Izvorni kôd stranice Kvantna mehanika

{{Kvantna mehanika}}
[[Datoteka:Max Planck (1858-1947).jpg|mini|Max Planck]]
'''Kvantna mehanika''' jedna je od najvažnijih i najplodonosnijih grana moderne [[fizika|fizike]]. Kvantna mehanika proučava ponašanje [[elektron]]a i ostalih elementarnih čestica u [[atom]]ima, [[molekula]]ma i [[kristal]]ima, [[nuklearna jezgra|nuklearnim jezgrama]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html|title=Quantum Behavior|publisher=https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_copyright.html}}</ref>

== Historija ==
Historijski gledano, razvoj osnova kvantne mehanike ostvario se kroz nekoliko koraka.

U prvom periodu, krajem [[19. vijek|devetnaestog]] i početkom [[20. vijek|dvadesetog vijeka]] postojalo je nekoliko eksperimentalno prikupljenih saznanja koja se ni na koji način nisu mogla objasniti u okviru do tada poznate klasične fizike.<ref>{{citeweb|url= http://www.pmf.unsa.ba/fizika/images/nastavni_materijali/QMI/QM_I_2014.pdf|title =KVANTNA MEHANIKA I Univerzitet u Sarajevu Prirodno-matematicki fakultet Odsjek za fiziku}}</ref> Zapravo je bio vrlo mali broj ovakvih problema koji nisu bili do kraja teorijski shvaćeni i objašnjeni. Stoga su neki tadašnji naučnici smatrali da će uskoro biti dosegnut kraj razvoja fizike. Ali ništa nije moglo biti više pogrešno od takvog razmišljanja. Tačno objašnjenje ovih problema pokazalo se kao "tvrdi orah", koji je uporno izmicao dotadašnjoj ljudskoj slici i tumačenju svijeta.

To je prvenstveno bio problem [[zračenje crnog tijela|zračenja crnog tijela]] i [[fotoelektrični efekt]]. Kako bi zadovoljavajuće objasnili ove fenomene, [[Max Planck]] (za zračenje crnog tijela, [[1900]]. godine) i [[Albert Einstein]] (za fotoelektrični efekt, [[1905]]. ) pretpostavili su da svjetlost, osim talasne prirode pokazuje i čestična (korpuskularna) svojstva.

Eksperimenti s raspršenjem [[alfa čestice|alfa čestica]], ostvareni od strane [[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherforda]], doveli su do osnove [[Niels Bohr|Bohrove]] polu-klasične teorije atoma, koja predstavlja drugi veliki korak u razvoju kvantne mehanike.

Treći korak započeo je putem mnogih eksperimentalnih zapažanja (difrakcija i interferencija snopova elektrona) koja su ukazivala na dualnu (talasno-čestičnu) prirodu elektrona. Razvoj teorije u ovom smjeru ostvarili su [[Werner Heisenberg]] [[1925]]. godine, razvojem matrične formulacije kvantne mehanike, te [[Erwin Schrödinger]] [[1926]]. godine, putem svoje čuvene [[Schrodingerova jednačina|jednačine]].

Time su udareni temelji nove nauke, ali njen razvoj time nije završen. Tokom godina daljeg razvoja, postavke kvantne mehanike potvrđene su kroz mnoštvo eksperimentalnih rezultata, dok je teorija razmatrala mnoga nova područja: postojanje spina, uticaj relativističkih efekata, ponašanje mnoštva čestica itd.

Kvantna mehanika je imala ogroman uspjeh u objašnjavanju mnogih karakteristika našeg svemira, s obzirom na male i diskretne količine i interakcije koje se ne mogu objasniti [[Klasična fizika|klasičnim metodama]].{{Refn|See, for example, [[the Feynman Lectures on Physics]] for some of the technological applications which use quantum mechanics, e.g., [[transistor]]s (vol '''III''', pp. 14–11 ff), [[integrated circuit]]s, which are follow-on technology in solid-state physics (vol '''II''', pp. 8–6), and [[laser]]s (vol '''III''', pp. 9–13).}} Kvantna mehanika je često jedina teorija koja može otkriti individualno ponašanje subatomskih čestica koje čine sve oblike materije (elektroni, [[Proton|protoni]], [[Neutron|neutroni]], [[Foton|fotoni]] i drugi). [[Fizika čvrstog stanja]] i [[nauka o materijalima]] zavise od kvantne mehanike.<ref name="marvincohen2008">{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Marvin L.|year=2008|title=Essay: Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics|url=http://prl.aps.org/edannounce/PhysRevLett.101.250001|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=101|issue=25|page=250001|bibcode=2008PhRvL.101y0001C|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001|pmid=19113681|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref>

