002921768 001__ 2921768
002921768 005__ 20250125040320.0
002921768 0248_ $$aoai:cds.cern.ch:2921768$$pcerncds:FULLTEXT$$pcerncds:CERN:FULLTEXT$$pcerncds:CERN
002921768 037__ $$9arXiv$$aarXiv:2412.15944$$cphysics.ins-det
002921768 035__ $$9arXiv$$aoai:arXiv.org:2412.15944
002921768 035__ $$9Inspire$$aoai:inspirehep.net:2869473$$d2025-01-24T12:43:05Z$$h2025-01-25T03:00:02Z$$mmarcxml$$ttrue$$uhttps://inspirehep.net/api/oai2d
002921768 035__ $$9Inspire$$a2869473
002921768 041__ $$aeng
002921768 100__ $$aAbdallah, Jalal$$tROR:https://ror.org/019kgqr73$$tGRID:grid.267315.4$$uTexas U., Arlington
002921768 245__ $$9arXiv$$aStudy of the Radiation Hardness of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter Optical Instrumentation with Run 2 data
002921768 269__ $$c2024-12-20
002921768 300__ $$a29 p
002921768 500__ $$9arXiv$$a31 pages in total, 18 figures, 2 tables, submitted to JINST
002921768 520__ $$9arXiv$$aThis paper presents a study of the radiation hardness of the hadronic Tile Calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment in the LHC Run 2. Both the plastic scintillators constituting the detector active media and the wavelength-shifting optical fibres collecting the scintillation light into the photodetector readout are elements susceptible to radiation damage. The dedicated calibration and monitoring systems of the detector (caesium radioactive sources, laser and minimum bias integrator) allow to assess the response of these optical components. Data collected with these systems between 2015 and 2018 are analysed to measure the degradation of the optical instrumentation across Run 2. Moreover, a simulation of the total ionising dose in the calorimeter is employed to study and model the degradation profile as a function of the exposure conditions, both integrated dose and dose rate. The measurement of the relative light output loss in Run 2 is presented and extrapolations to future scenarios are drawn based on current data. The impact of radiation damage on the cell response uniformity is also analysed.
002921768 540__ $$3preprint$$aCC BY 4.0$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
002921768 595__ $$cHAL
002921768 65017 $$2arXiv$$ahep-ex
002921768 65017 $$2SzGeCERN$$aParticle Physics - Experiment
002921768 65017 $$2arXiv$$aphysics.ins-det
002921768 65017 $$2SzGeCERN$$aDetectors and Experimental Techniques
002921768 690C_ $$aCERN
002921768 690C_ $$aPREPRINT
002921768 700__ $$aAgaras, Merve Nazlim$$jORCID:0000-0002-4355-5589$$tROR:https://ror.org/03kpps236$$tGRID:grid.473715.3$$uBarcelona, IFAE
002921768 700__ $$aAhmad, Ammara$$jORCID:0000-0001-8638-0582$$tROR:https://ror.org/01km6p862$$tGRID:grid.43519.3a$$uUnited Arab Emirates U.
002921768 700__ $$aBartos, Pavol$$jORCID:0000-0003-1419-3213$$tROR:https://ror.org/0587ef340$$tGRID:grid.7634.6$$uComenius U.
002921768 700__ $$aBerrocal Guardia, Adrian$$jORCID:0000-0002-1976-5703$$tROR:https://ror.org/03kpps236$$tGRID:grid.473715.3$$uBarcelona, IFAE
002921768 700__ $$aBogavac, Danijela$$jORCID:0000-0003-2138-9062$$tROR:https://ror.org/01ggx4157$$tGRID:grid.9132.9$$uCERN
002921768 700__ $$aCarrio Argos, Fernando$$jORCID:0000-0003-1990-2947$$tROR:https://ror.org/017xch102$$tGRID:grid.470047.0$$uValencia U., IFIC
002921768 700__ $$aCerda Alberich, Leonor$$jORCID:0000-0002-5567-4278$$tROR:https://ror.org/017xch102$$tGRID:grid.470047.0$$uValencia U., IFIC
002921768 700__ $$aChargeishvili, Bakar$$jORCID:0000-0002-5376-2397$$tROR:https://ror.org/05fd1hd85$$tGRID:grid.26193.3f$$uTbilisi State U.
