Then the high priest asked Stephen,
The high priest at this time was likely Caiaphas, who was also involved in the trial of Jesus (Matthew 26:57). The role of the high priest was significant in Jewish society, serving as the chief religious authority and presiding over the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. This setting indicates the seriousness of the charges against Stephen, as he is brought before the highest religious authority. The high priest's involvement underscores the tension between the early Christian movement and Jewish religious leaders.

“Are these charges true?”
Stephen was accused of blasphemy against Moses and God, as well as speaking against the temple and the law (Acts 6:11-14). These charges reflect the early conflict between the nascent Christian faith and traditional Jewish beliefs. The question posed by the high priest is a formal inquiry, typical of legal proceedings in the Sanhedrin. This moment parallels the trial of Jesus, where similar accusations were made (Mark 14:57-58). Stephen's response, which follows in the subsequent verses, is a defense that recounts Israel's history and highlights the continuity of God's work through Jesus Christ, drawing connections to the prophets and emphasizing the fulfillment of God's promises.

And Stephen declared:
Stephen, one of the first deacons of the early church, is speaking before the Sanhedrin. His speech is a defense of his faith and a recounting of Israel's history. This moment is significant as it marks the first recorded martyrdom in the Christian church.

Brothers and fathers, listen to me!
Stephen addresses the Sanhedrin with respect, acknowledging their authority. "Brothers" indicates his shared heritage with them, while "fathers" shows deference to their leadership. This approach is strategic, aiming to gain their attention and respect before delivering his message.

The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham
The phrase "God of glory" emphasizes God's majesty and divine presence. This appearance to Abraham is a foundational event in Jewish history, marking the beginning of God's covenant relationship with Israel. It underscores God's initiative in reaching out to humanity.

while he was still in Mesopotamia,
Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is where Abraham originally lived. This area is historically significant as the cradle of civilization. God's call to Abraham in this pagan land highlights His sovereignty and the beginning of a new chapter in salvation history.

before he lived in Haran,
Haran is a city in northern Mesopotamia where Abraham temporarily settled with his family. This detail underscores the obedience of Abraham, who left his homeland in response to God's call. It also sets the stage for the journey to Canaan, the land promised to Abraham and his descendants.

and told him,
This phrase refers to God speaking to Abraham. It highlights the direct communication between God and the patriarchs, emphasizing the personal relationship God had with them. This divine instruction is foundational in the narrative of God's covenant with Abraham, which is a central theme in the Bible.

‘Leave your country
Abraham was originally from Ur of the Chaldeans, a prosperous city in ancient Mesopotamia. This command required Abraham to leave behind his familiar surroundings, which signifies a call to faith and obedience. It reflects the theme of separation from worldly ties to pursue God's promises, a recurring motif in Scripture.

and your kindred
This instruction to leave his family underscores the radical nature of Abraham's call. It required prioritizing God's command over familial bonds, illustrating the cost of discipleship. This mirrors Jesus' teaching in the New Testament about the necessity of placing God above family ties (Matthew 10:37).

and go to the land I will show you.’
The land refers to Canaan, which God promised to Abraham and his descendants. This promise is central to the Abrahamic Covenant, which is foundational for understanding the biblical narrative of Israel. The land is not specified initially, requiring Abraham to trust in God's guidance. This act of faith is later commended in Hebrews 11:8, where Abraham's obedience is highlighted as an example of faith in action.

So Abraham left the land of the Chaldeans
This phrase refers to Abraham's departure from Ur of the Chaldeans, a region in ancient Mesopotamia, which is modern-day southern Iraq. Ur was a significant city known for its advanced culture and idolatry, which Abraham was called to leave behind. This departure signifies a break from pagan practices and a step of faith in obedience to God's call (Genesis 12:1). It marks the beginning of Abraham's journey as the father of the nation of Israel, highlighting the theme of faith and obedience that runs throughout Scripture (Hebrews 11:8).

and settled in Haran.
Haran is located in modern-day Turkey, and it served as a temporary dwelling place for Abraham and his family. This city was a major trade center and shared cultural similarities with Ur, including the worship of the moon god. Abraham's stay in Haran represents a transitional period before fully entering the Promised Land. It underscores the patience and timing of God's promises, as Abraham waited for further direction (Genesis 11:31).

After his father died,
Terah, Abraham's father, died in Haran at the age of 205 (Genesis 11:32). This event marks a turning point in Abraham's journey, as he was then free to continue to Canaan, the land God promised to him and his descendants. The death of Terah can symbolize the end of old ties and the beginning of a new chapter in God's redemptive plan.

God brought him out of that place
This phrase emphasizes God's active role in guiding Abraham. It was not merely Abraham's decision but a divine calling and leading. God's sovereignty and faithfulness are highlighted, as He fulfills His promises and directs the steps of those who trust in Him (Proverbs 3:5-6). This act of God bringing Abraham out is a type of salvation, foreshadowing how God delivers His people from sin and leads them to spiritual inheritance.

and into this land where you are now living.
The land referred to is Canaan, which God promised to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). This land is central to the biblical narrative, representing God's covenant and faithfulness. It is the same land where the audience of Stephen's speech in Acts 7 is residing, connecting the past promises to their present reality. The land of Canaan is a type of the eternal inheritance believers have in Christ, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises in the new heavens and new earth (Revelation 21:1-3).

He gave him no inheritance here, not even a foot of ground.
This phrase refers to God's promise to Abraham, highlighting that Abraham did not receive any physical inheritance in the land of Canaan during his lifetime. This is significant because it underscores the nature of faith and trust in God's promises, even when immediate evidence is lacking. Abraham's lack of physical inheritance is a reminder of the spiritual nature of God's promises, which often transcend immediate physical realities. This is consistent with Hebrews 11:8-10, where Abraham is commended for his faith, living as a foreigner in the promised land, looking forward to a city with foundations, whose architect and builder is God.

But God promised to give possession of the land to Abraham and his descendants,
This promise is foundational to the Abrahamic Covenant, first articulated in Genesis 12:7 and reiterated in Genesis 15:18-21. The promise of land was central to God's covenant with Abraham, symbolizing a place of blessing and a future hope for his descendants. This promise was not fulfilled in Abraham's lifetime but was realized through his descendants, particularly during the conquest of Canaan under Joshua. The land promise also has eschatological implications, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in the new heavens and new earth (Revelation 21:1-3).

even though he did not yet have a child.
This highlights the miraculous nature of God's promise, as Abraham and Sarah were childless and advanced in age when the promise was given (Genesis 17:17). The birth of Isaac, the child of promise, was a testament to God's faithfulness and power to fulfill His word against all odds. This aspect of the promise underscores the theme of faith and reliance on God's timing and provision. It also prefigures the miraculous birth of Jesus Christ, the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises, who was born to a virgin, emphasizing God's sovereign ability to bring about His purposes in unexpected ways.