U mnogim aspektima, moderna tehnologija djeluje na razmjeramai na kojima su kvantni efekti značajni. Važne primjene kvantne teorije uključuju [[Kvantna hemija|kvantnu hemiju]], [[Kvantna optika|kvantnu optiku]], [[Kvantno računarstvo|kvantno računanje]], [[Superprovodni magnet|superprovodljive magnete]], diode koje [[Elektronski mikroskop|emituju]] [[Svijetleća dioda|svjetlost]], [[optičko pojačalo]] i laser, [[tranzistor]] i [[Poluprovodnik|poluprovodnike]] kao što su [[mikroprocesor]], [[Medicinsko snimanje|medicinske i istraživačke slike]] kao što su [[Magnetna rezonanca|magnetsko rezonantno snimanje]] [[Elektronski mikroskop|i mikroskopija]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Matson|first1=John|title=What Is Quantum Mechanics Good for?|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/everyday-quantum-physics/|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref> Objašnjenja mnogih bioloških i fizičkih fenomena su ukorijenjena u prirodi hemijske veze, a posebno [[Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina|u DNK]] makromolekulama.

Od 1930. kvantnu mehaniku su dalje objedinjavali i formalizirali [[David Hilbert]], Paul Dirac i [[John von Neumann]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Hove|first=Leon|year=1958|title=Von Neumann's contributions to quantum mechanics|url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1958-64-03/S0002-9904-1958-10206-2/S0002-9904-1958-10206-2.pdf|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]]|volume=64|issue=3|pages=Part 2:95–99|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1958-10206-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120073106/https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1958-64-03/S0002-9904-1958-10206-2/S0002-9904-1958-10206-2.pdf|archive-date=Jan 20, 2024}}</ref> s većim naglaskom na [[Mjerenje u kvantnoj mehanici|mjerenju]], statističkoj prirodi našeg znanja o stvarnosti i [[Interpretacije kvantne mehanike|filozofskim spekulacijama o 'posmatraču']]. Od tada je prožeo mnoge discipline, uključujući kvantnu hemiju, [[Kvantna elektronika|kvantnu elektroniku]], [[Kvantna optika|kvantnu optiku]] i [[Kvantna informaciona nauka|kvantnu informatiku]] . Takođe pruža koristan okvir za mnoge karakteristike modernog [[Periodni sistem elemenata|periodnog sistema elemenata]], i opisuje ponašanje [[Atom|atoma]] tokom [[Hemijska veza|hemijskog povezivanja]] i protoka elektrona u kompjuterskim [[Poluprovodnik|poluprovodnicima]], te stoga igra ključnu ulogu u mnogim modernim tehnologijama. Dok je kvantna mehanika konstruirana da opiše svijet vrlo malog, potrebno je objasniti i neke [[Makroskopska skala|makroskopske]] fenomene kao što su [[Superprovodljivost|superprovodnici]] <ref name="feynman2015">{{Cite web|url=https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_21.html#Ch21-S5|title=The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. III Ch. 21: The Schrödinger Equation in a Classical Context: A Seminar on Superconductivity, 21-4|last=Feynman|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Feynman|publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161215225248/http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_21.html%23Ch21-S5|archive-date=15 Dec 2016|url-status=live|access-date=24 November 2015|quote=...dugo se vjerovalo da valna funkcija Schrödingerove jednadžbe nikada neće imati makroskopski prikaz analogan makroskopskom prikazu amplitude za fotone. S druge strane, sada se uviđa da nam fenomen superprovodljivosti predstavlja upravo ovu situaciju.}}</ref> i [[Superfluid|superfluidi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://physics.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/_/lt24_berk_expts_on_macro_sup_effects.pdf|title=Berkeley Experiments on Superfluid Macroscopic Quantum Effects|last=Packard|first=Richard|year=2006|publisher=Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125112132/http://research.physics.berkeley.edu/packard/publications/Articles/LT24_Berk_expts_on_macro_sup_effects.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2015|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