002921768 700__ $$aConde Muiño, Patricia$$jORCID:0000-0002-9187-7478$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aCortes-Gonzalez, Arely$$jORCID:0000-0002-3279-3370$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hcx6992$$tGRID:grid.7468.d$$uHumboldt U., Berlin
002921768 700__ $$aGomes, Agostinho$$jORCID:0000-0002-5940-9893$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aDavidek, Tomas$$jORCID:0000-0002-3770-8307$$tROR:https://ror.org/024d6js02$$tGRID:grid.4491.8$$uCharles U.
002921768 700__ $$aDjobava, Tamar$$jORCID:0000-0002-9414-8350$$tROR:https://ror.org/05fd1hd85$$tGRID:grid.26193.3f$$uTbilisi State U.
002921768 700__ $$aDurglishvili, Archil$$jORCID:0000-0003-4157-592X$$tROR:https://ror.org/05fd1hd85$$tGRID:grid.26193.3f$$uTbilisi State U.
002921768 700__ $$aEpari, Shalini$$jORCID:0000-0002-4095-4808$$tROR:https://ror.org/0161xgx34$$tGRID:grid.14848.31$$uMontreal U.
002921768 700__ $$aFacini, Gabriel$$jORCID:0000-0002-4056-4578$$tROR:https://ror.org/02jx3x895$$tGRID:grid.83440.3b$$uUniversity Coll. London
002921768 700__ $$aFaltova, Jana$$jORCID:0000-0003-4278-7182$$tROR:https://ror.org/024d6js02$$tGRID:grid.4491.8$$uCharles U.
002921768 700__ $$aFontes Medeiros, Miguel$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aGlatzer, Julian$$jORCID:0000-0003-3078-0733$$tROR:https://ror.org/03kpps236$$tGRID:grid.473715.3$$uBarcelona, IFAE
002921768 700__ $$aGomez Delegido, Antonio Jesus$$jORCID:0000-0003-4315-2621$$tROR:https://ror.org/017xch102$$tGRID:grid.470047.0$$uValencia U., IFIC
002921768 700__ $$aHarkusha, Siarhei$$jORCID:0000-0002-0309-4490$$tROR:https://ror.org/00ad27c73$$tGRID:grid.48507.3e$$uYerevan Phys. Inst.
002921768 700__ $$aHenriques Correia, Ana Maria$$tROR:https://ror.org/01ggx4157$$tGRID:grid.9132.9$$uCERN
002921768 700__ $$aKholodenko, Marina$$jORCID:0000-0002-8340-9455$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aKlimek, Pawel$$jORCID:0000-0003-1661-6873$$tROR:https://ror.org/01ggx4157$$tGRID:grid.9132.9$$uCERN
002921768 700__ $$aKorolkov, Ilya$$jORCID:0000-0002-9211-9775$$tROR:https://ror.org/03kpps236$$tGRID:grid.473715.3$$uBarcelona, IFAE
002921768 700__ $$aMaio, Amelia$$jORCID:0000-0001-9099-0009$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aPedro Martins, Filipe Manuel$$jORCID:0000-0003-2965-7746$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aSaraiva, Joao$$jORCID:0000-0002-7006-0864$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aMenke, Sven$$jORCID:0000-0002-8186-4032$$tROR:https://ror.org/0079jjr10$$tGRID:grid.435824.c$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.
002921768 700__ $$aPetukhova, Krystsina$$jORCID:0000-0002-0654-8398$$tROR:https://ror.org/01ggx4157$$tGRID:grid.9132.9$$uCERN
002921768 700__ $$aMinashvili, Irakli$$jORCID:0000-0002-4688-3510$$tROR:https://ror.org/05fd1hd85$$tGRID:grid.26193.3f$$uTbilisi State U.
002921768 700__ $$aMlynarikova, Michaela$$jORCID:0000-0003-2028-1930$$tROR:https://ror.org/01ggx4157$$tGRID:grid.9132.9$$uCERN
002921768 700__ $$aMosidze, Maia$$jORCID:0000-0002-1720-0493$$tROR:https://ror.org/05fd1hd85$$tGRID:grid.26193.3f$$uTbilisi State U.