God told him
This phrase refers to God's communication with Abraham, as recorded in Genesis 15:13. It highlights the direct revelation from God, emphasizing the covenant relationship between God and Abraham. This divine communication underscores the prophetic nature of God's promises and the unfolding of His plan for Israel.

that his descendants would be foreigners in a strange land
This prophecy refers to the Israelites' future sojourn in Egypt. The term "foreigners" indicates their status as non-citizens, which is significant in the ancient Near Eastern context where land and lineage were crucial for identity and rights. The "strange land" is Egypt, where the Israelites lived as aliens, as seen in Genesis 47:4. This foreshadows the Exodus narrative and highlights the theme of God's people living in a world that is not their ultimate home.

and that they would be enslaved
This part of the prophecy foretells the Israelites' enslavement in Egypt, as described in Exodus 1:8-14. The historical context of Egyptian slavery involved harsh labor and oppression, which is a central theme in the narrative of Israel's deliverance. This period of enslavement serves as a type of the bondage of sin, from which Christ delivers believers.

and mistreated
The mistreatment of the Israelites in Egypt included not only forced labor but also attempts to suppress their population, as seen in Exodus 1:15-22. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the suffering of God's people and God's eventual intervention on their behalf. It also prefigures the persecution faced by the early church and believers throughout history.

four hundred years
The "four hundred years" is a rounded figure that corresponds to the period of Israel's sojourn and oppression in Egypt. This timeframe is also mentioned in Genesis 15:13 and is reconciled with the 430 years mentioned in Exodus 12:40-41, which includes the time from Abraham's covenant to the Exodus. This period signifies a complete cycle of testing and preparation for the fulfillment of God's promises, culminating in the Exodus, which is a type of Christ's redemptive work.

But I will punish the nation that enslaves them,
This phrase refers to God's promise to judge Egypt for enslaving the Israelites, as originally stated in Genesis 15:14. The historical context is the period of Israelite slavery in Egypt, which lasted approximately 400 years. The punishment came through the ten plagues and the eventual destruction of Pharaoh's army in the Red Sea (Exodus 7-14). This demonstrates God's justice and His commitment to His covenant with Abraham. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to execute judgment.

God said,
This emphasizes the divine authority and certainty of the promise. It is a direct quote from God, highlighting the prophetic nature of the statement. The phrase assures the reader of the reliability of God's word, as seen throughout Scripture. It connects to the broader biblical theme of God speaking to His people, as seen in the prophets and ultimately through Jesus Christ (Hebrews 1:1-2).

and afterward they will come forth
This refers to the Exodus, where the Israelites were delivered from slavery and led out of Egypt by Moses. It is a pivotal event in Israel's history, symbolizing redemption and liberation. Theologically, it prefigures the ultimate deliverance from sin through Jesus Christ. The Exodus is frequently referenced throughout the Bible as a demonstration of God's power and faithfulness (e.g., Psalm 105:37-45).

and worship Me in this place.
"This place" refers to the land of Canaan, the Promised Land, which God had promised to Abraham and his descendants. Worshiping God in the Promised Land signifies the fulfillment of God's promises and the establishment of Israel as a nation dedicated to Him. It also foreshadows the centrality of worship in the life of believers, both in the Old Testament and in the New Testament Church. The concept of worship is expanded in the New Testament to include worship in spirit and truth (John 4:23-24), indicating a shift from a specific location to a spiritual relationship with God through Christ.

Then God gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision
The covenant of circumcision was a physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham, marking the Jewish people as set apart for God. This covenant is first introduced in Genesis 17:10-14, where God commands Abraham to circumcise every male in his household. Circumcision served as a constant reminder of God's promises to Abraham, including the promise of numerous descendants and the land of Canaan. It was a significant act of obedience and faith, symbolizing the cutting away of sin and the dedication to a holy life. This covenant is foundational in understanding the identity and religious practices of the Israelites.

and Abraham became the father of Isaac
Isaac was the child of promise, born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, as recorded in Genesis 21:1-3. His birth was a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that he would have a son through whom the covenant would continue (Genesis 17:19). Isaac's name, meaning "laughter," reflects the joy and disbelief of his parents at his miraculous birth. Isaac is a type of Christ in that he was the promised son, and his near-sacrifice by Abraham in Genesis 22 prefigures the sacrifice of Jesus.

and circumcised him on the eighth day
Circumcision on the eighth day was a command from God (Genesis 17:12) and became a standard practice for the Israelites. The eighth day is significant in Jewish tradition, symbolizing a new beginning and completion. It is also medically significant, as it is the time when an infant's blood clotting ability is at its peak. This practice was a sign of obedience to God's covenant and was later reaffirmed in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 12:3). The New Testament references circumcision as a metaphor for spiritual purity and dedication to God (Romans 2:28-29).

And Isaac became the father of Jacob
Jacob, later named Israel, is a central figure in the biblical narrative. His life is detailed in Genesis 25-35, where he is depicted as a complex character who wrestles with God and man. Jacob's twelve sons became the progenitors of the twelve tribes of Israel, making him a pivotal link in the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham. Jacob's story is one of transformation and redemption, as he moves from being a deceiver to a man who seeks God's blessing and favor.

and Jacob of the twelve patriarchs
The twelve patriarchs refer to the sons of Jacob, who are the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel. Their stories are recounted in Genesis 29-50, with each son playing a unique role in the unfolding of God's plan for His people. The patriarchs are significant in biblical history as they represent the foundation of the nation of Israel. Their lives are marked by both faith and failure, illustrating the complexities of human nature and God's sovereignty in using imperfect people to accomplish His purposes. The twelve tribes are later referenced throughout the Bible, including in the prophetic visions of Revelation.

Because the patriarchs were jealous of Joseph
The patriarchs refer to Joseph's brothers, the sons of Jacob, who became the leaders of the twelve tribes of Israel. Their jealousy stemmed from Joseph being favored by their father, Jacob, and from Joseph's dreams, which suggested he would rule over them (Genesis 37:3-11). This jealousy is a recurring theme in Scripture, illustrating the destructive power of envy (Proverbs 14:30; James 3:16). Joseph's story foreshadows the rejection of Jesus by His own people, as He was also envied and rejected by the religious leaders (Mark 15:10).

they sold him as a slave into Egypt
Joseph's brothers sold him to Midianite traders for twenty pieces of silver (Genesis 37:28), a transaction that parallels Judas Iscariot's betrayal of Jesus for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:15). This act of selling Joseph into slavery was intended for harm, yet it was part of God's sovereign plan to preserve the family of Israel during a future famine (Genesis 50:20). Egypt, a significant nation in biblical history, becomes the setting for Joseph's rise to power, illustrating God's ability to use adverse circumstances for His purposes.

But God was with him
Despite the betrayal and hardship Joseph faced, God's presence remained with him, providing protection and favor (Genesis 39:2-3, 21). This phrase emphasizes God's faithfulness and sovereignty, themes that resonate throughout Scripture (Deuteronomy 31:6; Isaiah 41:10). Joseph's life is a testament to God's providential care and serves as a type of Christ, who also experienced suffering and rejection but was ultimately exalted (Philippians 2:8-9). The assurance of God's presence is a promise to all believers, offering comfort and strength in times of trial (Matthew 28:20; Romans 8:28).

and rescued him from all his troubles.
This phrase highlights God's providential care and deliverance. Joseph faced numerous adversities, including being sold into slavery by his brothers (Genesis 37:28) and being unjustly imprisoned (Genesis 39:20). Yet, God orchestrated events to rescue him, demonstrating His sovereignty and faithfulness. This deliverance prefigures the ultimate rescue from sin and death through Jesus Christ, as seen in the New Testament (Colossians 1:13).

He granted Joseph favor and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt,
Joseph's favor and wisdom are gifts from God, emphasizing divine intervention in human affairs. His ability to interpret dreams (Genesis 41:15-16) and his wise counsel during the famine (Genesis 41:33-36) were pivotal in gaining Pharaoh's trust. This mirrors the biblical theme of God granting wisdom to those who seek Him, as seen in Solomon's request for wisdom (1 Kings 3:9-12) and James' exhortation to ask God for wisdom (James 1:5).

who appointed him ruler over Egypt and all his household.
Joseph's rise to power is a testament to God's plan and purpose. Despite being a foreigner and former slave, Joseph becomes second only to Pharaoh (Genesis 41:40-41), illustrating God's ability to elevate the humble (1 Samuel 2:7-8). This appointment foreshadows Christ's exaltation after His suffering (Philippians 2:9-11) and serves as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate ruler and sustainer of all creation (Colossians 1:16-17).