== Reference ==
{{refspisak}}
==Vanjski linkovi==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eRuuWRzj9M Nauka 50: Kvant (RTS Obrazovno-naučni program - Zvanični kanal)]
*[http://www.toutestquantique.fr 3D animacije, primjene i istraživanje bazičnih kvantnih efekata] (animacije također dostupne na [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Jubobroff commons.wikimedia.org] (Université paris Sud) (fr)
*[http://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/notes_quantum_cookbook.pdf Quantum Cook Book] autor: R. Shankar, Open Yale PHYS 201 material (4pp)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111211022105/http://www.mesacc.edu/~kevinlg/i256/QM_basics.pdf A foundation approach to quantum Theory that does not rely on wave-particle duality.]
*[http://www.lightandmatter.com/lm/ The Modern Revolution in Physics] -  online udžbenik.
* J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson: [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html Historija kvantne mehanike.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151016025718/http://www.quantiki.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Quantum_Theory Uvod u Kvantnu teoriju na Quantiki, arhivirana stranica.]
*[http://bethe.cornell.edu/ Quantum Physics Made Relatively Simple]: tri video predavanja, autor: [[Hans Bethe]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071002191047/http://www.nonlocal.com/hbar/ H is for h-bar.]
*[http://www.freebookcentre.net/Physics/Quantum-Mechanics-Books.html Quantum Mechanics Books Collection]: Kolekcija besplatnih knjiga
;Nastavni materijal
*[http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0605180 Doron Cohen: Lecture notes in Quantum Mechanics (obiman, sa naprednim temama).]
*[[MIT OpenCourseWare]]: [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm hemija] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505005511/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm |date=5. 5. 2010 }}.
*MIT OpenCourseWare: [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505172535/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm |date=5. 5. 2010 }}. See [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-04Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm 8.04] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528173052/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-04Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm |date=28. 5. 2010 }}
*[http://www.youtube.com/stanford#g/c/84C10A9CB1D13841 Stanford Continuing Education PHY 25: Quantum Mechanics] autor: [[Leonard Susskind]], pogledati [http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/courses/course.php?cid=20072_PHY%2025 course description]{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} Fall 2007
*[http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/QM/ 5½ Examples in Quantum Mechanics]
*[http://www.imperial.ac.uk/quantuminformation/qi/tutorials Imperial College Quantum Mechanics Course.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810075114/http://www.imperial.ac.uk/quantuminformation/qi/tutorials |date=10. 8. 2011 }}
*[http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter19section3.rhtml Spark Notes - Kvantna fizika.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605194351/http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter19section3.rhtml |date=5. 6. 2019 }}
*[http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/ Quantum Physics Online : interactive introduction to quantum mechanics (RS applets).]
*[http://www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de/quantumlab/english/index.html Experiments to the foundations of quantum physics with single photons.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025073450/http://www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de/quantumlab/english/index.html |date=25. 10. 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130119115338/http://nanohub.org/topics/aqme AQME] : Advancing Quantum Mechanics for Engineers&nbsp;— autor: T.Barzso, D.Vasileska and G.Klimeck online learning resource with simulation tools on [[nanohub]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091229101144/http://www.lsr.ph.ic.ac.uk/~plenio/lecture.pdf Quantum Mechanics] autor: Martin Plenio
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110124130101/http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/389.pdf Quantum Mechanics] autor: Richard Fitzpatrick
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100607065203/http://nanohub.org/resources/2039 Online course na ''Quantum Transport'']

;ČPP
*[http://www.hedweb.com/manworld.htm Many-worlds or relative-state interpretation.]
*[http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html Mjerenja u kvantnoj mehanici.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717113602/http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html |date=17. 7. 2011 }}

;Mediji
*[http://oyc.yale.edu/physics/phys-201#sessions PHYS 201: Fundamentals of Physics II] autor: Ramamurti Shankar, Open Yale Course
*[http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=84C10A9CB1D13841 Predavanja o kvantnoj mehanici] autor: [[Leonard Susskind]]
*[http://www.newscientist.com/channel/fundamentals/quantum-world Everything you wanted to know about the quantum world]&nbsp;— arhiva članaka iz ''[[New Scientist]]''.
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/quantum_physics/ Istraživanje u kvantnoj fizici] iz ''[[Science Daily]]''
*{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/science/27eins.html?scp=1&sq=quantum%20trickery&st=cse|title=Quantum Trickery: Testing Einstein's Strangest Theory|date=27. 12. 2005|publisher=The New York Times | first=Dennis | last=Overbye | access-date=12. 4. 2010}}
*[http://www.astronomycast.com/physics/ep-138-quantum-mechanics/ Audio: Astronomy Cast] Quantum Mechanics&nbsp;— Juni 2009. [[Fraser Cain]] razgovori [[Pamela L. Gay]].

;Filozofija
*{{sep|qm|"Quantum Mechanics"|Jenann Ismael}}
*{{sep|qt-measurement|"Measurement in Quantum Theory"|Henry Krips}}
{{Fizika-dno}}{{Normativna kontrola}}{{Commonscat|Quantum mechanics}}

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