002921768 700__ $$aMosulishvili, Nugzar$$tROR:https://ror.org/00te3t702$$tGRID:grid.213876.9$$uGeorgia U.
002921768 700__ $$aNemecek, Stanislav$$jORCID:0000-0001-8978-7150$$tROR:https://ror.org/04jymbd90$$tGRID:grid.425110.3$$uPrague, Inst. Phys.
002921768 700__ $$aPedro, Rute$$jORCID:0000-0002-7139-9587$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aPinheiro Pereira, Beatriz Catarina$$jORCID:0000-0002-9639-7887$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aPleskot, Vojtech$$jORCID:0000-0001-5435-497X$$tROR:https://ror.org/024d6js02$$tGRID:grid.4491.8$$uCharles U.
002921768 700__ $$aPolacek, Stanislav$$jORCID:0000-0002-9929-9713$$tROR:https://ror.org/024d6js02$$tGRID:grid.4491.8$$uCharles U.
002921768 700__ $$aQin, Yang$$jORCID:0000-0002-6960-502X$$tROR:https://ror.org/03kpps236$$tGRID:grid.473715.3$$uBarcelona, IFAE
002921768 700__ $$aRosten, Rachel$$jORCID:0000-0002-9095-7142$$tROR:https://ror.org/00rs6vg23$$tGRID:grid.261331.4$$uOhio State U.
002921768 700__ $$aSantos, Helena$$jORCID:0000-0003-1710-9291$$tROR:https://ror.org/01hys1667$$tGRID:grid.420929.4$$uLIP, Lisbon
002921768 700__ $$aSchaefer, Douglas$$jORCID:0000-0002-8637-6134$$tROR:https://ror.org/024mw5h28$$tGRID:grid.170205.1$$uChicago U., EFI
002921768 700__ $$aScuri, Fabrizio$$jORCID:0000-0001-9569-3089$$tROR:https://ror.org/03ad39j10$$tGRID:grid.5395.a$$uINFN, Pisa; Pisa U.
002921768 700__ $$aSmirnov, Yuri$$tROR:https://ror.org/012wxa772$$tGRID:grid.261128.e$$uNorthern Illinois U.
002921768 700__ $$aSolans Sanchez, Carlos$$jORCID:0000-0002-0518-4086$$tROR:https://ror.org/01ggx4157$$tGRID:grid.9132.9$$uCERN
002921768 700__ $$aSolodkov, Alexander$$jORCID:0000-0002-2737-8674$$tROR:https://ror.org/03rp50x72$$tGRID:grid.11951.3d$$uWitwatersrand U.
002921768 700__ $$aSolovyanov, Oleg$$jORCID:0000-0002-2598-5657$$tROR:https://ror.org/0214k6v65$$tGRID:grid.470921.9$$uLPC, Clermont-Ferrand
002921768 700__ $$aValero, Alberto$$jORCID:0000-0002-9776-5880$$tROR:https://ror.org/017xch102$$tGRID:grid.470047.0$$uValencia U., IFIC
002921768 700__ $$aWilkens, Henric George$$jORCID:0000-0002-8483-9502$$tROR:https://ror.org/01ggx4157$$tGRID:grid.9132.9$$uCERN
002921768 700__ $$aZakareishvili, Tamar$$jORCID:0000-0001-7909-4772$$tROR:https://ror.org/017xch102$$tGRID:grid.470047.0$$uValencia U., IFIC
002921768 8564_ $$82705356$$s13646$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_10a.png$$y00013 :
002921768 8564_ $$82705357$$s14047$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_10b.png$$y00014 : : Average relative light yield ($I/I_0$) measurement for (a) A1 and (b) A13 cells as a function of simulated average dose at the time of the LHC Run~2 Cs scans used in the study. The vertical bars represent the RMS of the ($I/I0$) measurement for the different TileCal modules. The line corresponds to the fit of the function in Eq.~(\ref{eq:II0model}) to the data. The yellow region represents the total uncertainty on the fit including the RMS of the dose distribution within the cell and systematic uncertainties on $I/I_0$ due to the intrinsic precision of the caesium and laser measurements.
