arXiv : Generating ultra-dense pair beams using 400 GeV/c protons

Arrowsmith, C.D.; Kadi, Y.; Sarkar, S.; Boni, R.; Simon, P.; Chen, H.; Shaw, J.L.; Froula, D.H.; Reville, B.; Bingham, R.; Huffman, B.T.; Gudmundsson, J.T.; Charitonidis, N.; Trines, R.M.G.M.; Davenne, T.; Gregori, G.; Silva, L.O.; Richardson, S.; Shukla, N.; Dyson, A.

doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.3.023103

Article
Report number	arXiv:2011.04398
Title	Generating ultra-dense pair beams using 400 GeV/c protons
Author(s)	Arrowsmith, C.D. (Oxford U.) ; Shukla, N. (CINECA) ; Charitonidis, N. (CERN) ; Boni, R. (Rochester U.) ; Chen, H. (LLNL, Livermore) ; Davenne, T. (Rutherford) ; Dyson, A. (Oxford U.) ; Froula, D.H. (Rochester U.) ; Gudmundsson, J.T. (Iceland U. ; Royal Inst. Tech., Stockholm) ; Huffman, B.T. (Oxford U.) ; Kadi, Y. (CERN) ; Reville, B. (Heidelberg, Max Planck Inst.) ; Richardson, S. (AWRE, Aldermaston) ; Sarkar, S. (Oxford U.) ; Shaw, J.L. (Rochester U.) ; Silva, L.O. (Lisbon, CFP) ; Simon, P. (CERN) ; Trines, R.M.G.M. (Rutherford) ; Bingham, R. (Rutherford ; Strathclyde U.) ; Gregori, G. (Oxford U.)
Publication	2021-05-11
Imprint	2020-11-09
Number of pages	9
In:	Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 2 (2021) pp.023103
DOI	10.1103/physrevresearch.3.023103 (publication) 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.023103 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.023103 (publication)
Subject category	hep-ph ; Particle Physics - Phenomenology ; astro-ph.HE ; Astrophysics and Astronomy ; physics.plasm-ph ; Other Fields of Physics
Abstract	A previously unexplored experimental scheme is presented for generating low-divergence, ultra-dense, relativistic, electron-positron beams using 400 GeV/c protons available at facilities such as HiRadMat and AWAKE at CERN. Preliminary Monte-Carlo and Particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate the possibility of generating beams containing $10^{13}-10^{14}$ electron-positron pairs at sufficiently high densities to drive collisionless beam-plasma instabilities, which are expected to play an important role in magnetic field generation and the related radiation signatures of relativistic astrophysical phenomena. The pair beams are quasi-neutral, with size exceeding several skin-depths in all dimensions, allowing for the first time the examination of the effect of competition between transverse and longitudinal instability modes on the growth of magnetic fields. Furthermore, the presented scheme allows for the possibility of controlling the relative density of hadrons to electron-positron pairs in the beam, making it possible to explore the parameter spaces for different astrophysical environments.
Copyright/License	preprint: (License: arXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0) publication: © 2021-2025 authors (License: CC-BY-4.0)

$Left: Beam parameters for 400 GeV/c proton facilities HiRadMat \cite{efthymiopoulos2011hiradmat} and AWAKE \cite{gschwendtner2016awake}. Right: Proposed experimental setup. Beams composed of electrons, positrons, photons, protons and other hadrons are generated using a beryllium target followed by a lead converter. Driving the beam into a gas cell will ionize the gas, forming a background plasma where the beam-plasma interaction can be studied. Since the bulk of the electrons and positrons in the beam have much smaller momentum than the hadrons, dipole magnets can be used to deflect $e^+e^-$ out of the beam to study their energy spectra, while the hadrons are deflected less and are absorbed by the beam dump.$ $The dependencies of peak densities of each beam species on Be target and Pb converter thicknesses is shown for four configurations. (a) and (b) show the densities obtained for single-component targets of beryllium and lead, while (c) and (d) show the sensitivities of particle densities to a change in thickness of beryllium or lead from a configuration that generates a high density of $e^+e^-$ pairs (that is, 30 cm beryllium target with a 4 cm lead converter). The largest pair beam densities are only achieved by using a configuration that contains both beryllium and lead, and the thickness of lead can be modified to alter the ratio of $e^+e^-$ to hadrons in the beam. Densities are obtained assuming an incident $p^+$ beam with radius $\sigma =$ 0.5 mm, and are presented in units per incident proton, so that the numbers can be scaled to the bunch intensity of the proton facility. A pulse duration of 375 ps is assumed to obtain the peak density from the simulated peak fluence.$ $Energy spectra (left) and angle-position phase space plots (right) obtained in the case of a 30 cm beryllium target and 4 cm lead converter. The simulation setup is the same as the one mentioned in Table \ref{tab:characteristics}. The energy spectra are displayed in the ranges where their spectra are most significant, while insets display the spectra extending to much higher energies. The angle-position phase space plots are normalized and displayed with a colour mapping that clearly depicts the half-maxima.$ Show more plots

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