Guard your steps
The phrase "Guard your steps" is a call to mindfulness and reverence. The Hebrew word for "guard" is "shamar," which means to keep, watch, or preserve. This implies a conscious effort to approach God with respect and awareness. In ancient Israel, the temple was the physical manifestation of God's presence, and approaching it required a heart prepared for worship. This phrase reminds believers to approach God with intentionality, ensuring that their actions and thoughts align with His holiness.

when you go to the house of God
The "house of God" refers to the temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship for the Israelites. In the broader biblical context, it symbolizes any place where God's presence dwells. Historically, the temple was a place of sacrifice, prayer, and divine encounter. For Christians, this can also be seen as a metaphor for the church or any gathering of believers. The emphasis is on the sacredness of the space and the need for reverence when entering into God's presence.

Draw near to listen
"Draw near to listen" highlights the importance of approaching God with a posture of humility and receptivity. The Hebrew word "shama" means to hear or listen, but it also implies obedience. Listening in this context is not passive but active, requiring a readiness to respond to God's voice. This phrase encourages believers to prioritize hearing God's word and wisdom over merely performing religious rituals.

rather than to offer the sacrifice of fools
The "sacrifice of fools" refers to offerings made without understanding or sincerity. In ancient times, sacrifices were a central part of worship, but they were meaningless if not accompanied by genuine devotion. The "fools" are those who perform religious acts without true reverence or awareness of their significance. This serves as a warning against empty rituals and encourages believers to ensure their worship is heartfelt and informed by a true understanding of God's will.

for they do not know that they do wrong
This phrase underscores the danger of ignorance in worship. The "fools" are unaware of their wrongdoing because they lack insight and discernment. In the biblical context, knowledge of God and His commandments is crucial for righteous living. This serves as a reminder that true worship requires both knowledge and sincerity. It calls believers to seek wisdom and understanding, ensuring that their actions align with God's truth and righteousness.

Do not be quick to speak
This phrase emphasizes the importance of restraint in communication, especially in the presence of God. The Hebrew root for "quick" (חָפַז, chaphaz) suggests a sense of haste or rashness. In the ancient Near Eastern context, speech was considered a powerful tool, and the wise were those who measured their words carefully. This aligns with the broader biblical wisdom literature, such as Proverbs, which often advises against hasty speech. The conservative Christian perspective values this restraint as a reflection of humility and reverence before God.

do not let your heart be hasty
The "heart" in Hebrew thought (לֵב, lev) is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. To be "hasty" (בהל, bahal) implies acting with undue speed or without due consideration. This admonition warns against impulsive emotional responses, particularly in spiritual matters. Historically, the heart was seen as the seat of decision-making, and this guidance encourages believers to align their inner thoughts with God's will, fostering a disciplined spiritual life.

to utter a word before God
The act of speaking "before God" underscores the sacredness of communication with the Divine. In the ancient world, words spoken in the presence of a deity were considered binding and significant. This phrase reminds believers of the gravity and sanctity of prayer and vows. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, it calls for a deep respect for God's holiness and an awareness of His omnipresence, urging believers to approach Him with sincerity and thoughtfulness.

After all, God is in heaven
This phrase establishes a fundamental theological truth about God's transcendence. "Heaven" (שָׁמַיִם, shamayim) represents the divine realm, emphasizing God's sovereignty and majesty. The historical context of this statement reflects the ancient understanding of a hierarchical cosmos, with God reigning supreme above all. For conservative Christians, this serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority and the proper posture of humility and reverence that believers should maintain.

and you are on earth
This contrast between God's heavenly position and humanity's earthly existence highlights human limitations. "Earth" (אֶרֶץ, erets) signifies the temporal and finite nature of human life. This acknowledgment of human frailty and God's greatness is a recurring theme in Scripture, encouraging believers to recognize their dependence on God. From a conservative perspective, it reinforces the call to live with humility, acknowledging our need for divine guidance and grace.

So let your words be few
The conclusion of the verse advises brevity in speech, particularly in spiritual contexts. This echoes the wisdom tradition's valuation of silence and thoughtful speech. The Hebrew concept here is not merely about speaking less but about speaking with purpose and intention. For conservative Christians, this is an exhortation to prioritize quality over quantity in communication with God, fostering a prayer life that is sincere, focused, and respectful of God's holiness.