002921768 8564_ $$82705358$$s54939$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_12b.png$$y00017 : : Average amplitude $A$ in ADC counts (upper pad) and $I/I_0$ (middle pad) of the tile rows from (a) A13 and (b) B11 cells as a function of time. The average amplitudes $A$ and $I/I0$ are also displayed for each cell. The bottom pad shows the average RMS/mean amplitude of the cell tiles for (a) A13 and (b) B11 cells as a function of time. Cells for which the amplitude fit did not converge are removed from analysis (around 25\% of the A13 cells and 20\% of the B11 cells). The LHC integrated delivered luminosity is shown in the upper and middle pads by the shaded area~\cite{DAPR-2021-01}. The tile signal amplitudes are calibrated with laser data to factor out the effect of PMT response fluctuations in the amplitude measurement, according to $R_{\mathrm{Las}}$. The vertical bars represent the RMS of the distributions.
002921768 8564_ $$82705359$$s50975$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_12a.png$$y00016 :
002921768 8564_ $$82705360$$s46031$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_06b.png$$y00008 : : (a) The average of the response variation of the TileCal cells to the $^{137}$Cs source relative to the value measured at the beginning of Run~2, $\Delta R_{\mathrm{Cs}}$, as a function of time. The average runs over all cells in three radial layers. The increasing response corresponds to the periods without collisions. (b) The mean response variation, $\Delta R_{\mathrm{Las}}$, in the PMTs for each layer, as a function of time, observed during the entire Run~2 (between standalone laser calibration data taken on 17 July 2015 and 22 October 2018). For each layer, the response variation is defined as the mean of a Gaussian function fit to the response variations in the channels associated with given layer. Known faulty channels are excluded. The LHC integrated delivered luminosity is shown by the shaded area~\cite{DAPR-2021-01}.
002921768 8564_ $$82705361$$s14670$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_06a.png$$y00007 :
002921768 8564_ $$82705362$$s24277$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_14.png$$y00019 Average relative light yield ($I/I_0$) of scintillators and fibres of the inner (down triangles) and outer (up triangles) counters as a function of total ionising dose during Run~2. The values are the averages of the corresponding determinations obtained for the inner and outer counters. The vertical bars correspond to the RMS of the counter response distributions. The curve obtained by fitting the inner MBTS data points is drawn (solid line) and the corresponding function is displayed in the legend.
002921768 8564_ $$82705363$$s29231$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_15.png$$y00020 The degradation rate parameter $p_1$ obtained from the simple exponential model in Eq.~(\ref{eq:II0model}) as a function of the average simulated dose rate $R$ for the most exposed cells. Results from a similar study performed using the CMS Hadron Endcap Calorimeter measurements are also displayed (crosses)~\cite{CMSHCAL:2016dvd}. Due to its forward location, the CMS HE Cal detector experiences dose rates higher than the TileCal, accummulating larger doses for the same luminosity. The vertical error bars on the TileCal data points represent the very correlated total uncertainty including the $I/I_0$ measurement uncertainty and the dose spread within the cell volume. The nominal points are fitted with a power law function reported in the legend (continuous curve). This function is extrapolated to the higher dose rate region (dashed curve) expected at the HL-LHC phase and populated by the CMS HE Cal data. The dashed vertical line indicates the expected dose rate of the A13 cells in the HL-LHC.
002921768 8564_ $$82705364$$s30885$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_16.png$$y00021 The degradation rate parameter $p_1$ obtained from the simple exponential model in Eq.~(\ref{eq:II0model}) as a function of the average simulated dose rate $R$ for the most (stars) and least (circles) exposed cells, and E-cells (squares). Results from a similar study performed using the CMS HE Cal measurements are also displayed (crosses)~\cite{CMSHCAL:2016dvd}. Due to its forward location, the CMS HE Cal detector experiences dose rates higher than the TileCal, accummulating larger doses for the same luminosity. The vertical error bars on the TileCal data points from most exposed cells represent the very correlated total uncertainty including the $I/I_0$ measurement uncertainty and the dose spread within the cell volume. The nominal points from these cells are fitted with a power law function reported in the legend (continuous curve). This function is extrapolated to the higher dose rate region (dashed curve) expected at the HL-LHC phase and populated by the CMS HE Cal data. The dashed vertical line indicates the expected dose rate of the A13 cells in the HL-LHC.
