Música clàssica índia
gènere musical propi del subcontinent indi
La música clàssica índia és un gènere musical propi del subcontinent indi.[1] Aquest tipus de música es fonamenta en dos conceptes: el raga, que és un marc melòdic i tonal, i el tala, que és un marc rítmic.[2] Aquests dos marcs creen una base sobre la qual crear melodies i ritmes des de l'improvisació.[3][4][5] El raga i el tala no tenen equivalents exactes a Occident; a diferència de la música clàssica occidental, no existeixen l'harmonia, els contrapunts, els acords ni la modulació.[6][7][8]
Les arrels de la música clàssica índia es troben en les vedes de l'hinduisme i el Natya Shastra, un antic tractat artístic atribuït a Bharata Muni.[9][10] El text sànscrit del segle xiii Sangita-Ratnakara, del musicòleg indi Sarangadeva, és considerat com el text definitiu de la música clàssica índia per totes les seves branques.[11][12]
Es pot dividir en la música clàssica índia en la tradició indostànica, pròpia del nord de l'Índia, i la tradició carnàtica, pròpia del sud.[13] Aquesta distinció no existí fins al segle xvi, en què la dominació islàmica del subcontinent indi va propiciar la diferent evolució de la música septentrional i meridional. Tanmateix, les dues tradicions retenen encara ara moltes similituds.[14]
Referent compositora de música clàssica índia contemporània és la violinista Kala Ramnath.[8]
Referències
modifica- ↑ Nettl et al., 1998, p. 573–574.
- ↑ Sorrell i Narayan, 1980, p. 1–3.
- ↑ Nettl, 2010.
- ↑ James B. Robinson. Hinduism. Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 104–106. ISBN 978-1-4381-0641-0.
- ↑ Vijaya Moorthy. Romance of the Raga. Abhinav Publications, 2001, p. 45–48, 53, 56–58. ISBN 978-81-7017-382-3.
- ↑ «Austin IFA : Introduction to Carnatic Music». [Consulta: 30 juliol 2018].
- ↑ «Music». Arxivat de l'original el 22 d’octubre 2019. [Consulta: 30 juliol 2018].
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 «Trinity - Music (GCSE - Indian and Gamelan)». Arxivat de l'original el 30 de juliol 2018. [Consulta: 30 juliol 2018].
- ↑ Rowell, 2015, p. 9–10, 59–61.
- ↑ Beck 2012, Quote: "The tradition of Indian classical music and dance known as Sangita is fundamentally rooted in the sonic and musical dimensions of the Vedas (Sama veda), Upanishads and the Agamas, such that Indian music has been nearly always religious in character".
- ↑ Rens Bod. A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present. Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-164294-4.
- ↑ Reginald Massey; Jamila Massey The Music Of India. Abhinav Publications, 1996, p. 42. ISBN 978-81-7017-332-8 [Consulta: 23 juliol 2013].
- ↑ Sorrell i Narayan, 1980, p. 3–4.
- ↑ Sorrell i Narayan, 1980, p. 4–5.
Bibliografia
modifica- Beck, Guy. Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-87249-855-6.
- Beck, Guy L. Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-61117-108-2.
- Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan. Kramika Pustaka Malika. Sangeet Karyalaya, 1968–73.
- Bor, Joep. The Rāga Guide. Nimbus Records, 1999.
- Brown, Sara Black «Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival». Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press, 58, 3, 2014, pàg. 454–80. DOI: 10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454.
- Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya. The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music. Motilal Banarsidass, 2000. ISBN 978-81-208-1708-1.
- Dace, Wallace «The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory». Educational Theatre Journal, 15, 3, 1963, pàg. 249. DOI: 10.2307/3204783. JSTOR: 3204783.
- Daniélou, Alain. Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs. C. Johnson, 1949. OCLC 851080.
- Forster, Cris. Musical Mathematics: On the Art and Science of Acoustic Instruments. Chronicle, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8118-7407-6. Indian Music: Ancient Beginnings – Natyashastra
- Gautam, M.R.. Evolution of Raga and Tala in Indian Music. Munshiram Manoharlal, 1993. ISBN 81-215-0442-2.
- Jairazbhoy, Nazir Ali. The Rāgs of North Indian Music: Their Structure & Evolution. first revised Indian. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1995. ISBN 978-81-7154-395-3.
- Kaufmann, Walter. The Ragas of North India. Oxford & Indiana University Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-253-34780-0. OCLC 11369.
- Lal, Ananda. The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-564446-3.
- Lavezzoli, Peter. The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Nova York: Continuum, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8264-1815-9.
- Martinez, José Luiz. Semiosis in Hindustani Music. Motilal Banarsidass, 2001. ISBN 978-81-208-1801-9.
- Mehta, Tarla. Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass, 1995. ISBN 978-81-208-1057-0.
- Moutal, Patrick. Hindustani Raga Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s, 2012. ISBN 978-2-9541244-3-8.
- Moutal, Patrick. Comparative Study of Selected Hindustani Ragas, 2012. ISBN 978-2-9541244-2-1.
- Nettl, Bruno. «Raga, Indian Musical Genre». Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
- Nettl, Bruno. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent. Routledge, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1.
- Randel, Don Michael. The Harvard Dictionary of Music. fourth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2.
- Ries, Raymond E. «The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music». Asian Music. University of Texas Press, 1, 2, 1969, pàg. 22–31. DOI: 10.2307/833909.
- Rowell, Lewis. Music and Musical Thought in Early India. University of Chicago Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-226-73034-9.
- Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva. Adyar: Adyar Library Press, 1943. ISBN 0-8356-7330-8.
- Schwartz, Susan L. Rasa: Performing the Divine in India. Columbia University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-231-13144-5.
- Sorrell, Neil; Narayan, Ram. Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction. Manchester University Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0-7190-0756-9.
- Te Nijenhuis, Emmie. Indian Music: History and Structure. BRILL Academic, 1974. ISBN 90-04-03978-3.
- Tenzer, Michael. Analytical Studies in World Music. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-517789-3.
- van der Meer, W. Hindustani Music in the 20th Century. Springer, 2012. ISBN 978-94-009-8777-7.
- Vatsyayan, Kapila. Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts. Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1977. OCLC 233639306., Table of Contents
- Vatsyayan, Kapila. Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition. Munshiram Manoharlal, 2008. ISBN 978-81-87586-35-7. OCLC 286469807.
- Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver. Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter, 2011. ISBN 978-3-11-024003-0.
- Winternitz, Maurice. History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2008. ISBN 978-81-208-0056-4.
- Ludwig Pesch, The Oxford Illustrated Companion to South Indian Classical Music, Oxford University Press.
- George E. Ruckert, Music in North India: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture, Oxford University Press.
- T. Viswanathan and Matthew Harp Allen; Music in South India: The Karnatak Concert Tradition and Beyond Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture; Oxford University Press.
- Martin Clayton; Time in Indian Music: Rhythm, Metre, and Form in North Indian Rag Performance; Oxford University Press.
- Moutal, Patrick. Comparative Study of Hindustani Raga-s – Volume I. Patrick Moutal Publisher. Rouen, 2012. ISBN 978-2-9541244-2-1.
- Moutal, Patrick. Hindustāni Rāga-s Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s. Patrick Moutal Publisher. ISBN 978-2-9541244-3-8.
- Charles Russel Day. The Music and Musical Instruments of southern India and the Deccan. Novello, Ewer & Co., London, 1891.