As a dream
The Hebrew word for "dream" is "ḥălôm," which often signifies not just the dreams experienced during sleep but also aspirations or visions. In the context of Ecclesiastes, dreams can symbolize the fleeting and often illusory nature of human ambitions. Historically, dreams were considered significant in the ancient Near East, often seen as messages from the divine. Here, the Preacher uses "dream" to illustrate the ephemeral and sometimes deceptive nature of human thoughts and plans.

comes through many cares
The phrase "many cares" translates from the Hebrew "rōḇ ‘inyān," which can mean a multitude of tasks or concerns. This suggests that dreams, or the aspirations and anxieties of life, are born out of the multitude of human preoccupations. In a historical context, this reflects the burdens of daily life in ancient times, where survival and prosperity required constant labor and attention. Theologically, it underscores the idea that human efforts, when not aligned with divine wisdom, can lead to vanity and vexation.

so the speech of a fool
The term "fool" in Hebrew is "kesîl," which refers to someone who is morally and spiritually deficient, not merely lacking in intelligence. In the wisdom literature of the Bible, a fool is often characterized by a lack of discernment and an inability to recognize or follow God's ways. The "speech of a fool" implies words that are empty, lacking in substance and wisdom, and often leading to misunderstanding or harm.

comes with many words
The phrase "many words" is translated from "rōḇ deḇārîm," indicating an abundance of speech. In the biblical context, excessive talking is often associated with folly and sin. Proverbs 10:19 (BSB) states, "When words are many, sin is unavoidable, but he who restrains his lips is wise." This reflects a cultural and scriptural understanding that wisdom is often found in silence and thoughtful speech. Theologically, it serves as a caution against the pride and self-reliance that can accompany verbose speech, urging believers to seek divine wisdom and understanding.

When you make a vow to God
The act of making a vow in the biblical context is a solemn promise or commitment made to God. The Hebrew word for vow, "נֶדֶר" (neder), signifies a binding promise that is not to be taken lightly. In ancient Israel, vows were often made during times of distress or as acts of devotion. The seriousness of a vow is underscored by its direct address to God, indicating a personal and sacred commitment. This phrase reminds believers of the importance of integrity and sincerity in their relationship with God, emphasizing that vows are not mere words but sacred commitments.

do not delay in fulfilling it
The instruction to not delay highlights the urgency and priority that should be given to fulfilling vows. The Hebrew root "אַחַר" (achar) implies postponement or procrastination. In the cultural and historical context of the Bible, delaying a vow could be seen as a sign of disrespect or lack of seriousness. This phrase serves as a caution against complacency and encourages prompt action, reflecting a heart that honors God by keeping promises without hesitation.

because He takes no pleasure in fools
The term "fools" here is derived from the Hebrew word "כְּסִיל" (kesil), which often refers to someone who is morally deficient or lacking in wisdom. In the biblical sense, a fool is not merely someone who lacks intelligence, but rather someone who disregards God's commands and wisdom. The phrase underscores God's disdain for those who make vows thoughtlessly or fail to honor their commitments. It serves as a warning that God values sincerity and wisdom, and that foolishness in spiritual matters is displeasing to Him.

Fulfill your vow
This imperative to fulfill one's vow is a call to action and integrity. The Hebrew verb "שָׁלֵם" (shalem) means to complete or make whole, indicating that a vow is not complete until it is fulfilled. In the scriptural context, fulfilling a vow is an act of worship and obedience, reflecting a heart aligned with God's will. This phrase encourages believers to be people of their word, demonstrating faithfulness and reliability in their commitments to God. It serves as a reminder that our actions should match our words, and that fulfilling our promises is a testament to our faith and devotion.

It is better
The phrase "It is better" sets a comparative standard, emphasizing the wisdom of choosing the lesser of two potential actions. In the Hebrew text, the word "tov" (טוֹב) is used, which means "good" or "better." This word often conveys a sense of moral or practical superiority. The author, traditionally understood to be Solomon, is imparting wisdom that aligns with the broader biblical principle of integrity and truthfulness. In a world where words can be easily spoken but not always honored, this phrase calls believers to a higher standard of accountability and discernment.

not to vow
The act of making a vow in ancient Israel was a serious commitment, often made in the context of a covenant with God. The Hebrew word for vow, "neder" (נֶדֶר), implies a solemn promise or pledge. In the cultural and religious context of the Old Testament, vows were not to be taken lightly, as they were binding before God. This phrase suggests that it is wiser to refrain from making a vow if there is any doubt about one's ability to fulfill it, highlighting the importance of sincerity and forethought in one's commitments.

than to make a vow
This part of the verse contrasts the previous statement, emphasizing the gravity of making a vow. The act of making a vow was often accompanied by rituals or sacrifices, underscoring its seriousness. In the biblical context, vows were made to God as acts of worship or in seeking divine favor. The phrase serves as a caution against rash or impulsive promises, reminding believers that their words hold weight and should be considered carefully.

and not fulfill it
The failure to fulfill a vow is presented as a significant moral and spiritual failing. The Hebrew root "shalam" (שָׁלַם), meaning "to complete" or "to fulfill," is used here, indicating the expectation of bringing a vow to its intended conclusion. In the biblical narrative, unfulfilled vows were seen as acts of deceit and disrespect towards God, who is the ultimate witness to all promises. This phrase underscores the importance of faithfulness and reliability, virtues that are central to a life of integrity and devotion to God.