002921768 8564_ $$82705365$$s42162$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_17.png$$y00022 Average relative light yield ($I/I_0$) measurements based on the caesium system (dots) and integrated minimum-bias currents (triangles) for A13 cells as a function of average simulated dose $d$ and LHC integrated luminosity. The vertical bars, smaller than the data points, correspond to the RMS of the distribution. The dashed curve corresponds to the fit to the function in Eq.~(\ref{eq:II0model}) to the data. The corresponding average dose rate is shown in brackets. The surrounding opaque region represents the total uncertainty in the fit including the RMS of the dose distribution within the cell and systematic uncertainties in $I/I_0$ due to the intrinsic precision of the caesium, MB and laser measurements. The solid curve represents the expected average $I/I_0$ of the A13 cells in the HL-LHC phase including dose rate effects. The dose rate value in the extrapolation is shown in brackets. The surrounding semi-transparent region is the total uncertainty on this extrapolation, obtained by propagating the uncertainty sources of the study. Results from measurements of bare scintillators performed one month after irradiations made in the laboratory before the detector construction are also shown~\cite{Abdallah:2007cca}. An exponential function is fitted to the data obtained from irradiations with $\gamma$s (open squares) and hadrons (full squares). The corresponding dose rates are shown in the legend. Dashed vertical lines represent the expected dose by the end of the LHC Run~3 ($\sim$530~fb$^{-1}$) and HL-LHC (4000~fb$^{-1}$)~\cite{ZurbanoFernandez:2020cco}.
002921768 8564_ $$82705366$$s19702$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_11.png$$y00015 The measured relative light yield $I/I_0$ as defined in Eq.~(\ref{eq:I/I0}) for the TileCal barrel cells at the end of Run~2. The very correlated uncertainties on the values of each cell are of the order of 1\%, resulting from the quadratic sum of the intrinsic precision of the caesium and laser systems.
002921768 8564_ $$82705367$$s12449$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_13.png$$y00018 Average relative light yield ($I/I_0$) of the E1 (squares) and E2 (triangles) cell as a function of average simulated dose during the LHC Run~2. The vertical bars correspond to the RMS of the cells response distributions.
002921768 8564_ $$82705368$$s37113$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_18.png$$y00023 Expected relative light yield $I/I_0$ of the TileCal barrel cells at the end of the HL-LHC, assuming an integrated luminosity of 4000~fb$^{-1}$ and a dose rate seven times higher than in Run~2 and Run~3. The relative uncertainties on the determinations are around 50\%.
002921768 8564_ $$82705369$$s41780$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_07a.png$$y00009 :
002921768 8564_ $$82705370$$s76951$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_07b.png$$y00010 : : (a) The variation of the average response to MB events, $\Delta R_{\mathrm{MB}}$, for the cells in the gap/crack region of the Extended Barrel as a function of time. The response to the MB events is normalised to the track-counting luminosity measured by the inner detector~\cite{DAPR-2021-01}. The vertical bars correspond to the RMS of all the response distributions. The results are normalised to the values measured in the first run of Run 2 (16th July 2015)~\cite{TCAL-2021-01}. (b) The mean response variation, $\Delta R_{\mathrm{Las}}$, of the PMTs reading E1, E2, E3 and E4 cells, as a function of time, observed during the entire Run~2. For each cell, the response variation is defined as the mean of a Gaussian function fit to the response variations in the channels associated with given cell. Known faulty channels are excluded. The LHC integrated delivered luminosity is shown by the shaded area~\cite{DAPR-2021-01}.
002921768 8564_ $$82705371$$s35403$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_01b.png$$y00001 : : (a) Cut-away view of the ATLAS calorimeter systems. The TileCal consists of a barrel and two extended barrels. The sections of the ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter are also indicated. (b) Schema of the mechanical assembly and optical readout of a single TileCal module, exhibiting the radially staggered scintillators and steel plates, and the readout by WLS fibre and PMTs. In total, the modules comprise 11 rows in depth of scintillator/steel. Source tubes allow to circulate a $^{137}$Cs radioactive source for calibration purposes.