Then famine and great suffering swept across Egypt and Canaan
The mention of famine and suffering highlights a significant event in biblical history, reflecting the severe conditions that affected both Egypt and Canaan. This famine is a fulfillment of God's sovereign plan, as seen in Genesis 41, where Joseph interprets Pharaoh's dreams predicting seven years of abundance followed by seven years of famine. The geographical regions of Egypt and Canaan are significant as they were central to the narrative of the patriarchs. Egypt, with its Nile River, was typically a place of refuge during famines, while Canaan was the land promised to Abraham and his descendants. The famine's impact on both regions underscores the widespread nature of the crisis and sets the stage for the Israelites' eventual migration to Egypt.

and our fathers could not find food
The phrase "our fathers" refers to the patriarchs, specifically Jacob and his sons, who were the forefathers of the Israelite nation. Their inability to find food in Canaan during the famine is a pivotal moment that leads to their journey to Egypt, as recorded in Genesis 42. This event is crucial in the unfolding of God's redemptive plan, as it leads to the preservation of Jacob's family and the eventual growth of the Israelites into a great nation. The lack of food also serves as a test of faith and reliance on God's provision, foreshadowing future instances where God's people would depend on Him for sustenance, such as during the Exodus. This narrative also typologically points to Jesus Christ, the Bread of Life, who provides spiritual nourishment and sustenance to all who believe in Him.

When Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt
Jacob, also known as Israel, was the patriarch of the Israelites. The mention of grain in Egypt refers to the severe famine that affected the region, as described in Genesis 41-42. Egypt, with its Nile River, was a fertile land and often a source of sustenance during famines. This event is a pivotal moment in the history of Israel, as it sets the stage for the eventual migration of Jacob's family to Egypt. The famine and the subsequent journey to Egypt were part of God's providential plan, as foretold to Abraham in Genesis 15:13-14, where God told Abraham that his descendants would be strangers in a land not their own.

he sent our fathers on their first visit
The "fathers" refers to the sons of Jacob, the patriarchs of the twelve tribes of Israel. This first visit to Egypt is recorded in Genesis 42, where Jacob sends ten of his sons to buy grain, keeping Benjamin, the youngest, at home. This journey marks the beginning of a series of events that would lead to the eventual settlement of the Israelites in Egypt. The visit is significant as it initiates the reconciliation process between Joseph and his brothers, who had previously sold him into slavery. This narrative foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, who, like Joseph, was rejected by His own but ultimately became the means of their salvation.

On their second visit
The phrase refers to the second journey of Joseph's brothers to Egypt during a time of famine. This event is recorded in Genesis 45. The first visit had been marked by tension and suspicion, as Joseph, then the governor of Egypt, recognized his brothers but did not reveal himself. The second visit signifies a turning point, highlighting themes of reconciliation and divine providence. The number two often symbolizes confirmation and witness in biblical numerology, suggesting that this second encounter was divinely orchestrated.

Joseph revealed his identity to his brothers
Joseph's revelation to his brothers is a pivotal moment of forgiveness and restoration. It reflects the theme of God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises, as Joseph's earlier dreams (Genesis 37) about his family bowing to him come to fruition. This act of revealing is also a type of Christ, who reveals Himself to His followers. Joseph's forgiveness prefigures Christ's forgiveness of humanity, despite betrayal and sin.

and his family became known to Pharaoh
Joseph's introduction of his family to Pharaoh signifies acceptance and integration into Egyptian society. This event sets the stage for the Israelites' eventual settlement in Egypt, which is crucial for the unfolding of the biblical narrative leading to the Exodus. It also demonstrates God's provision and favor, as Pharaoh's acceptance ensures the survival and prosperity of Jacob's family during the famine. This moment foreshadows the future prominence of Israel, despite their later enslavement, and underscores the theme of God's faithfulness to His covenant people.

Then Joseph sent for his father Jacob
Joseph, once sold into slavery by his brothers, rose to power in Egypt as second only to Pharaoh. This act of sending for his father Jacob signifies reconciliation and the fulfillment of God's providential plan. Joseph's actions reflect a type of Christ, who reconciles humanity to God. The narrative echoes Genesis 45:9-13, where Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers and instructs them to bring Jacob to Egypt. This moment is pivotal in the history of Israel, as it sets the stage for the Israelites' eventual enslavement and subsequent Exodus.

and all his relatives
The inclusion of all Jacob's relatives highlights the importance of family and community in God's covenantal promises. This move to Egypt was not just for survival during the famine but also a step in God's larger plan for the nation of Israel. The family of Jacob, also known as the Israelites, would grow into a great nation as promised to Abraham in Genesis 12:2. This gathering of the family prefigures the gathering of God's people in the New Testament, as seen in Ephesians 1:10, where all things are brought together in Christ.

seventy-five in all
The number seventy-five is significant and has been a point of discussion among scholars. The Hebrew text of Genesis 46:27 and Exodus 1:5 mentions seventy, while the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Old Testament, records seventy-five. This discrepancy is often attributed to the inclusion of Joseph's grandchildren and great-grandchildren in the Septuagint's count. The number symbolizes completeness and God's faithfulness in preserving His people. It also foreshadows the multiplication of the Israelites in Egypt, as described in Exodus 1:7, fulfilling God's promise to make Abraham's descendants as numerous as the stars (Genesis 15:5).

So Jacob went down to Egypt
Jacob's journey to Egypt is a pivotal moment in biblical history, marking the transition of the Israelites from Canaan to Egypt. This move was prompted by a severe famine in Canaan and Joseph's high position in Egypt, which provided a means of survival for Jacob's family. This event fulfills God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:13-14, where God foretold that Abraham's descendants would be strangers in a foreign land. The journey to Egypt also sets the stage for the eventual Exodus, a foundational narrative for the Israelite identity. Geographically, the route from Canaan to Egypt would have been arduous, involving travel through the Sinai Peninsula.

where he and our fathers died
Jacob's death in Egypt is recorded in Genesis 49:33, and he was later buried in the Cave of Machpelah in Canaan, as per his request (Genesis 50:13). The phrase "our fathers" refers to the patriarchs, including Jacob's sons, who also died in Egypt. This highlights the beginning of the Israelites' long sojourn in Egypt, which lasted approximately 400 years. The deaths of the patriarchs in Egypt symbolize the end of an era and the beginning of a new chapter in Israelite history. This period in Egypt is crucial for understanding the development of the Israelite nation and their eventual deliverance, which is a type of Christ's deliverance of humanity from sin. The cultural context of Egypt, with its advanced civilization and different religious practices, would have influenced the Israelites during their stay, setting the stage for the challenges they faced in maintaining their distinct identity.

Their bones were carried back to Shechem
This phrase refers to the burial of the patriarchs, specifically Joseph, whose bones were carried from Egypt to Canaan. Shechem is a significant location in biblical history, situated in the heart of the Promised Land. It was a city of refuge and a place where God appeared to Abraham. The act of carrying bones back to Shechem symbolizes the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to Abraham's descendants.

and placed in the tomb that Abraham had bought
Abraham's purchase of the tomb signifies a legal claim to the land, emphasizing the permanence of God's covenant with Abraham. This act of buying a burial site in Canaan demonstrates Abraham's faith in God's promise that his descendants would inherit the land. The tomb serves as a physical reminder of God's faithfulness and the hope of resurrection.

from the sons of Hamor at Shechem
The sons of Hamor were the original inhabitants of Shechem. This detail highlights the historical and legal transaction that took place, ensuring that the burial site was rightfully owned by Abraham's family. It underscores the importance of Shechem as a place of covenant and God's unfolding plan for Israel.

for a price he paid in silver
The mention of silver indicates a formal and recognized transaction, emphasizing the legitimacy of Abraham's purchase. Silver was a common medium of exchange in ancient times, and its use here underscores the seriousness and permanence of the agreement. This transaction prefigures the redemption theme found throughout Scripture, where a price is paid for the fulfillment of God's promises.