Do not let your mouth
The phrase emphasizes the power of speech and the importance of self-control. In Hebrew, the word for "mouth" (פֶּה, peh) often symbolizes one's speech or declarations. The Bible frequently warns about the dangers of careless words (Proverbs 18:21). In a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a reminder of the responsibility to speak truthfully and wisely, reflecting the character of Christ in our communication.

cause your flesh to sin
Here, "flesh" (בָּשָׂר, basar) refers to the human body or nature, often associated with weakness and susceptibility to sin. The connection between speech and action is highlighted, suggesting that what we say can lead us into sinful behavior. This aligns with James 3:6, which describes the tongue as a fire that can corrupt the whole body. The call is to live a life of integrity, where words and actions are in harmony with God's will.

and do not tell the messenger
The "messenger" (מַלְאָךְ, malak) could refer to a priest or an angelic being, someone who conveys messages between God and people. In ancient Israel, vows were serious commitments made before God, often communicated through a priest. This phrase warns against making excuses or attempting to retract a vow, emphasizing the importance of keeping one's promises to God.

that your vow was a mistake
A "vow" (נֶדֶר, neder) is a solemn promise or commitment made to God. Declaring a vow as a "mistake" (שְׁגָגָה, shegagah) implies a lack of foresight or sincerity. In biblical times, vows were not to be taken lightly, as they were binding and sacred (Numbers 30:2). This serves as a caution against rash promises and underscores the need for thoughtful, deliberate commitments in our spiritual walk.

Why should God be angry with your words
The rhetorical question highlights the seriousness of invoking God's name in vain or making insincere promises. God's "anger" (קָצַף, qatsaph) is a response to human disobedience and irreverence. In a conservative Christian view, this reflects God's holiness and justice, reminding believers of the importance of reverence and accountability in their relationship with Him.

and destroy the work of your hands?
The "work of your hands" (מַעֲשֵׂה יָדֶיךָ, ma'aseh yadeikha) refers to one's efforts, achievements, or livelihood. The potential for God to "destroy" (חָבַל, chabal) these works serves as a warning of the consequences of unfaithfulness and disobedience. It underscores the biblical principle that blessings and success are contingent upon living in accordance with God's commands (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). This encourages believers to align their actions with God's will, ensuring that their labor is fruitful and blessed.

For as many dreams bring futility
The word "dreams" in this context can be understood as the multitude of thoughts, plans, or aspirations that people have. In the Hebrew, the word for "dreams" (חֲלֹמוֹת, chalomot) can also imply illusions or fantasies that are not grounded in reality. The term "futility" (הֶבֶל, hebel) is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, often translated as "vanity" or "meaninglessness." It suggests the transient and often deceptive nature of human endeavors when they are disconnected from divine purpose. Historically, dreams were sometimes seen as messages from God, but here, they are portrayed as potentially empty when they are merely human constructs without divine guidance.

so do many words
The phrase "many words" (רַב־דְּבָרִים, rab-devarim) refers to excessive speech or verbosity. In the biblical context, this can be seen as a warning against the dangers of speaking without thought or purpose. Proverbs 10:19 echoes this sentiment: "When words are many, sin is unavoidable, but he who restrains his lips is wise." The historical context of this phrase may relate to the practices of ancient Near Eastern cultures, where lengthy speeches or prayers were often used to persuade or manipulate. The caution here is against the emptiness of words that are not rooted in truth or sincerity.

Therefore, fear God
The command to "fear God" (יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים, yirat Elohim) is a central theme in Ecclesiastes and throughout the Bible. The Hebrew word for "fear" (יִרְאָה, yirah) encompasses a range of meanings from terror to reverence and awe. In this context, it implies a deep respect and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and authority. Historically, the fear of God was seen as the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10) and a guiding principle for righteous living. This phrase serves as a corrective to the futility of dreams and words, redirecting the focus to a life lived in reverence and obedience to God. It is a call to align one's life with divine will, recognizing that true meaning and purpose are found in a relationship with the Creator.

If you see
The phrase "If you see" invites the reader to be observant and aware of the realities around them. In the Hebrew context, the verb "see" (רָאָה, ra'ah) implies not just physical sight but also understanding and discernment. It calls believers to be vigilant and discerning about the injustices in the world, encouraging them to look beyond the surface and recognize deeper truths.

the oppression of the poor
"Oppression" (עֹשֶׁק, osheq) refers to the exploitation and unjust treatment of the vulnerable. The "poor" (רָשׁ, rash) in ancient Israel were often those without land or means, dependent on the mercy and justice of others. This phrase highlights a recurring biblical theme: God's concern for the marginalized and His call for His people to act justly and love mercy (Micah 6:8).

and the perversion of justice and righteousness
"Perversion" (עִוּוּת, ivvut) suggests a twisting or distortion of what is right. "Justice" (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) and "righteousness" (צְדָקָה, tzedakah) are foundational to God's character and His expectations for human society. The perversion of these principles indicates a society that has strayed from God's design, where fairness and moral integrity are compromised.

in the province
The term "province" (מְדִינָה, medinah) refers to a region or administrative district. In the historical context of Ecclesiastes, this could relate to the various territories under the rule of a king or governor. It underscores that such injustices are not isolated but can be systemic, affecting entire communities or regions.

do not be astonished at the matter
The exhortation "do not be astonished" (תִּתְמַהּ, titmah) suggests that such occurrences, while grievous, should not surprise the believer. The "matter" (חֵפֶץ, chefetz) refers to the situation or issue at hand. This counsel reflects a realistic understanding of human nature and the fallen world, reminding believers that while they should work against injustice, they should not be naive about its presence.

