Springer : Strong enhancement of electromagnetic shower development induced by high-energy photons in a thick oriented tungsten crystal

Soldani, M.; van Dijk, M.; Tikhomirov, V.V.; De Salvador, D.; Vallazza, E.; Maiolino, T.; Petrucci, F.C.; Baryshevsky, V.G.; D'Alessandro, G.L.; Brizzolari, C.; Mascagna, V.; Romagnoni, M.; Guidi, V.; Bandiera, L.; Mazzolari, A.; Prest, M.; Ballerini, G.; Bomben, L.; Moulson, M.; Georgiev, G.; Rubin, P.; Charitonidis, N.; Haurylavets, V.; Gianoli, A.; Lobko, A.S.; Sytov, A.; Soldi, D.

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11247-x

Article
Report number	arXiv:2203.07163
Title	Strong enhancement of electromagnetic shower development induced by high-energy photons in a thick oriented tungsten crystal
Author(s)	Soldani, M. (INFN, Ferrara ; Ferrara U.) ; Bandiera, L. (INFN, Ferrara) ; Moulson, M. (Frascati) ; Ballerini, G. (INFN, Milan ; Catania U.) ; Baryshevsky, V.G. (Belarus State U.) ; Bomben, L. (INFN, Milan ; Catania U.) ; Brizzolari, C. (Catania U. ; INFN, Milan) ; Charitonidis, N. (CERN) ; D'Alessandro, G.L. (CERN) ; De Salvador, D. (INFN, Legnaro ; Padua U.) ; van Dijk, M. (CERN) ; Georgiev, G. (Frascati ; Sofiya U.) ; Gianoli, A. (INFN, Ferrara) ; Guidi, V. (INFN, Ferrara ; Ferrara U.) ; Haurylavets, V. (Belarus State U.) ; Lobko, A.S. (Belarus State U.) ; Maiolino, T. (INFN, Ferrara ; Wuhan U.) ; Mascagna, V. (INFN, Milan ; Catania U.) ; Mazzolari, A. (INFN, Ferrara) ; Petrucci, F.C. (INFN, Ferrara ; Ferrara U.) ; Prest, M. (INFN, Milan ; Catania U.) ; Romagnoni, M. (INFN, Ferrara ; Milan U.) ; Rubin, P. (George Mason U.) ; Soldi, D. (INFN, Turin ; Turin U.) ; Sytov, A. (INFN, Ferrara) ; Tikhomirov, V.V. (Belarus State U.) ; Vallazza, E. (INFN, Trieste)
Publication	2023-01-31
Imprint	2022-03-14
Number of pages	8
In:	Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) 101
DOI	10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11247-x (publication)
Subject category	hep-ex ; Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract	We have observed a significant enhancement in the energy deposition by $25$--$100 \mathrm{GeV}$ photons in a $1 \mathrm{cm}$ thick tungsten crystal oriented along its $\langle 111 \rangle$ lattice axes. At $100 \mathrm{GeV}$, this enhancement, with respect to the value observed without axial alignment, is more than twofold. This effect, together with the measured huge increase in secondary particle generation is ascribed to the acceleration of the electromagnetic shower development by the strong axial electric field. The experimental results have been critically compared with a newly developed Monte Carlo adapted for use with crystals of multi-$X_0$ thickness. The results presented in this paper may prove to be of significant interest for the development of high-performance photon absorbers and highly compact electromagnetic calorimeters and beam dumps for use at the energy and intensity frontiers.
Copyright/License	publication: © 2023-2024 The Author(s) (License: CC-BY-4.0), sponsored by SCOAP³ preprint: (License: CC BY 4.0)

$Experimental setup at the CERN H2 beamline. The input electrons are incident on a thin copper radiator (TGT), producing bremsstrahlung photons; the latter are then separated from the charged beam by a bending magnet (BM). The S1--4 scintillating counters are used to generate the trigger signal (S1$\wedge$S2$\wedge \overline{\mbox{S3}}$) and to measure the downstream charged particle multiplicity (S4). The silicon microstrip detectors SD1--3 track charged particles. An array of lead-glass blocks measures the energy of the interaction products of the photon ($\gamma$-CAL) and of the deflected electron ($e$-CAL). Bottom left insertion: tungsten $\langle 111 \rangle$ axial potential as a function of the transverse distance from the axis and BCC lattice, with the $\langle 111 \rangle$ axis highlighted in red.$ $Energy measured by $\gamma$-CAL as a function of the tagged photon energy, at different angles between the beam and the $\langle 111 \rangle$ axis and in the random orientation ($45~\mbox{mrad}$). Background data, i.e., with no crystal along the photon path, are also shown. The points (dashed lines) represent the experimental data (simulated results).$ $Energy deposited in the S4 plastic scintillator as a function of the tagged photon energy, at different angles between the beam and the $\langle 111 \rangle$ axis and in the random orientation ($45~\mbox{mrad}$). The points (dashed lines) represent the experimental data (simulated results).$ Show more plots

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