As the time drew near for God to fulfill His promise to Abraham
This phrase refers to the covenant God made with Abraham, promising him descendants as numerous as the stars and the land of Canaan (Genesis 15:5, 18). The "time" indicates God's sovereign timing in history, emphasizing His faithfulness and control over events. The promise to Abraham is foundational to the narrative of the Israelites and is a key theme throughout the Old Testament, showing God's long-term plan for His chosen people.

our people in Egypt increased greatly in number
This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to make Abraham's descendants numerous (Genesis 12:2). The Israelites' multiplication in Egypt is recorded in Exodus 1:7, where they "were fruitful and increased greatly." This growth occurred despite their oppression, demonstrating God's providence and the unstoppable nature of His promises. The increase in number set the stage for the Exodus, a pivotal event in Israel's history, and foreshadows the growth of the early church as seen in Acts.

Then another king
This phrase introduces a new ruler in Egypt, distinct from the Pharaoh who had favored Joseph. Historically, this suggests a change in dynasty or a shift in political power. The term "another king" indicates a ruler who did not continue the policies of his predecessors. This change is significant in the biblical narrative, as it sets the stage for the Israelites' oppression. Theologically, it reflects the transient nature of human power and the sovereignty of God over history.

who knew nothing of Joseph
The new king's ignorance of Joseph signifies a loss of historical memory and gratitude. Joseph, once a savior of Egypt during a severe famine, had been forgotten. This forgetfulness can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual amnesia, where past blessings and divine interventions are overlooked. It also highlights the vulnerability of God's people when they are not remembered or valued by those in power. This situation foreshadows the Israelites' enslavement and the need for divine deliverance.

arose over Egypt
The phrase "arose over Egypt" indicates the establishment of authority and control. Geographically, Egypt was a powerful and influential nation in the ancient world, with a rich history and culture. The rise of a new king over such a significant region underscores the potential for dramatic changes in policy and treatment of foreign populations, such as the Israelites. This change in leadership is pivotal in the biblical narrative, as it leads to the fulfillment of God's promise to deliver His people from bondage, as seen in the Exodus story.

He exploited our people
This phrase refers to the actions of the Pharaoh in Egypt during the time of Moses. The Israelites, who had initially come to Egypt during the time of Joseph, had grown in number and strength. The new Pharaoh, who did not know Joseph, felt threatened by their presence and sought to control them through exploitation. This exploitation involved forced labor and harsh treatment, as described in Exodus 1:11-14. The Pharaoh's actions were driven by fear of the Israelites' potential to join Egypt's enemies in case of war, as mentioned in Exodus 1:9-10.

and oppressed our fathers
The oppression of the Israelites' ancestors is a reference to the severe conditions they faced under Egyptian rule. This oppression included not only hard labor but also a systematic attempt to break their spirit and reduce their numbers. The term "fathers" highlights the generational impact of this oppression, affecting the patriarchs of the Israelite community. This aligns with the prophecy given to Abraham in Genesis 15:13, where God foretold that his descendants would be strangers in a land not their own and would be enslaved and mistreated for 400 years.

forcing them to abandon their infants
The Pharaoh's decree to abandon infants was a direct attack on the future of the Israelite people. This edict, found in Exodus 1:22, commanded that every Hebrew male child be thrown into the Nile River. This act of infanticide was intended to curb the growth of the Israelite population and eliminate any future threat they might pose. The abandonment of infants is a poignant reminder of the extreme measures taken by the Egyptians to maintain control over the Israelites.

so they would die
The ultimate goal of Pharaoh's decree was the death of the Hebrew male infants. This act of cruelty is a stark example of the lengths to which the Egyptians went to suppress the Israelites. It also sets the stage for the miraculous preservation of Moses, who was saved from this fate and later became the deliverer of his people. This narrative foreshadows the deliverance theme found throughout the Bible, culminating in the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ. The survival of Moses, despite the decree, is a testament to God's providence and plan for His people.

At that time
This phrase refers to the period of Israelite enslavement in Egypt, as described in Exodus 1. The Israelites were oppressed by Pharaoh, who had decreed that all Hebrew male infants be killed. This context sets the stage for Moses' birth as a significant event in God's plan for deliverance.

Moses was born
Moses' birth is a pivotal moment in biblical history. He is a central figure in the Old Testament, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. His birth is seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be numerous and would inherit the land of Canaan.

and he was beautiful in the sight of God
This phrase indicates that Moses was special and chosen by God from birth. The description of Moses as "beautiful" or "fair" can also be understood as a sign of divine favor. It echoes the idea that God sees beyond human appearances and values the heart and purpose of an individual, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:7.

For three months he was nurtured in his father’s house
Moses' early life was marked by his parents' faith and courage. Despite Pharaoh's edict, they hid him for three months, demonstrating their trust in God's protection. This act of defiance is later commended in Hebrews 11:23 as an example of faith. The nurturing in his father's house signifies the initial protection and care Moses received, which laid the foundation for his future role as a leader and prophet.

When he was set outside
This phrase refers to the moment when Moses, as an infant, was placed in a basket and set adrift on the Nile River by his mother, Jochebed, to save him from Pharaoh's decree to kill all Hebrew male infants (Exodus 1:22, 2:3). This act of faith by his mother is a significant moment of divine providence, as it sets the stage for Moses' future role as the deliverer of Israel. The act of setting Moses outside can be seen as a type of Christ, who was also sent into the world to deliver His people.

Pharaoh’s daughter took him
Pharaoh's daughter, though unnamed in the biblical text, plays a crucial role in God's plan for Moses. Her compassion and decision to adopt Moses defy her father's edict, highlighting the theme of God's sovereignty and the unexpected ways He accomplishes His purposes. This act of taking Moses can be seen as a divine intervention, ensuring Moses' survival and preparation for his future leadership. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of God using unlikely individuals to fulfill His plans.

and brought him up as her own son
Moses was raised in the Egyptian royal household, receiving an education and upbringing that would later equip him for his leadership role. This upbringing in Pharaoh's court provided Moses with knowledge of Egyptian culture, language, and governance, which would be instrumental in his interactions with Pharaoh and the eventual exodus of the Israelites. This phrase also foreshadows Moses' dual identity as both an Egyptian prince and a Hebrew, which becomes a central tension in his life and mission. Moses' adoption into the royal family can be seen as a type of Christ, who, though divine, took on human nature and lived among us.

So Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians
Moses, raised in Pharaoh's household, received an education that was unparalleled in the ancient world. The Egyptians were known for their advanced knowledge in various fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and architecture. This education would have equipped Moses with skills and knowledge that were crucial for his later leadership of the Israelites. The wisdom of the Egyptians is also a testament to the providence of God, preparing Moses for his future role. This background is significant as it contrasts with the divine wisdom he later receives from God, highlighting the transformation from worldly to spiritual leadership.

and was powerful in speech and action.
Despite Moses' later protestations of being "slow of speech" (Exodus 4:10), this phrase indicates that he was initially recognized for his eloquence and effectiveness. This could refer to his ability to communicate and lead, skills that were essential for his mission to liberate the Israelites. The phrase "powerful in action" underscores his capability to execute plans and lead people, foreshadowing his role in the Exodus. This duality of speech and action is a type of Christ, who is described as the Word made flesh (John 1:14) and who performed mighty works. Moses' life, therefore, serves as a precursor to the ultimate deliverer, Jesus Christ, who is both the message and the means of salvation.