For one official watches over another
This phrase indicates a hierarchy or bureaucracy where "one official" (שֹׁמֵר, shomer) is accountable to another. The structure implies a system of oversight intended to maintain order and prevent abuse. However, it also suggests the potential for corruption at multiple levels, as each official may be complicit in the systemic injustice.

and higher officials are over them
The presence of "higher officials" (גָּבוֹהַּ, gavoah) over others points to a layered authority structure. This can be seen as a safeguard against tyranny, but it also highlights the complexity of governance and the potential for power to be misused. In a biblical sense, it serves as a reminder that ultimate authority belongs to God, who is the highest judge and overseer of all.

The produce of the earth
This phrase highlights the fundamental truth that the earth's resources are meant to sustain all of humanity. In the Hebrew context, the word for "produce" (תְּבוּאָה, tevuah) refers to the yield or harvest that the land provides. This reflects the agrarian society of ancient Israel, where agriculture was the backbone of the economy and daily life. Theologically, this underscores God's provision for His creation, reminding us that the earth's bounty is a gift from God meant for the benefit of all people. It calls believers to recognize the divine origin of all resources and to steward them wisely and equitably.

is taken by all
This phrase suggests a communal sharing of resources. In the ancient Near Eastern context, land and its produce were often shared among families and communities. The Hebrew word for "taken" (נֶעֱבָד, ne'evad) can also imply being worked or cultivated, indicating that while the earth provides, it requires human effort to harness its potential. This reflects the biblical principle of stewardship, where humanity is called to work the land and care for creation (Genesis 2:15). It also serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of society, where the well-being of one is tied to the well-being of all.

the king himself
The mention of the king serves as a reminder of the hierarchical structures present in ancient societies. In Israel, the king was seen as God's appointed ruler, responsible for justice and the welfare of the people. The Hebrew word for "king" (מֶלֶךְ, melech) carries connotations of authority and responsibility. This phrase suggests that even those in positions of power are dependent on the earth's produce, emphasizing the universality of God's provision. It also implies that leaders should be mindful of their dependence on the same resources as their subjects, promoting humility and accountability.

profits from the fields
This phrase indicates that the king, like everyone else, benefits from the agricultural output of the land. The Hebrew word for "profits" (נֶעֱבָד, ne'evad) can also mean to serve or to be served by, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between the king and the land. Historically, kings would often levy taxes or take a portion of the produce as tribute, which was a common practice in ancient economies. This serves as a reminder that leadership should not exploit resources for personal gain but should ensure that the benefits of the land are distributed justly. It calls for righteous governance that reflects God's justice and care for all people.

He who loves money
The phrase "loves money" is derived from the Hebrew word "אָהַב" (ahav), which means to have a deep affection or desire for something. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this love is not a mere appreciation but an all-consuming passion that can lead to idolatry. Historically, the pursuit of wealth has been a common human endeavor, yet the Bible consistently warns against making it an idol (1 Timothy 6:10). The love of money can lead to a never-ending cycle of desire, where the heart is never truly at peace.

is never satisfied by money
The Hebrew word for "satisfied" is "שָׂבַע" (sava), which means to be filled or to have enough. The Preacher, traditionally understood to be Solomon, highlights a profound truth: material wealth can never truly fulfill the deepest longings of the human heart. Archaeological findings from ancient Near Eastern cultures reveal that wealth was often seen as a sign of divine favor, yet the wisdom literature of the Bible challenges this notion by emphasizing spiritual contentment over material abundance.

and he who loves wealth
The term "wealth" here is "הוֹן" (hon) in Hebrew, referring to abundance or riches. The love of wealth is portrayed as a parallel to the love of money, suggesting that both are rooted in a desire for more than what is necessary. Scripturally, wealth is not condemned in itself, but the love of it is cautioned against. The historical context of Solomon's reign, a time of great prosperity, serves as a backdrop for this warning, as even the wealthiest king recognized the emptiness of riches without God.

is never satisfied by income
"Income" is translated from the Hebrew "תְּבוּאָה" (tevuah), meaning produce or yield. This suggests that even the continual increase of wealth does not lead to satisfaction. The agricultural metaphor implies that just as crops are harvested seasonally, so too is income expected to grow, yet it still leaves the soul wanting. The biblical narrative often contrasts temporal gains with eternal treasures, urging believers to seek first the kingdom of God (Matthew 6:33).

This too is futile
The word "futile" is "הֶבֶל" (hevel) in Hebrew, often translated as "vanity" or "meaninglessness." It conveys the idea of something transient, like a vapor or breath. Solomon's use of "hevel" throughout Ecclesiastes underscores the temporary nature of worldly pursuits. From a conservative Christian perspective, this futility points believers to the eternal satisfaction found only in a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. The historical and scriptural context of Ecclesiastes serves as a timeless reminder that true contentment is found not in earthly wealth, but in the riches of God's grace.

