la comptable | /kɔ̃.tabl/ (help·info) | accountant | |||
le cuisinier le chef la cuisinière la cheffe |
[[:Media:Fr-cuisinier.ogg|]] (help·info) /ʃɛf/ (help·info) [[:Media:Fr-cuisinière.ogg|]] (help·info) /ʃɛf/ (help·info) |
cook | |||
le/la dentiste | /dɑ̃tist/ (help·info) | dentist | |||
l'écrivain (m) l'écrivaine (f) |
/e.kʁi.vɛ̃/ (help·info) /e.kʁi.vɛn/ (help·info) |
writer | |||
le/la fonctionnaire | /fɔ̃k.sjɔ.nɛʁ/ (help·info) | civil servant | |||
le garçon le serveur la serveuse |
/ɡaʁsɔ̃/ (help·info) /sɛʁ.vœʁ/ (help·info) /sɛʁ.vøz/ (help·info) |
waiter waitress | |||
le gardien | /ɡaʁ.djɛ̃/ (help·info) | guard | |||
l'homme d'affaires (m) le businessman la businesswoman |
/ɔm d‿a.fɛʁ/ (help·info) /biz.nɛz.man/ (help·info) |
businessperson | |||
l'informaticien (m) l'informaticienne (f) |
/ɛ̃.fɔʁ.ma.ti.sjɛ̃/ (help·info) /ɛ̃.fɔʁ.ma.ti.sjɛn/ (help·info) |
computer specialist, IT worker | |||
l'ingénieur (m) l'ingénieure (f) |
/ɛ̃.ʒe.njœʁ/ (help·info) | engineer | |||
l'interprète (m or f) | /ɛ̃.tɛʁ.pʁɛt/ (help·info) | interpreter | |||
le/la journaliste | /ʒuʁ.na.list/ (help·info) | journalist | |||
le/la juge | /ʒyʒ/ (help·info) | judge | |||
le marchand la marchande |
/maʁ.ʃɑ̃/ (help·info) /maʁ.ʃɑ̃d/ (help·info) |
merchant | |||
le médecin | /me.də.sɛ̃/ (help·info) | doctor | |||
le musicien la musicienne |
/my.zi.sjɛ̃/ (help·info) /my.zi.sjɛn/ (help·info) |
musician | |||
le/la peintre | /pɛ̃tʁ/ (help·info) | painter | |||
le pharmacien la pharmacienne |
/faʁ.ma.sjɛ̃/ (help·info) /faʁ.ma.sjɛn/ (help·info) |
pharmacist, chemist | |||
le plombier | /plɔ̃.bje/ (help·info) | plumber | |||
le policier la policière |
/pɔ.li.sje/ (help·info) |
police officer | |||
le politicien la politicienne |
/pɔ.li.ti.sjɛ̃/ (help·info) /pɔ.li.ti.sjɛn/ (help·info) |
politician | |||
le pompier | /pɔ̃.pje/ (help·info) | firefighter | |||
le postier | /pɔstje/ (help·info) | postal worker | |||
le professeur | /pʁɔ.fɛ.sœʁ/ (help·info) | teacher, professor | |||
le/la psychiatre | /psi.kjatʁ/ (help·info) | psychiatrist | |||
le soldat la soldate |
/sɔl.da/ (help·info) /sɔl.dat/ (help·info) |
soldier | |||
le traducteur la traductrice |
/tʁa.dyk.tœʁ/ (help·info) /tʁa.dyk.tʁis/ (help·info) |
translator | |||
le vendeur la vendeuse |
/vɑ̃dœʁ/ (help·info) /vɑ̃.døz/ (help·info) |
salesperson |
Supplementary grammar · From · De
editThe preposition de /də/ means from:
- Il est de Paris.He is from Paris.
De becomes d' before a vowel, due to elision:
- Nous sommes d'Orléans.We are from Orléans.
The definite article is included with countries:
- Vous êtes de la Suisse ?Are you from Switzerland?
The contraction du /dy/ is used in place of de le:
- Elles sont du Luxembourg.They are from Luxembourg.
Likewise, the contraction des /de/ is used in place of de les:
- Nous sommes des Pays-Bas.We are from the Netherlands.
De also has other translations, which depend on context. For example, it is used to indicate an amount:
- 5 kilos de pommes5 kilograms of apples
Examples
editLe fromage est de l'Espagne. | The cheese is from Spain. | ||||
Elle est d’une famille pauvre. | She is from a poor family. | ||||
Le vent est de l'ouest. | The wind is from the west. | ||||
C'est du nord de la France. | It's from the north of France. |
Supplementary vocabulary · Countries
edit
|
|
Supplementary grammar · At · À
editThe preposition à /a/ means at or in:
- Nous sommes à la maison.We are at home.
- Il est à l'hôtel.He is at the hotel.
The contraction au /o/ is used in place of à le:
- Je suis au bar.I am at (in) the bar.
Likewise, the contraction aux /o/ is used in place of à les.
- J'habite aux Etats-Unis.I live in the United States.