When Moses was forty years old
Moses' age of forty is significant in biblical numerology, often representing a period of testing or preparation. This age marks a pivotal moment in Moses' life, as he transitions from his Egyptian upbringing to his role as a leader of the Israelites. The number forty is seen throughout Scripture, such as the forty days and nights of rain during the flood (Genesis 7:12) and Jesus' forty days of fasting in the wilderness (Matthew 4:2). Moses' life is traditionally divided into three forty-year periods: his time in Egypt, his time in Midian, and his leadership of Israel.

he decided to visit his brothers
This decision indicates a turning point in Moses' identity and allegiance. Raised in Pharaoh's palace, Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians (Acts 7:22), yet he felt a connection to his Hebrew heritage. This visit signifies his growing awareness and concern for his people, aligning with Hebrews 11:24-25, which highlights Moses' choice to be identified with the people of God rather than enjoy the fleeting pleasures of sin in Egypt.

the children of Israel
The term "children of Israel" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, who became a great nation as promised by God (Genesis 12:2). At this time, they were living in Egypt under harsh conditions, fulfilling the prophecy given to Abraham that his descendants would be strangers in a land not their own and enslaved for four hundred years (Genesis 15:13). Moses' visit foreshadows his future role as their deliverer, a type of Christ who would lead God's people out of bondage.

And when he saw one of them being mistreated
This phrase refers to Moses witnessing the suffering of a fellow Hebrew. The Israelites were enslaved in Egypt, enduring harsh treatment under Pharaoh's rule (Exodus 1:11-14). This mistreatment fulfills God's prophecy to Abraham that his descendants would be oppressed in a foreign land (Genesis 15:13). Moses' awareness of the injustice reflects his growing identification with his people, despite being raised in Pharaoh's household (Exodus 2:10).

Moses went to his defense
Moses' action demonstrates his sense of justice and leadership, foreshadowing his future role as the deliverer of Israel. His intervention is an early indication of his calling, though it is not yet divinely sanctioned. This act of defense aligns with the biblical principle of standing up for the oppressed (Proverbs 31:8-9).

and avenged him by striking down the Egyptian
Moses' response is both protective and retaliatory, highlighting the tension between human justice and divine timing. The act of striking down the Egyptian is significant, as it marks Moses' first recorded act of defiance against Egyptian authority. This event parallels the later plagues and judgments God would bring upon Egypt (Exodus 7-12). It also prefigures Christ's role as the ultimate avenger of injustice (Romans 12:19).

who was oppressing him
The oppression of the Hebrew by the Egyptian is emblematic of the broader systemic injustice faced by the Israelites. This oppression is a catalyst for God's deliverance plan, as He hears the cries of His people (Exodus 3:7-10). The Egyptian's role as an oppressor underscores the theme of liberation that runs throughout the Exodus narrative, pointing to the spiritual liberation found in Christ (John 8:36).

He assumed his brothers would understand
Moses, having been raised in Pharaoh's palace, was aware of his Hebrew heritage. His assumption reflects a common human tendency to expect others to see things from our perspective. This assumption can be linked to the broader biblical theme of misunderstanding God's plans, as seen in the lives of Joseph (Genesis 37:5-11) and Jesus (John 1:11). Moses' assumption also highlights the disconnect between his privileged upbringing and the plight of his people.

that God was using him to deliver them
Moses believed he was chosen by God to be a deliverer, a role that foreshadows Christ as the ultimate deliverer (Luke 4:18-19). This belief may have been influenced by his unique position and education, which equipped him for leadership. The concept of deliverance is central to the biblical narrative, with God repeatedly raising leaders to rescue His people, as seen with the judges (Judges 2:16) and ultimately fulfilled in Jesus (Galatians 1:4).

but they did not
The rejection of Moses by his fellow Hebrews prefigures the rejection of Christ by His own people (John 1:11). This phrase underscores a recurring biblical theme where God's chosen leaders are often not recognized or accepted by those they are sent to save. It also reflects the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart that can prevent people from recognizing God's work, a theme echoed in the prophets (Isaiah 6:9-10) and in the New Testament (Acts 28:26-27).

The next day he came upon two Israelites who were fighting
This phrase refers to Moses, who, after killing an Egyptian taskmaster, encounters two Hebrew men in conflict. The timing, "the next day," suggests a continuation of Moses' concern for his people. The Israelites, or Hebrews, were enslaved in Egypt, and internal strife among them highlights the stress and oppression they faced. This incident is a precursor to Moses' future role as a mediator and leader. The fighting among the Israelites can be seen as a microcosm of the larger disunity and struggles that Moses would later address during the Exodus.

and he tried to reconcile them
Moses' attempt to reconcile the two men demonstrates his emerging role as a peacemaker and leader. This act foreshadows his future as a judge and lawgiver for Israel. The concept of reconciliation is central to biblical teaching, reflecting God's desire for peace and unity among His people. Moses' intervention is an early indication of his character and his concern for justice and harmony, qualities that would define his leadership.

saying, ‘Men, you are brothers.
By addressing them as "brothers," Moses emphasizes their shared identity and common heritage as descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This appeal to brotherhood is a call to unity and mutual respect, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. The notion of brotherhood is significant in the biblical narrative, as it underscores the importance of community and the familial bonds that should transcend personal conflicts.

Why are you mistreating each other?’
Moses' question highlights the senselessness of their conflict, especially in light of their shared suffering under Egyptian oppression. The term "mistreating" suggests a deeper moral and ethical failing, as it implies a violation of the command to love one's neighbor. This question echoes throughout the Bible, challenging believers to examine their relationships and to seek reconciliation and peace. It also prefigures the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized love and forgiveness among His followers.

But the man who was abusing his neighbor
This phrase refers to an incident from Exodus 2:13-14, where Moses encounters two Hebrew men fighting. The context is the oppression of the Israelites in Egypt, where they were subjected to harsh slavery. The man abusing his neighbor represents internal strife among the Israelites, highlighting the challenges Moses faced not only from external oppression but also from within his own people. This internal conflict is a recurring theme in the history of Israel, as seen in other instances such as the rebellion of Korah (Numbers 16).

pushed Moses aside
Moses, though destined to be the deliverer of Israel, is initially rejected by his own people. This act of pushing Moses aside symbolizes the rejection of God's chosen leader, a theme that recurs throughout biblical history. It foreshadows the rejection of Jesus Christ by the Jewish leaders, as noted in John 1:11, where it states, "He came to His own, and His own did not receive Him." This rejection is a significant aspect of the narrative of salvation history.

and said, ‘Who made you ruler and judge over us?’
This question challenges Moses' authority and foreshadows the resistance he will face as a leader. It reflects a common human tendency to resist divinely appointed authority, as seen in the Israelites' later complaints against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness (Numbers 14:2-4). The question also echoes the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty in appointing leaders, as seen in Romans 13:1, which states that all authority is established by God. This phrase also typologically points to Christ, who was questioned and rejected by the religious leaders of His time, as seen in Matthew 21:23, where they question His authority.