When good things increase
The phrase "good things" in Hebrew is "טוֹבָה" (tovah), which can refer to material wealth, possessions, or prosperity. Historically, the accumulation of wealth was often seen as a sign of God's blessing. However, the Preacher in Ecclesiastes challenges this notion by suggesting that increased wealth does not necessarily lead to increased satisfaction or happiness. The increase of "good things" can lead to a false sense of security and distract from spiritual pursuits.

so do those who consume them
The Hebrew word for "consume" is "אֹכְלִים" (oklim), which implies not just eating but using up or depleting resources. This phrase highlights the reality that as wealth grows, so do the number of people who depend on or exploit that wealth. Historically, this could refer to servants, family members, or even opportunists who gather around a wealthy individual. The Preacher points out the futility in accumulating wealth only to have it consumed by others, emphasizing the transient nature of material possessions.

And what benefit is there to the owner
The word "benefit" in Hebrew is "יְתֵרוֹן" (yitron), which can mean profit or advantage. The rhetorical question posed here suggests that the owner of wealth gains no real advantage from merely possessing it. This reflects a common theme in Ecclesiastes: the search for meaning and fulfillment beyond material wealth. The Preacher encourages readers to consider the true value of their possessions and to seek lasting, spiritual benefits rather than temporary, earthly ones.

except to behold them with his eyes
The Hebrew word for "behold" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which means to see or perceive. This phrase underscores the idea that the only tangible benefit the owner receives from his wealth is the ability to look at it. This visual satisfaction is fleeting and ultimately unsatisfying. The Preacher uses this imagery to illustrate the vanity of placing one's hope and identity in material wealth. It serves as a reminder that true contentment and purpose are found in God, not in the accumulation of possessions.

The sleep of the laborer is sweet
The Hebrew word for "laborer" is "עָמֵל" (amel), which refers to one who works hard, often with physical toil. In the ancient Near Eastern context, laborers were typically those who worked the land or engaged in manual tasks. The "sweet" sleep signifies a deep, restful, and satisfying rest, a reward for honest toil. This phrase highlights a biblical principle that aligns with the value of hard work and the peace that comes from a clear conscience and a day's labor well done. It suggests that there is a divine blessing in simplicity and diligence, where the laborer, despite his modest means, finds contentment and rest.

whether he eats little or much
This phrase underscores the idea that contentment and peace are not dependent on material abundance. The Hebrew culture, much like today, often equated wealth with happiness. However, this verse challenges that notion by suggesting that the laborer's satisfaction and restful sleep are not contingent upon the quantity of his provisions. The emphasis is on the sufficiency of God's provision, whether in scarcity or abundance, and the inner peace that comes from trusting in God's care rather than in material wealth.

but the abundance of the rich
The term "abundance" in Hebrew is "שָׂבָע" (sava), which implies an excess or surplus. The "rich" are those who possess more than they need, often leading to a life of indulgence and excess. Historically, wealth in biblical times was often associated with power and influence, but also with responsibility and potential pitfalls. This phrase serves as a cautionary note about the dangers of wealth, where abundance can lead to anxiety, greed, and a restless spirit. It reflects the biblical teaching that wealth, while not inherently evil, can become a snare if it leads to a misplaced trust or a distraction from spiritual priorities.

permits him no sleep
The Hebrew word for "permits" is "אֵינֶנּוּ" (enennu), which conveys a sense of not allowing or preventing. The rich man's inability to sleep is a metaphor for the inner turmoil and anxiety that often accompany the pursuit and maintenance of wealth. This phrase suggests that the preoccupations and worries associated with riches can rob one of peace and rest. It serves as a reminder of the limitations of wealth in providing true security and contentment. The verse contrasts the simple, peaceful life of the laborer with the restless, troubled existence of the wealthy, emphasizing the biblical truth that true rest and peace come from God, not from material possessions.

There is a grievous evil
The phrase "grievous evil" in Hebrew is "ra'ah cholah," which conveys a sense of profound moral and spiritual wrongness. The term "ra'ah" is often used in the Old Testament to describe not just physical harm but also moral corruption and spiritual decay. This sets the tone for the verse, indicating that what follows is not merely unfortunate but deeply troubling from a moral standpoint. The use of "grievous" underscores the severity of the issue, suggesting that it is not just a personal failing but a societal ill that affects the community and the individual's relationship with God.