À also has other translations, which depend on context. For example, when used with je vaisI am going , à means to:
- Je vais à Paris.I am going to Paris.
- Je vais au bureau.I am going to the office.
Exercises
edit(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Translate from French to English.
le magasin | the store |
la gare | the train station |
le bureau | the office |
la maison | the house |
la banque | the bank |
le bar | the bar |
l'hôtel | the hotel |
l'école | the school |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Translate from English to French.
the school | l'école |
the hotel | l'hôtel |
the bar | le bar |
the train station | la gare |
the store | le magasin |
the house | la maison |
the office | le bureau |
the bank | la banque |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Fill in each blank with the correct form of être.
nous ______ | nous sommes |
elle ______ | elle est |
tu ______ | tu es |
il ______ | il est |
elles ______ | elles sont |
vous ______ | vous êtes |
je ______ | je suis |
ils ______ | ils sont |
- Translate the dialogue to English with the help of the lists of vocabulary. Write your translation on a piece of paper before you check it.
- Listen to the recording without reading and try to understand the meaning of the words. If you cannot remember some words, look them up and start again.
- Read the dialogue aloud. Compare your pronunciation with the pronunciation of the recording.
- Listen to the recording without reading and write down the dialogue in French. Pause the playback after each sentence to write down what you have heard. Repeat this exercise until you know the spelling of the French words.
Supplementary exercises
edit(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Translate from French to English.
le/la dentiste | dentist |
le postier | postal worker |
le politicien | politician |
le policier | police officer |
le garçon | waiter |
le gardien | guard |
le musicien | musician |
le professeur | teacher, professor |
l'écrivain | writer |
le vendeur | salesperson |
l'homme d'affaires | businessperson |
le marchand | merchant |
le soldat | soldier |
le/la fonctionnaire | civil servant |
l'informaticien | computer specialist, IT worker |
le plombier | plumber |
l'ingénieur | engineer |
l'interprète | interpreter |
le/la comptable | accountant |
le peintre | painter |
le pompier | firefighter |
le traducteur | translator |
le journaliste | journalist |
le juge | judge |
l'avocat | lawyer |
le médecin | doctor |
l'agriculteur | farmer |
le pharmacien | pharmacist, chemist |
l'architecte | architect |
le cuisinier | cook |
le psychiatre | psychiatrist |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Translate from English to French.
lawyer | l'avocat |
soldier | le soldat |
firefighter | le pompier |
politician | le politicien |
writer | l'écrivain |
translator | le traducteur |
engineer | l'ingénieur |
businessperson | l'homme d'affaires |
civil servant | le/la fonctionnaire |
police officer | le policier |
waiter | le garçon |
plumber | le plombier |
guard | le gardien |
psychiatrist | le psychiatre |
pharmacist, chemist | le pharmacien |
salesperson | le vendeur |
computer specialist, IT worker | l'informaticien |
farmer | l'agriculteur |
musician | le musicien |
journalist | le journaliste |
judge | le juge |
merchant | le marchand |
doctor | le médecin |
architect | l'architecte |
accountant | le/la comptable |
painter | le peintre |
cook | le cuisinier |
postal worker | le postier |
interpreter | l'interprète |
teacher, professor | le professeur |
dentist | le/la dentiste |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Translate from French to English.
l'Italie | Italy |
la Pologne | Poland |
les Pays-Bas | Netherlands |
la France | France |
l'Estonie | Estonia |
l'Allemagne | Germany |
l'Andorre | Andorra |
la Chypre | Cyprus |
la Roumanie | Romania |
l'Ukraine | Ukraine |
la Hongrie | Hungary |
Le Royaume-Uni | United Kingdom |
Malte | Malta |
l'Autriche | Austria |
la Suisse | Switzerland |
la Russie | Russia |
la Finlande | Finland |
l'Espagne | Spain |
la République tchèque | Czechia |
le Portugal | Portugal |
la Belgique | Belgium |
l'Islande | Iceland |
la Slovénie | Slovenia |
la Grande-Bretagne | Great Britain |
la Norvège | Norway |
la Slovaquie | Slovakia |
l'Irlande | Ireland |
le Danemark | Denmark |
la Grèce | Greece |
la Bulgarie | Bulgaria |
la Monaco | Monaco |
la Moldavie | Moldova |
la Biélorussie | Belarus |
le Luxembourg | Luxembourg |
la Lituanie | Lithuania |
la Lettonie | Latvia |
la Suède | Sweden |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Translate from English to French.
Portugal | le Portugal |
Italy | l'Italie |
France | la France |
Malta | Malte |
Ireland | l'Irlande |
Netherlands | les Pays-Bas |
Slovakia | la Slovaquie |
Spain | l'Espagne |
Estonia | l'Estonie |
Germany | l'Allemagne |
Ukraine | l'Ukraine |
United Kingdom | Le Royaume-Uni |
Austria | l'Autriche |
Switzerland | la Suisse |
Monaco | la Monaco |
Russia | la Russie |
Finland | la Finlande |
Czechia | la République tchèque |
Belgium | la Belgique |
Iceland | l'Islande |
Slovenia | la Slovénie |
Great Britain | la Grande-Bretagne |
Hungary | la Hongrie |
Norway | la Norvège |
Denmark | le Danemark |
Romania | la Roumanie |
Greece | la Grèce |
Cyprus | la Chypre |
Bulgaria | la Bulgarie |
Andorra | l'Andorre |
Moldova | la Moldavie |
Belarus | la Biélorussie |
Luxembourg | le Luxembourg |
Lithuania | la Lituanie |
Latvia | la Lettonie |
Sweden | la Suède |
Poland | la Pologne |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Fill in each blank with à la, à l', or au.