Do you want to kill me
This phrase is part of Stephen's speech before the Sanhedrin, recounting the story of Moses. It reflects the accusation made by a fellow Hebrew when Moses intervened in a dispute. The question highlights the tension and mistrust among the Israelites during their time in Egypt. It also foreshadows the rejection of Moses as a leader, paralleling the rejection of Jesus by the Jewish leaders. This rejection theme is a recurring motif in the Bible, seen in the lives of Joseph, David, and ultimately Jesus Christ.

as you killed the Egyptian
This refers to the incident where Moses killed an Egyptian who was beating a Hebrew slave. This act of violence was Moses' first recorded attempt to deliver his people, though it was done in his own strength and timing. It underscores Moses' initial misunderstanding of his role as a deliverer, which would later be fulfilled according to God's plan. The act also sets the stage for Moses' flight to Midian, where he would spend 40 years in preparation for his divine mission. This mirrors the concept of divine timing and preparation seen throughout Scripture, such as in the life of Jesus, who waited until the appointed time to begin His ministry.

yesterday?
The mention of "yesterday" emphasizes the immediacy and recentness of Moses' action, indicating that the news of the killing spread quickly among the Hebrews. It also suggests the rapidity with which Moses' attempt to help was misunderstood and rejected. This reflects the broader biblical theme of human impatience and misunderstanding of God's timing and methods. The quick spread of information among the Israelites in Egypt can be compared to the rapid dissemination of news in the early church, as seen in Acts, where the message of the Gospel spread quickly despite opposition.

At this remark
This phrase refers to the reaction of Moses after realizing that his killing of the Egyptian was known. The remark in question is from a fellow Hebrew who questioned Moses' authority and intentions, highlighting Moses' fear of exposure and the consequences of his actions. This moment is pivotal as it marks a turning point in Moses' life, leading to his flight from Egypt.

Moses fled to the land of Midian
Midian is located in the northwestern region of the Arabian Peninsula, near the Gulf of Aqaba. This area was inhabited by the Midianites, descendants of Abraham through Keturah, as mentioned in Genesis 25:1-2. Moses' flight to Midian signifies a period of exile and preparation, paralleling other biblical figures who experienced transformation in the wilderness. This escape also fulfills a divine purpose, as Moses' time in Midian prepares him for his future role as the leader of the Israelites.

where he lived as a foreigner
Moses' status as a foreigner in Midian reflects his displacement and identity crisis. Having been raised in Pharaoh's palace, he was neither fully Egyptian nor fully Hebrew. This experience of living as an outsider foreshadows the Israelites' own journey and identity struggles. It also prefigures Christ, who was often rejected and lived without a permanent home during His earthly ministry.

and had two sons
Moses' two sons, Gershom and Eliezer, are mentioned in Exodus 18:3-4. Gershom's name, meaning "a stranger there," underscores Moses' sense of alienation and his life as a sojourner. Eliezer's name, meaning "God is my help," reflects Moses' reliance on divine assistance. These names encapsulate Moses' journey from exile to divine mission, mirroring the broader narrative of redemption and God's faithfulness.

After forty years had passed
This phrase refers to the period Moses spent in Midian after fleeing Egypt. The number forty is significant in the Bible, often symbolizing a period of testing or preparation (e.g., Israel's 40 years in the wilderness, Jesus' 40 days of fasting). Moses' time in Midian was a time of preparation for his future role as the deliverer of Israel.

an angel appeared to Moses
The angel is often understood as a manifestation of God Himself, sometimes referred to as a theophany. In the Old Testament, angels frequently serve as messengers of God, delivering divine instructions or revelations. This appearance marks a pivotal moment in Moses' life, initiating his call to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.

in the flames of a burning bush
The burning bush is a significant symbol of God's presence. Despite the flames, the bush was not consumed, indicating God's eternal nature and His power to sustain. This miraculous sign captures Moses' attention and signifies the holy ground of God's presence. It also foreshadows the divine fire that would later guide the Israelites as a pillar of fire.

in the desert near Mount Sinai
Mount Sinai, also known as Horeb, is a critical location in biblical history. It is where Moses would later receive the Ten Commandments, establishing the covenant between God and Israel. The desert setting emphasizes the isolation and humility of Moses' encounter with God, away from the distractions of Egypt. This location becomes a sacred site for the Israelites, representing God's law and covenant.

When Moses saw it, he marveled at the sight.
Moses, having fled Egypt, was tending the flock of Jethro, his father-in-law, in the wilderness of Sinai. The "it" refers to the burning bush, a miraculous phenomenon where the bush was on fire but not consumed. This sight was extraordinary and supernatural, capturing Moses' attention and evoking wonder. The burning bush is symbolic of God's presence, purity, and holiness, as fire often represents in Scripture (Exodus 3:2). Moses' marveling indicates his recognition of the divine nature of the event, setting the stage for his calling as a prophet and leader of Israel. This moment is pivotal, marking the beginning of God's direct communication with Moses, who would become the deliverer of Israel.

As he approached to look more closely,
Moses' decision to approach the bush demonstrates his curiosity and willingness to engage with the divine. This act of drawing near is significant, as it reflects a desire to understand and experience God's presence more fully. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, approaching a divine manifestation was a bold move, indicating reverence and a readiness to receive a message or mission. This mirrors the call to believers to draw near to God, as seen in James 4:8, where approaching God is met with His nearness to us.

the voice of the Lord came to him:
The voice of the Lord signifies direct divine communication, a rare and profound experience in the biblical narrative. This encounter is a theophany, where God reveals Himself audibly to Moses. The voice of the Lord is authoritative and commanding, initiating Moses' role as a prophet. This moment is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God speaks directly to individuals, such as to Abraham (Genesis 12:1) and Samuel (1 Samuel 3:4). The voice of the Lord here not only calls Moses but also establishes the covenant relationship between God and His chosen leader, foreshadowing the greater revelation of God through Jesus Christ, the Word made flesh (John 1:14).

‘I am the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.’
This phrase is a direct reference to God's self-identification to Moses at the burning bush, as recorded in Exodus 3:6. It emphasizes the continuity of God's covenant relationship with the patriarchs of Israel. The mention of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob highlights the foundational promises made to these forefathers, which include land, descendants, and blessing to all nations (Genesis 12:1-3, 26:3-4, 28:13-14). This declaration underscores God's faithfulness and the unbroken lineage of His covenant, which is central to Jewish identity and heritage. It also serves as a reminder of God's eternal nature and His ongoing involvement in the history of His people. Theologically, this statement affirms the monotheistic belief in one God who is personal and relational, contrasting with the polytheistic beliefs of surrounding cultures.

Moses trembled with fear and did not dare to look.
Moses' reaction of fear and reverence is significant, reflecting the common biblical theme of the fear of the Lord as the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). This fear is not merely terror but a profound respect and awe for the holiness and majesty of God. Moses' reluctance to look at God is consistent with the belief that no one can see God and live (Exodus 33:20). This encounter marks a pivotal moment in Moses' life, transforming him from a fugitive shepherd into the leader of Israel. It also prefigures the reverence required in approaching God, a theme that is echoed throughout Scripture, including in the New Testament (Hebrews 12:28-29). Moses' experience at the burning bush is a type of Christ, as it foreshadows the ultimate revelation of God in Jesus, who is both the mediator and the fulfillment of the law and the prophets.

Then the Lord said to him
This phrase refers to God speaking directly to Moses. It highlights the personal nature of God's communication with His chosen leaders. In the context of Acts 7, Stephen is recounting the history of Israel to the Sanhedrin, emphasizing God's direct involvement in guiding His people. This divine encounter is a pivotal moment in Moses' life, marking the beginning of his mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. It parallels other instances in Scripture where God speaks directly to individuals, such as His conversations with Abraham (Genesis 12:1) and Samuel (1 Samuel 3:10).