I have seen
The phrase "I have seen" indicates a personal observation by the author, traditionally believed to be Solomon. This personal witness adds weight to the statement, as it is not hearsay or theoretical but an experienced reality. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this phrase often introduces observations about the human condition and the futility of life without God. It serves as a reminder that the insights shared are grounded in real-life experiences and observations, lending credibility and urgency to the message.

under the sun
"Under the sun" is a recurring phrase in Ecclesiastes, used to describe life from a purely earthly perspective, without consideration of the divine or eternal. It emphasizes the limitations and frustrations of human existence when viewed apart from God. This phrase sets the context for the "grievous evil" being discussed, highlighting that the issue is a common human experience, observable in the natural world and human society.

wealth hoarded
The term "wealth hoarded" refers to the accumulation and retention of material possessions beyond what is necessary. In Hebrew, the word for "hoarded" can imply storing up or keeping back, often with a sense of selfishness or greed. This behavior is critiqued throughout Scripture, as it reflects a lack of trust in God's provision and a focus on earthly treasures rather than heavenly ones. The act of hoarding wealth is portrayed as contrary to the biblical principles of stewardship, generosity, and reliance on God.

to the harm of its owner
The phrase "to the harm of its owner" reveals the paradox of wealth accumulation. Instead of bringing security and happiness, hoarded wealth can lead to spiritual, emotional, and even physical harm. The Hebrew word for "harm" can also mean "hurt" or "injury," suggesting that the consequences of hoarding are detrimental. This aligns with biblical teachings that warn against the deceitfulness of riches and the dangers of placing trust in material wealth rather than in God. The verse serves as a cautionary tale, urging believers to examine their relationship with wealth and to prioritize spiritual well-being over material gain.

or wealth lost
The phrase "or wealth lost" speaks to the transient nature of material possessions. In the Hebrew text, the word for "wealth" is "hōn," which can also mean substance or riches. This highlights the idea that wealth is not a permanent fixture in life. Historically, wealth in ancient times was often tied to land, livestock, or precious metals, all of which could be easily lost due to poor management, theft, or natural disasters. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes the biblical teaching that earthly wealth is fleeting and should not be the primary focus of one's life, as true riches are found in spiritual treasures.

in a bad venture
The term "in a bad venture" refers to risky or unwise investments. The Hebrew word "ʿinyan" can be translated as "occupation" or "business," suggesting that the loss comes from a failed enterprise. This reflects the unpredictability of human endeavors and the potential for failure despite one's best efforts. In the biblical context, this serves as a caution against placing too much trust in human wisdom and endeavors, reminding believers to seek God's guidance in all their plans. The conservative Christian view would stress the importance of stewardship and seeking divine wisdom in financial matters.

so that when he has a son
The phrase "so that when he has a son" introduces the idea of legacy and inheritance. In ancient Israelite culture, passing on an inheritance to one's children was a significant aspect of family life and continuity. The Hebrew word "ben" for "son" underscores the importance of family lineage and the expectation of providing for future generations. This reflects the biblical principle of leaving a godly legacy, not just in material terms but also in spiritual heritage. Conservative Christians are encouraged to focus on imparting faith and values to their children, alongside any material inheritance.

there is nothing to pass on
Finally, "there is nothing to pass on" conveys the ultimate futility of relying solely on material wealth. The Hebrew phrase "ʾên bĕyādô" literally means "there is nothing in his hand," emphasizing the emptiness and lack of substance when wealth is lost. This serves as a sobering reminder of the impermanence of earthly possessions and the importance of investing in eternal treasures. From a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the teaching that true wealth is found in a relationship with God and the spiritual legacy one leaves behind, rather than in material accumulation.

As a man came from his mother’s womb
This phrase emphasizes the beginning of human life, highlighting the vulnerability and dependency of a newborn. The Hebrew word for "man" here is "אָדָם" (adam), which not only refers to an individual but also connects to the broader human experience. The imagery of the "mother’s womb" underscores the natural and humble origins of every person, reminding us of our shared humanity and the divine creation of life. In a historical context, this phrase serves as a reminder of the simplicity and purity of our beginnings, untainted by material possessions or societal status.

so he will depart again
The inevitability of death is a central theme in Ecclesiastes, and this phrase captures the cyclical nature of life. The Hebrew word "יָשׁוּב" (yashuv) means "to return," suggesting a return to the earth or to God. This reflects the biblical understanding that life is transient and that our earthly journey is temporary. The phrase encourages believers to focus on eternal values rather than temporal gains, aligning with the Christian perspective of living a life that honors God and prepares for the afterlife.

naked as he arrived
"Naked" in Hebrew is "עָרוֹם" (arom), which conveys a state of being without possessions or defenses. This stark imagery serves as a powerful reminder of the futility of materialism. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of life and death, where individuals were often buried with goods for the afterlife, yet the biblical text challenges this notion by emphasizing spiritual readiness over material wealth. For Christians, this phrase calls for a life of humility and reliance on God, recognizing that worldly possessions hold no eternal value.

He takes nothing for his labor
The word "labor" in Hebrew is "עֲמָלוֹ" (amalo), which refers to toil or work. This phrase highlights the futility of accumulating wealth and possessions, as they cannot be taken beyond the grave. It echoes the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament, where He advises storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth (Matthew 6:19-20). The historical context of labor in ancient times often involved hard, physical work, yet the spiritual lesson remains timeless: true fulfillment comes from serving God and others, not from material gain.

to carry in his hands
The imagery of "hands" in Hebrew, "בְּיָדוֹ" (beyado), symbolizes human effort and achievement. This phrase underscores the ultimate powerlessness of human endeavors in the face of death. In biblical times, hands were often associated with work and creation, yet here they are empty, reinforcing the message that earthly achievements are fleeting. For Christians, this serves as a call to invest in spiritual pursuits and relationships that have eternal significance, trusting in God's provision and grace rather than our own efforts.