Nous sommes ___ école. | Nous sommes à l'école. |
Nous sommes ___ bureau. | Nous sommes au bureau. |
Nous sommes ___ magasin. | Nous sommes au magasin. |
Nous sommes ___ banque. | Nous sommes à la banque. |
Nous sommes ___ gare. | Nous sommes à la gare. |
Nous sommes ___ maison. | Nous sommes à la maison. |
Nous sommes ___ hôtel. | Nous sommes à l'hôtel. |
Nous sommes ___ bar. | Nous sommes au bar. |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Fill in each blank with de, d de la, de l, du, or des.
Nous sommes ___ Pays-Bas. | Nous sommes des Pays-Bas. |
Elles sont ___ Luxembourg. | Elles sont du Luxembourg. |
Nous sommes ___ Orléans. | Nous sommes d'Orléans. |
Vous êtes ___ Suisse ? | Vous êtes de la Suisse ? |
Il est ___ Paris. | Il est de Paris. |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Fill in each blank with de la, de l', du, or des.
Nous sommes ___ Australie. | Nous sommes de l'Australie. |
Nous sommes ___ Nigeria. | Nous sommes du Nigeria. |
Nous sommes ___ États-Unis. | Nous sommes des États-Unis. |
Nous sommes ___ Philippines. | Nous sommes des Philippines. |
Nous sommes ___ Canada. | Nous sommes du Canada. |
Nous sommes ___ Inde. | Nous sommes de l'Inde. |
Nous sommes ___ Royaume-Uni. | Nous sommes du Royaume-Uni. |
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) Fill in each blank with de la, de l', du, or des.
Nous sommes ____ Portugal. | Nous sommes du Portugal. |
Nous sommes ____ Italie. | Nous sommes de l' Italie. |
Nous sommes ____ France. | Nous sommes de la France. |
Nous sommes ____ Irlande. | Nous sommes de l' Irlande. |
Nous sommes ____ Pays-Bas. | Nous sommes des Pays-Bas. |
Nous sommes ____ Slovaquie. | Nous sommes de la Slovaquie. |
Nous sommes ____ Espagne. | Nous sommes de l' Espagne. |
Nous sommes ____ Estonie. | Nous sommes de l' Estonie. |
Nous sommes ____ Allemagne. | Nous sommes de l' Allemagne. |
Nous sommes ____ Ukraine. | Nous sommes de l' Ukraine. |
Nous sommes ____ Royaume-Uni. | Nous sommes du Royaume-Uni. |
Nous sommes ____ Autriche. | Nous sommes de l' Autriche. |
Nous sommes ____ Suisse. | Nous sommes de la Suisse. |
Nous sommes ____ Monaco. | Nous sommes de la Monaco. |
Nous sommes ____ Russie. | Nous sommes de la Russie. |
Nous sommes ____ Finlande. | Nous sommes de la Finlande. |
Nous sommes ____ République tchèque. | Nous sommes de la République tchèque. |
Nous sommes ____ Belgique. | Nous sommes de la Belgique. |
Nous sommes ____ Islande. | Nous sommes de l' Islande. |
Nous sommes ____ Slovénie. | Nous sommes de la Slovénie. |
Nous sommes ____ Grande-Bretagne. | Nous sommes de la Grande-Bretagne. |
Nous sommes ____ Hongrie. | Nous sommes de la Hongrie. |
Nous sommes ____ Norvège. | Nous sommes de la Norvège. |
Nous sommes ____ Danemark. | Nous sommes du Danemark. |
Nous sommes ____ Roumanie. | Nous sommes de la Roumanie. |
Nous sommes ____ Grèce. | Nous sommes de la Grèce. |
Nous sommes ____ Chypre. | Nous sommes de la Chypre. |
Nous sommes ____ Bulgarie. | Nous sommes de la Bulgarie. |
Nous sommes ____ Andorre. | Nous sommes de l' Andorre. |
Nous sommes ____ Moldavie. | Nous sommes de la Moldavie. |
Nous sommes ____ Biélorussie. | Nous sommes de la Biélorussie. |
Nous sommes ____ Luxembourg. | Nous sommes du Luxembourg. |
Nous sommes ____ Lituanie. | Nous sommes de la Lituanie. |
Nous sommes ____ Lettonie. | Nous sommes de la Lettonie. |
Nous sommes ____ Suède. | Nous sommes de la Suède. |
Nous sommes ____ Pologne. | Nous sommes de la Pologne. |
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