‘Take off your sandals
Removing sandals is a sign of reverence and respect in the presence of the divine. In ancient Near Eastern culture, it was customary to remove shoes when entering a sacred space, acknowledging the holiness of the ground. This act signifies humility and submission before God. The removal of sandals can also symbolize the shedding of earthly ties and impurities, preparing Moses to receive God's instructions. This practice is echoed in Joshua 5:15, where Joshua is also instructed to remove his sandals in the presence of the Lord.

for the place where you are standing is holy ground.
The concept of "holy ground" indicates a location set apart by God's presence. Although the physical location is the desert near Mount Horeb (also known as Mount Sinai), it becomes holy because of God's manifestation there. This underscores the idea that holiness is not inherent in the place itself but is conferred by God's presence. The burning bush encounter (Exodus 3:5) is a theophany, a visible manifestation of God, which transforms the ordinary into the sacred. This theme of holiness is central to the biblical narrative, as seen in the construction of the Tabernacle and later the Temple, where God's presence dwells among His people. The holiness of God is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, calling believers to live in reverence and obedience.

I have indeed seen the oppression of My people in Egypt.
This phrase reflects God's awareness and concern for the suffering of the Israelites under Egyptian bondage. The oppression refers to the harsh slavery and mistreatment described in Exodus 1:11-14. God's acknowledgment of their suffering demonstrates His covenant relationship with Israel, as He promised to be their God and deliver them (Genesis 15:13-14). The phrase also highlights God's omniscience and compassion, as He is not distant from the afflictions of His people.

I have heard their groaning
The groaning of the Israelites signifies their cries for help and deliverance from their suffering. This aligns with Exodus 2:23-24, where God hears their cries and remembers His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It emphasizes the power of prayer and God's responsiveness to the pleas of His people. The groaning can also be seen as a type of intercession, foreshadowing the role of Jesus Christ as the intercessor for humanity (Hebrews 7:25).

and have come down to deliver them.
This phrase indicates God's direct intervention in human history to rescue His people. The concept of God "coming down" is significant, as it shows His willingness to be actively involved in the world. This prefigures the incarnation of Jesus Christ, who came down from heaven to deliver humanity from sin (John 1:14). The deliverance from Egypt is a type of salvation, symbolizing the greater deliverance through Christ.

Now come, I will send you back to Egypt.
This command to Moses signifies his divine commissioning as the leader and deliverer of Israel. It marks a pivotal moment in biblical history, as Moses is chosen to confront Pharaoh and lead the Israelites out of bondage. The sending back to Egypt underscores the theme of divine mission and obedience, as Moses initially fled Egypt but is now called to return with God's authority. This mirrors the sending of Jesus, who was sent by the Father to fulfill His redemptive mission (John 20:21).

This Moses, whom they had rejected with the words,
Moses was initially rejected by his fellow Hebrews when he attempted to intervene in a dispute between two Israelites (Exodus 2:14). This rejection is significant as it highlights the recurring theme of God's chosen leaders being initially dismissed by their own people. This pattern is seen throughout the Bible, including the rejection of prophets and ultimately Jesus Christ (John 1:11).

‘Who made you ruler and judge?’
This question reflects the skepticism and resistance Moses faced from his own people. It underscores the human tendency to question authority and divine appointment. The phrase echoes the Israelites' lack of faith and trust in God's plan, a theme that recurs throughout their wilderness journey. It also foreshadows the rejection of Jesus, who was questioned and doubted by the religious leaders of His time (Matthew 21:23).

is the one whom God sent to be their ruler and redeemer
Despite the initial rejection, God chose Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This demonstrates God's sovereignty and His ability to use unlikely individuals to fulfill His purposes. Moses as a redeemer is a type of Christ, who is the ultimate Redeemer of humanity. Just as Moses delivered Israel from physical bondage, Jesus delivers from spiritual bondage (Hebrews 3:3-6).

through the angel who appeared to him in the bush.
The angel in the burning bush (Exodus 3:2) signifies God's presence and His call to Moses. This theophany is a pivotal moment in biblical history, marking the beginning of Moses' mission to liberate the Israelites. The burning bush is often seen as a symbol of God's holiness and His ability to sustain and empower His chosen servants. The angel's presence also points to the divine nature of Moses' mission, paralleling the divine mission of Christ, who was sent by God to redeem the world (John 3:17).

He led them out
This phrase refers to Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt, an event known as the Exodus. This is a pivotal moment in Israelite history, symbolizing deliverance and God's faithfulness. Moses is seen as a type of Christ, a deliverer who prefigures Jesus leading His people out of bondage to sin. The Exodus is a foundational narrative for understanding God's covenant relationship with His people.

and performed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt
The wonders and signs refer to the ten plagues that God brought upon Egypt, demonstrating His power over the Egyptian gods and Pharaoh. These acts were both judgments against Egypt and signs of God's sovereignty. The plagues culminated in the Passover, which prefigures Christ's sacrificial death as the Lamb of God. The plagues served to authenticate Moses' leadership and God's authority.

at the Red Sea
The crossing of the Red Sea is a miraculous event where God parted the waters, allowing the Israelites to escape Pharaoh's pursuing army. This event is a powerful demonstration of God's deliverance and protection. It is often seen as a type of baptism, symbolizing the believer's passage from death to life, from slavery to freedom. The destruction of the Egyptian army signifies God's victory over the forces of oppression.

and for forty years in the wilderness
The forty years in the wilderness were a period of testing and reliance on God. During this time, God provided for the Israelites with manna, quail, and water, teaching them dependence on Him. This period is symbolic of the Christian journey of faith, characterized by trials and growth. The wilderness experience also foreshadows Jesus' own forty days in the wilderness, where He was tempted but remained faithful. The number forty often signifies a period of testing or judgment in the Bible.

This is the same Moses
Moses is a central figure in the Old Testament, known for leading the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage and receiving the Law at Mount Sinai. His life and actions are foundational to Jewish identity and faith. In Acts 7, Stephen is addressing the Sanhedrin, emphasizing Moses' role as a precursor to Christ. Moses is often seen as a type of Christ, a deliverer and mediator between God and His people.

who told the Israelites
Moses communicated God's laws and promises to the Israelites, acting as an intermediary. His role as a prophet was to guide and instruct the people according to God's will. The Israelites, descendants of Jacob, were the chosen people through whom God intended to reveal His plan of salvation.

‘God will raise up for you a prophet like me
This prophecy is found in Deuteronomy 18:15, where Moses speaks of a future prophet. This is understood as a messianic prophecy, pointing to Jesus Christ. Like Moses, Jesus would be a leader, teacher, and mediator. The phrase "like me" suggests that this prophet would have a similar role in delivering God's message and leading His people.

from among your brothers.’
The prophet would arise from among the Israelites, indicating that he would be one of their own, sharing their heritage and understanding their struggles. This emphasizes Jesus' humanity and His connection to the Jewish people. It also fulfills the requirement of the Messiah being a descendant of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, as well as from the tribe of Judah, as prophesied in Genesis 49:10.

He was in the assembly in the wilderness
This phrase refers to Moses, who led the Israelites during their exodus from Egypt. The "assembly in the wilderness" is the congregation of Israel, gathered as a community under God's guidance. The wilderness journey is a significant period in Israel's history, symbolizing a time of testing and reliance on God. It also prefigures the Christian journey of faith, where believers are called to trust in God's provision and guidance.

with the angel who spoke to him on Mount Sinai
The angel mentioned here is often understood to be a manifestation of God Himself, as seen in the burning bush encounter (Exodus 3:2). Mount Sinai is a pivotal location where Moses received the Law, establishing the covenant between God and Israel. This event underscores the holiness and authority of God's commandments, which are foundational to both Jewish and Christian faiths. The presence of the angel signifies divine communication and the sacredness of the Law given to Moses.

and with our fathers
This phrase connects the audience of Stephen's speech in Acts to their ancestors, emphasizing continuity in God's dealings with Israel. The "fathers" are the patriarchs and leaders of Israel, who experienced God's faithfulness and covenant promises. This connection serves as a reminder of the shared heritage and responsibility to uphold God's commands and teachings.