This too is a grievous evil
The phrase "grievous evil" in Hebrew is "רָעָה חוֹלָה" (ra'ah cholah), which conveys a deep sense of moral and existential wrongness. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this phrase underscores the preacher's lament over the futility and injustice observed in the world. The use of "grievous" highlights the intensity of the preacher's discontent with the human condition, emphasizing the profound disappointment in the transient nature of earthly pursuits.

Exactly as he came, so will he go
This phrase reflects the Hebrew concept of life's cyclical nature, echoing the sentiment found in Job 1:21, "Naked I came from my mother’s womb, and naked I will depart." It underscores the futility of material accumulation, as one leaves the world with nothing, just as one entered it. This highlights the transient nature of earthly possessions and achievements, reminding believers of the importance of focusing on eternal values rather than temporal gains.

What does he gain
The word "gain" in Hebrew is "יֹתֶר" (yoter), which can also mean "advantage" or "profit." This rhetorical question challenges the reader to consider the true value of their labor and efforts. In the conservative Christian perspective, this invites reflection on the eternal significance of one's actions and the pursuit of spiritual rather than material wealth.

From toiling for the wind
The imagery of "toiling for the wind" is a powerful metaphor for the futility of human efforts when they are not aligned with God's purposes. The Hebrew word for "wind" is "רוּחַ" (ruach), which can also mean "spirit" or "breath." This dual meaning suggests that labor without spiritual significance is as fleeting and insubstantial as the wind. It serves as a caution against investing one's life in pursuits that ultimately have no lasting value, urging believers to seek fulfillment in God's eternal promises.

Moreover
This word serves as a continuation or addition to the thoughts previously expressed. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it suggests a further elaboration on the vanity and futility of life without God. The Hebrew word "gam" often implies an intensification, indicating that what follows is a significant observation about human existence.

all his days
This phrase emphasizes the entirety of a person's life. In Hebrew, "kol yamav" suggests a comprehensive span, indicating that the condition described is not temporary but persistent. It reflects the preacher's observation of a life lived under the sun, where the pursuit of wealth and pleasure without divine purpose leads to a perpetual state of dissatisfaction.

he eats
Eating is a basic human activity, symbolizing sustenance and survival. In the Hebrew context, "okhel" can also imply consumption or enjoyment. However, here it is portrayed negatively, suggesting that even the most fundamental acts of life are tainted by the vanity and emptiness that Ecclesiastes often highlights.

in darkness
Darkness in biblical literature often symbolizes ignorance, despair, or evil. The Hebrew word "choshekh" conveys a sense of obscurity and lack of understanding. This imagery suggests a life lived without the light of God's wisdom, resulting in confusion and hopelessness.

with much sorrow
The phrase "with much sorrow" indicates a life filled with grief and emotional pain. The Hebrew word "ka'as" can denote vexation or frustration, highlighting the emotional turmoil that accompanies a life focused on earthly pursuits. It underscores the preacher's message that without God, even the most successful life is fraught with inner turmoil.

sickness
Sickness here can be understood both literally and metaphorically. The Hebrew "choliy" refers to physical illness, but it can also symbolize spiritual or moral decay. This reflects the broader biblical theme that sin and separation from God lead to a form of spiritual sickness, affecting one's entire being.

and anger
Anger, or "ka'as" in Hebrew, is often associated with wrath or indignation. In this context, it suggests a life marked by frustration and resentment. The preacher observes that a life lived apart from God is not only unfulfilling but also filled with emotional strife, as one grapples with the injustices and inequities of the world.

Here is what I have seen
The phrase suggests a personal observation by the author, traditionally believed to be Solomon. The Hebrew root for "seen" is "ra'ah," which implies not just physical sight but also understanding and discernment. This indicates that the wisdom shared is not theoretical but derived from real-life experiences and reflections.

to be good and fitting
The Hebrew word for "good" is "tov," which encompasses moral goodness, beauty, and joy. "Fitting" translates from "yapheh," meaning appropriate or suitable. Together, these words suggest that the actions described are not only morally right but also bring harmony and satisfaction to life, aligning with God's design for human existence.

to eat and drink
Eating and drinking are basic human activities, yet they symbolize more than mere sustenance. In the ancient Near Eastern context, shared meals were a sign of fellowship and community. The act of eating and drinking here is a metaphor for enjoying the simple, everyday blessings of life, which are gifts from God.

and find satisfaction
The Hebrew word "ra'ah" is used again here, but in a different form, meaning to experience or enjoy. This suggests that true satisfaction is not found in the accumulation of wealth or achievements but in appreciating the fruits of one's labor and the simple pleasures of life.

in all the labor
"Labor" translates from the Hebrew "amal," which often carries a connotation of toil or hard work. This acknowledges the reality of human effort and struggle. However, the verse encourages finding joy in this labor, suggesting that work itself is a divine gift and a source of fulfillment.

one does under the sun
The phrase "under the sun" is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, symbolizing life on earth in its temporal and often perplexing nature. It serves as a reminder of the limitations of human understanding and the transient nature of worldly pursuits.

during the few days of life
This phrase emphasizes the brevity of human existence. The Hebrew word "yamim" (days) underscores the fleeting nature of life, urging readers to cherish each moment. It reflects a biblical worldview that life is temporary and should be lived with an awareness of its impermanence.