002921768 8564_ $$82705372$$s962951$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_01a.png$$y00000 :
002921768 8564_ $$82705373$$s13742$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_03a.png$$y00003 :
002921768 8564_ $$82705374$$s17957$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_03b.png$$y00004 : : (a) Distribution of $(I_{x0}\cdot I_{x1})^{1/2}$ for the tile packs used in EBA (red), EBC (blue) and LB (white and grey)~\cite{Abdallah:2009zza}. (b) Relative light signal $I/I_0$ as a function of the dose measured one month after irradiations with hadrons and gamma rays, where the gamma rays are emitted from a $^{137}$Cs radioactive source, at dose rate $2-3\times 10^{-2}$~Gy/s and $6\times 10^{-2}$~Gy/s, respectively~\cite{Karyukhin:1996aya,Abdallah:2007cca}. The vertical arrow represents the expected dose of 360~Gy after the nominal 10-year period of LHC operation and points to the region where the respective $I/I_0$ is expected taking into account the data trend.
002921768 8564_ $$82705375$$s18213$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_02.png$$y00002 TileCal cell layout for $\eta > 0$. The A-layer is the closest to the beamline. The naming convention is repeated for cells with $\eta<0$. The Long Barrel (Extended Barrel) cells are shown at the left (right).
002921768 8564_ $$82705376$$s177709$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_05.png$$y00006 Example of the sequencial response of a tile row from an A-cell taken at the 90~Hz readout frequency and presented as a function of the tile number where the $^{137}$Cs source is positioned during the scan~\cite{Cesium_2020}. The line labeled $\langle \mathrm{Int} \rangle$ indicates the mean response of the row calculated with the \emph{integral} method and the line labeled $\langle A \rangle$ is the mean response obtained with the \emph{amplitude} method~\cite{Cesium_2020}. Black points represent the individual tile amplitudes $A$ obtained through a global fit of the tile row response that parametrises each tile response with a sum of a Gaussian and an exponential function. As discussed in the text S0, S1 and S2 indicate the regions where the responses are measured. T1 and T2 correspond to the measured edges of the cell. PMT 5 stands for PMT number~5 and Tube 7 indicates the tile row number. The label ``4 Right'' indicates a tile with a bad fibre or a bad tile-fibre coupling.
002921768 8564_ $$82705377$$s6205$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_04.png$$y00005 The paths for each signal read out by the TileCal. The physics signal is denoted by the thick solid line and the path taken by each of the dedicated calibration systems is shown with dashed lines.
002921768 8564_ $$82705378$$s73273$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_09.png$$y00012 Simulated ionisation dose deposited in the scintillator tiles of the cells and in the gap/crack scintillators in $4\times 4$~cm$^2$ bins in $r\times z$. The average dose deposit per cell in Gy per \ifb is also displayed. The study was performed using 50~000 inelastic $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$~\TeV\ generated with \textsc{Pythia~8}. The response of the detector was obtained using the simulation program \textsc{Geant4}. The results are normalised to a cross-section of $\sigma_{\mathrm{inel}}$ = 78.42~mb and an integrated luminosity of 1~fb$^{-1}$~\cite{DoseSimulation,TCAL-2021-01}.
002921768 8564_ $$82705379$$s38006$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/fig_08.png$$y00011 The variation of the average response to MB events, $\Delta R_{\mathrm{MB}}$, of the MBTS inner (down triangles) and outer (up triangles) counters as a function of time during Run 2~\cite{TCAL-2021-01}. Response to the MB events is normalised to the track-counting luminosity measured by the inner detector~\cite{DAPR-2021-01}. The circle (diamond) markers show the relative response of the PMTs of the inner (outer) counters to laser pulses, $\Delta R_{\mathrm{Las}}$. The vertical bars represent the RMS of the response over all counters. The LHC delivered luminosity is shown by the shaded area~\cite{DAPR-2021-01}.
002921768 8564_ $$82705380$$s1853054$$uhttps://cds.cern.ch/record/2921768/files/2412.15944.pdf$$yFulltext
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