arXiv : The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond

Gschwendtner, Edda; Muggli, Patric; Hartin, Anthony; Moreira, Mariana; Barrientos, Diego; Cooke, David Andrew; Fasoli, Ambrogio; Zepp, Michael; Welsch, Carsten; Yarygova, Vlada; Nowak, Elzbieta; Krupa, Michel; Lopes, Nelson; Moody, Joshua; Topaloudis, Athanasios; Swain, Catherine; Silva, Luis; Pukhov, Alexander; Chung, Moses; Wiwattananon, Peerawan; Pardons, Ans; Kim, Seong-Yeol; Vieira, Jorge; Lefevre, Thibaut; Sublet, Alban; Granados, Eduardo; Stollberg, Christine; Morales Guzmán, Pablo Israel; Panuganti, Harsha; Demeter, Gabor; Senes, Eugenio; Henderson, James; Granetzny, Marcel; Grulke, Olaf; Khudiakov, Vadim; Bergamaschi, Michele; Ahdida, Claudia Christina; Bencini, Vittorio; Silva, Fernando; Pepitone, Kevin; Buttenschön, Birger; Moon, Kookjin; Scaachi, Adam; Della Porta, Giovanni Zevi; Doebert, Steffen; Nechaeva, Tatiana; Kedves, Miklos; Wolfenden, Joseph; Pucek, Jan; Burrows, Philip Nicholas; Kraus, Florian; Wyler, Samuel; Rey, Stephane; Fedosseev, Valentin; Liang, Linbo; Dexter, Amos Christopher; Liu, Shengli; Elverson, Francesa Ann; Hüther, Mathias; Verra, Livio; Mazzoni, Stefano; Wendt, Manfred; Farmer, John; Godoy, David Medina; Torrado, Nuno; Graubner, Tim; Velotti, Francesco; Andrebe, Yanis; Verzilov, Victor; Perera, Aravinda; Guran, Eloise Daria; Fonseca, Ricardo; Apsimon, Oznur; Gorn, Aleksandr; Vincke, Helmut; Chevallay, Eric; Caldwell, Allen; Damerau, Heiko; Bachmann, Anna-Maria; Schmitz, Oliver; Goncalves, Maria Carolina Amoedo; Arnesano, Jordan Matias; Furno, Ivo; Tuev, Petr; Blanchard, Patrick; Apsimon, Robert; Lotov, Konstantin; Wing, Matthew; Chappell, James; Keeble, Fearghus; Weidl, Martin; Agnello, Riccardo; Ramjiawan, Rebecca Louise; Xia, Guoxing; Turner, Marlene; Woolley, Benjamin; Pakuza, Collette; Hafych, Vasyl; Davut, Can; Batsch, Fabian; Calderon, Miguel Martinez; Gessner, Spencer