God has given him
The acknowledgment that life and its pleasures are gifts from God is central to this verse. The Hebrew word "natan" (given) implies a deliberate and generous act by God. This reinforces the idea that every good thing comes from the Creator and should be received with gratitude.

for this is his lot
The term "lot" comes from the Hebrew "cheleq," meaning portion or share. It suggests that each person has a divinely appointed role and set of circumstances. Recognizing and accepting one's lot is portrayed as a path to contentment and peace, aligning with the biblical theme of trusting in God's sovereignty.

Furthermore
This word serves as a continuation or addition to the previous thoughts, indicating that what follows is a further elaboration on the theme of divine providence. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it suggests a deepening understanding of God's role in human affairs, emphasizing that the subsequent blessings are not isolated but part of a broader divine plan.

God has given
The phrase underscores the sovereignty and generosity of God. The Hebrew root for "given" (נָתַן, natan) implies a deliberate and purposeful act of bestowal. This highlights the belief that all good things come from God, reinforcing the idea that human efforts alone are insufficient without divine blessing.

riches and wealth
These terms, while often used interchangeably, can have distinct meanings. "Riches" (עֹשֶׁר, osher) often refers to material abundance, while "wealth" (נְכָסִים, nekhasim) can imply a broader sense of prosperity, including social and spiritual well-being. Historically, in the ancient Near East, wealth was seen as a sign of divine favor, yet Ecclesiastes tempers this view by reminding readers of the transient nature of material possessions.

to every man
This phrase suggests universality, indicating that God's blessings are not limited to a select few but are available to all. It reflects the egalitarian aspect of divine grace, where every individual has the potential to receive and enjoy God's gifts, regardless of their status or background.

He has enabled him to enjoy them
The ability to enjoy wealth is portrayed as a separate gift from the wealth itself. The Hebrew verb for "enabled" (שָׁלַט, shalat) implies empowerment or granting authority. This suggests that true enjoyment of material blessings is not automatic but requires divine intervention, emphasizing the importance of gratitude and contentment.

to accept his lot
This phrase speaks to the acceptance of one's circumstances as part of God's sovereign plan. The word "lot" (חֵלֶק, chelek) can refer to one's portion or share in life. It encourages believers to find peace and satisfaction in their God-given situation, trusting that it is part of a divine purpose.

and rejoice in his labor
Rejoicing in one's work is presented as a virtue and a source of fulfillment. The Hebrew root for "rejoice" (שָׂמַח, samach) conveys a sense of joy and gladness. This perspective elevates work from mere toil to a meaningful activity that contributes to one's sense of purpose and satisfaction in life.

This is a gift from God
The concluding statement reaffirms the central theme that all aspects of life, including wealth, enjoyment, and contentment, are gifts from God. It serves as a reminder to acknowledge and appreciate God's generosity, fostering a spirit of gratitude and humility. This perspective aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes reliance on God's provision and the transient nature of earthly possessions.

For a man seldom considers
The phrase "seldom considers" suggests a rarity in deep reflection or contemplation. In the Hebrew text, the word used here implies a lack of frequent or earnest consideration. This can be understood as a commentary on human nature, where individuals often become engrossed in the immediate and tangible aspects of life, neglecting deeper existential reflections. Historically, this reflects the human tendency to focus on daily tasks and concerns, often at the expense of spiritual or philosophical contemplation.

the days of his life
This phrase emphasizes the temporal nature of human existence. In the Hebrew context, "days" often signifies the entirety of one's life journey, encompassing both mundane and significant moments. The brevity and fleeting nature of life are recurring themes in Ecclesiastes, reminding readers of the importance of living with purpose and awareness. The historical context of this text, likely written during a time of reflection on the meaning of life, underscores the transient nature of human endeavors.

because God keeps him occupied
Here, the focus shifts to divine intervention in human affairs. The Hebrew root for "keeps occupied" suggests an active engagement or preoccupation. This implies that God, in His sovereignty, provides individuals with tasks, responsibilities, and joys that fill their lives. From a conservative Christian perspective, this can be seen as a testament to God's providence and His desire for humans to find fulfillment in their daily activities, which are ultimately orchestrated by Him.

with the joy of his heart
The "joy of his heart" signifies a deep, intrinsic happiness that transcends external circumstances. In Hebrew, "joy" often conveys a sense of inner contentment and satisfaction. This joy is portrayed as a gift from God, a divine blessing that allows individuals to find meaning and pleasure in their lives. Scripturally, this aligns with the broader biblical theme that true joy and contentment are found in a relationship with God and in fulfilling His purposes. Historically, this reflects the understanding that despite life's challenges, God provides moments of joy that sustain and enrich the human experience.