doi:10.3390/sym14081680

Article
Report number	arXiv:2206.06040
Title	The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond
Author(s)	Gschwendtner, Edda (CERN) ; Lotov, Konstantin (Novosibirsk State U.) ; Muggli, Patric (CERN ; Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Wing, Matthew (University Coll. London) ; Agnello, Riccardo (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Ahdida, Claudia Christina (CERN) ; Goncalves, Maria Carolina Amoedo (CERN) ; Andrebe, Yanis (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Apsimon, Oznur (Liverpool U.) ; Apsimon, Robert (Liverpool U. ; Lancaster U.) ; Arnesano, Jordan Matias (CERN) ; Bachmann, Anna-Maria (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Barrientos, Diego (CERN) ; Batsch, Fabian (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Bencini, Vittorio (CERN ; JAI, UK) ; Bergamaschi, Michele (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Blanchard, Patrick (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Burrows, Philip Nicholas (JAI, UK) ; Buttenschön, Birger (Garching, Max Planck Inst.) ; Caldwell, Allen (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Chappell, James (University Coll. London) ; Chevallay, Eric (CERN) ; Chung, Moses (UNIST, Ulsan) ; Cooke, David Andrew (University Coll. London) ; Damerau, Heiko (CERN) ; Davut, Can (Liverpool U. ; U. Manchester (main)) ; Demeter, Gabor (Wigner RCP, Budapest) ; Dexter, Amos Christopher (Liverpool U. ; Lancaster U.) ; Doebert, Steffen (CERN) ; Elverson, Francesa Ann (CERN) ; Farmer, John (CERN ; Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Fasoli, Ambrogio (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Fedosseev, Valentin (CERN) ; Fonseca, Ricardo (ISCTE, Lisbon ; Lisbon U. ; Lisbon, CFP) ; Furno, Ivo (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Gessner, Spencer (CERN ; SLAC) ; Gorn, Aleksandr (Novosibirsk State U.) ; Granados, Eduardo (CERN) ; Granetzny, Marcel (Wisconsin U., Madison) ; Graubner, Tim (Philipps U. Marburg) ; Grulke, Olaf (Garching, Max Planck Inst. ; Denmark, Tech. U.) ; Guran, Eloise Daria (CERN) ; Hafych, Vasyl (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Hartin, Anthony (University Coll. London) ; Henderson, James (Liverpool U. ; Daresbury) ; Hüther, Mathias (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Kedves, Miklos (Wigner RCP, Budapest) ; Keeble, Fearghus (University Coll. London) ; Khudiakov, Vadim (Heinrich Heine U., Dusseldorf ; Novosibirsk, IYF) ; Kim, Seong-Yeol (UNIST, Ulsan ; CERN) ; Kraus, Florian (Philipps U. Marburg) ; Krupa, Michel (CERN) ; Lefevre, Thibaut (CERN) ; Liang, Linbo (Liverpool U. ; U. Manchester (main)) ; Liu, Shengli (TRIUMF) ; Lopes, Nelson (Lisbon, CFP) ; Calderon, Miguel Martinez (CERN) ; Mazzoni, Stefano (CERN) ; Godoy, David Medina (CERN) ; Moody, Joshua (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Moon, Kookjin (UNIST, Ulsan) ; Morales Guzmán, Pablo Israel (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Moreira, Mariana (Lisbon, CFP) ; Nechaeva, Tatiana (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Nowak, Elzbieta (CERN) ; Pakuza, Collette (JAI, UK) ; Panuganti, Harsha (CERN) ; Pardons, Ans (CERN) ; Pepitone, Kevin (Uppsala U.) ; Perera, Aravinda (Liverpool U.) ; Pucek, Jan (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Pukhov, Alexander (Heinrich Heine U., Dusseldorf) ; Ramjiawan, Rebecca Louise (CERN ; JAI, UK) ; Rey, Stephane (CERN) ; Scaachi, Adam (University Coll. London) ; Schmitz, Oliver (Wisconsin U., Madison) ; Senes, Eugenio (CERN) ; Silva, Fernando (LIP, Lisbon ; Lisbon, CFTP) ; Silva, Luis (Lisbon, CFP) ; Stollberg, Christine (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Sublet, Alban (CERN) ; Swain, Catherine (Liverpool U.) ; Topaloudis, Athanasios (CERN) ; Torrado, Nuno (Lisbon, CFP) ; Tuev, Petr (Novosibirsk State U.) ; Turner, Marlene (CERN ; LBNL, Berkeley) ; Velotti, Francesco (CERN) ; Verra, Livio (Munich, Max Planck Inst. ; CERN ; Munich, Tech. U.) ; Verzilov, Victor (TRIUMF) ; Vieira, Jorge (Lisbon, CFP) ; Vincke, Helmut (CERN) ; Weidl, Martin (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Welsch, Carsten (Liverpool U.) ; Wendt, Manfred (CERN) ; Wiwattananon, Peerawan (CERN) ; Wolfenden, Joseph (Liverpool U.) ; Woolley, Benjamin (CERN) ; Wyler, Samuel (CERN) ; Xia, Guoxing (Liverpool U. ; U. Manchester (main)) ; Yarygova, Vlada (Novosibirsk State U.) ; Zepp, Michael (Wisconsin U., Madison) ; Della Porta, Giovanni Zevi (CERN)
Publication	2022-08-12
Imprint	2022-06-13
Number of pages	21
Note	21 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to Symmetry journal
In:	Symmetry 14 (2022) 1680
DOI	10.3390/sym14081680
Subject category	Other Fields of Physics ; Particle Physics - Experiment ; Accelerators and Storage Rings
Accelerator/Facility, Experiment	CERN AWAKE
Abstract	Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. Use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to demonstrate stable accelerating gradients of 0.5-1 GV/m, preserve emittance of the electron bunches during acceleration and develop plasma sources scalable to 100s of metres and beyond. By the end of Run 2, the AWAKE scheme should be able to provide electron beams for particle physics experiments and several possible experiments have already been evaluated. This article summarises the programme of AWAKE Run 2 and how it will be achieved as well as the possible application of the AWAKE scheme to novel particle physics experiments.
Copyright/License	preprint: (License: CC BY 4.0) publication: © 2022-2024 The authors (License: CC-BY-4.0)

$Schematic of the AWAKE Run\,1 (2016--18) layout. The laser and proton beams are merged before entering the plasma source. A beam of 10--20\,MeV electrons is also merged with the beam line and injected into the entrance of the plasma source. The plasma source contains rubidium vapour at about 200\,$^\circ$C with precise temperature control over the full 10\,m. The beams exit the plasma source and a series of diagnostics are used to characterise them. There are two imaging stations to measure the transverse profile of the proton bunch and screens emitting optical and coherent transition radiation (OTR and CTR) to measure the longitudinal profile of the proton bunch. Electrons are separated from the protons using a dipole magnet which also induces an energy-dependent spread which is measured on a scintillator screen, imaged by a camera. Diagrams of the proton bunch self-modulation and electron capture are shown in the bottom left. A typical image of the accelerated electron bunch as observed on the scintillator screen is shown in the top right. From Ref.~\cite{bib:nature}.$ $(a) Time-resolved image of the SM proton bunch with the RIF placed 125\,ps (0.5$\sigma_t$, where $\sigma_t$ is the RMS duration of the proton bunch) ahead of bunch centre (front of the bunch at $t<0$\,ps), and plasma electron density $n_{e0}=1.81\times$10$^{14}$\,cm$^{-3}$ (other parameters in~\cite{bib:fabianprl}). The RIF is at $t=0$\,ps on the image. (b) Relative RMS phase variation $\Delta\Phi$ of the modulated bunches (in \% of 2$\pi$ or of a modulation period) for each set of images acquired every 50\,ps along the bunch and aligned in time using a reference laser pulse signal visible as a vertical line at the bottom of image (a) ($x>2$\,mm). From Ref.~\cite{bib:fabianprl}.$ $The amplitude of the excited wakefield $E_\text{z,\,max} (z)$ in the uniform plasma and in plasma with the optimised density step with and without a 1\,m gap between SM and acceleration plasma sections. The SM process is seeded by an electron bunch. The density step is the linear growth of the plasma density from $7 \times 10^{14}\,\text{cm}^{-3}$ to $7.21 \times 10^{14}\,\text{cm}^{-3}$ at the interval between $z=0.8$\,m and $z=2.8$\,m.$ Show more plots

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