And he received living words to pass on to us
The "living words" refer to the Law and commandments given to Moses, which are described as "living" because they are dynamic, active, and life-giving. These words are not merely historical documents but are intended to guide and shape the lives of God's people. The transmission of these words to subsequent generations highlights the importance of teaching and preserving God's truth. In a Christian context, this can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the living Word, Jesus Christ, who fulfills and embodies the Law.

But our fathers refused to obey him.
This phrase refers to the Israelites' disobedience to Moses, who was chosen by God to lead them out of Egypt. The refusal to obey highlights a recurring theme of rebellion against divinely appointed leadership, seen throughout the Old Testament. This disobedience is a reflection of the human tendency to resist God's commands, as seen in other instances such as the rebellion against God in the wilderness (Numbers 14:1-4). The Israelites' refusal to obey Moses can be seen as a type of humanity's broader rebellion against God, which is ultimately addressed through the obedience of Jesus Christ (Philippians 2:8).

Instead, they rejected him
The rejection of Moses by the Israelites is symbolic of the rejection of God's messengers throughout biblical history. This rejection is paralleled in the New Testament with the rejection of Jesus Christ by the Jewish leaders and people (John 1:11). Moses, as a type of Christ, foreshadows the ultimate rejection and crucifixion of Jesus. The rejection of divine leadership is a recurring theme, emphasizing the need for repentance and acceptance of God's chosen deliverer.

and in their hearts turned back to Egypt.
Turning back to Egypt in their hearts signifies a longing for the past and a lack of faith in God's promises. Egypt represents bondage and slavery, both physically and spiritually. This longing for Egypt is a metaphor for the temptation to return to a life of sin and bondage rather than embracing the freedom offered by God. The Israelites' desire to return to Egypt reflects a spiritual condition that is addressed in the New Testament, where believers are called to leave behind their old lives and follow Christ (Galatians 5:1). Egypt, in this context, serves as a symbol of the world and its enticements, which believers are urged to forsake in pursuit of the promised land, representing eternal life with God.

They said to Aaron,
This phrase refers to the Israelites speaking to Aaron, Moses' brother and the high priest. Aaron's role as a leader in Moses' absence highlights the Israelites' reliance on human leadership rather than divine guidance. This moment is pivotal as it tests Aaron's faithfulness to God amidst pressure from the people.

‘Make us gods who will go before us!
The Israelites' request for gods to lead them reflects their impatience and lack of faith in the invisible God who delivered them from Egypt. This demand for tangible deities echoes the polytheistic practices of Egypt, where they had lived for centuries. It reveals a struggle between the worship of the one true God and the temptation to revert to familiar idolatry.

As for this Moses who led us out of the land of Egypt,
The phrase underscores the Israelites' forgetfulness and ingratitude. Despite witnessing numerous miracles, they refer to Moses dismissively, as if his leadership and the divine acts through him were insignificant. This reflects a broader theme of human forgetfulness and rebellion against God's chosen leaders, seen throughout the Old Testament.

we do not know what has happened to him.’
This statement highlights the Israelites' uncertainty and fear during Moses' prolonged absence on Mount Sinai. It illustrates a lack of trust in God's plan and timing. The impatience and doubt here are reminiscent of other biblical instances where God's people struggle with waiting, such as the impatience of Saul in 1 Samuel 13. This moment foreshadows the recurring theme of Israel's disobedience and the need for a faithful mediator, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

At that time
This phrase refers to the period when the Israelites were in the wilderness after their exodus from Egypt. It highlights a specific moment in Israel's history when they turned away from God despite witnessing His miraculous deliverance and provision.

they made a calf
The Israelites crafted a golden calf, an act of idolatry that directly violated the commandments given by God. This event is recorded in Exodus 32. The calf likely symbolized a deity from Egyptian culture, reflecting the Israelites' struggle to abandon the idolatrous practices they had observed in Egypt.

and offered a sacrifice to the idol
The act of offering sacrifices was meant to be a form of worship reserved for God alone. By sacrificing to the calf, the Israelites were engaging in pagan worship practices, which were common in the surrounding cultures. This act demonstrated their rebellion and lack of faith in the God who had delivered them.

rejoicing in the works of their hands
This phrase underscores the Israelites' misplaced pride and satisfaction in their own creation rather than in God. It reflects a broader biblical theme where human beings often turn to their own creations or achievements for fulfillment, rather than trusting in God. This is a recurring issue throughout Scripture, as seen in Isaiah 2:8 and Jeremiah 1:16, where idolatry is condemned.

But God turned away from them
This phrase indicates a divine response to persistent disobedience and idolatry. In the Old Testament, God often "turned away" from Israel when they rejected His commandments and pursued other gods (e.g., Judges 2:12-14). This turning away signifies a withdrawal of divine favor and protection, allowing the people to experience the consequences of their actions.

and gave them over to the worship of the host of heaven
The "host of heaven" refers to celestial bodies like the sun, moon, and stars, which were often deified in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This phrase suggests that God allowed Israel to follow their idolatrous inclinations as a form of judgment. This is reminiscent of Romans 1:24-25, where God "gave them over" to their sinful desires as a consequence of their rejection of Him.

as it is written in the book of the prophets
This phrase underscores the authority and continuity of the prophetic writings in the Hebrew Scriptures. The "book of the prophets" likely refers to the collection of prophetic books, emphasizing that the message Stephen is conveying is consistent with the longstanding warnings given by the prophets.

‘Did you bring Me sacrifices and offerings forty years in the wilderness, O house of Israel?
This rhetorical question, drawn from Amos 5:25, challenges the sincerity of Israel's worship during their wilderness journey. While they performed sacrifices, their hearts were often far from God, as evidenced by their frequent lapses into idolatry (e.g., the golden calf incident in Exodus 32). This critique highlights the importance of genuine devotion over mere ritual, a theme echoed by Jesus in Matthew 15:8-9, where He condemns worship that is only outwardly performed.

You have taken along the tabernacle of Molech
This phrase refers to the Israelites' idolatry during their wilderness journey. Molech was a Canaanite deity associated with child sacrifice, which was strictly forbidden in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 18:21). The "tabernacle" here symbolizes the portable shrine or tent used for idol worship, contrasting with the true Tabernacle of God. This highlights the Israelites' disobedience and syncretism, adopting pagan practices despite God's commands.

and the star of your god Rephan
Rephan, also known as Remphan or Chiun, is associated with a celestial deity worshiped by the Israelites. The "star" likely refers to an astral symbol or idol. This reflects the influence of surrounding cultures on Israel, as they adopted astral worship, which was common in ancient Near Eastern religions. The mention of Rephan underscores the Israelites' departure from monotheism and their engagement in idolatry.

the idols you made to worship
This phrase emphasizes the active role of the Israelites in creating idols, highlighting their deliberate choice to turn away from God. The making of idols is a direct violation of the second commandment (Exodus 20:4-5). This act of creating and worshiping idols signifies a breach of the covenant relationship with God, who had delivered them from Egypt and commanded exclusive worship.

Therefore I will send you into exile beyond Babylon.
This is a prophetic declaration of judgment. The reference to exile "beyond Babylon" alludes to the Assyrian and Babylonian captivities, where the Israelites were punished for their persistent idolatry and disobedience. Historically, the Northern Kingdom of Israel was exiled by Assyria in 722 BC, and the Southern Kingdom of Judah by Babylon in 586 BC. This exile serves as a fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah, illustrating the consequences of forsaking God.

Our fathers had the tabernacle of the Testimony with them in the wilderness.
The "fathers" refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who were led by Moses out of Egypt. The "tabernacle of the Testimony" is the portable sanctuary that God instructed Moses to build, as described in Exodus 25-31. It served as the dwelling place of God among His people during their journey through the wilderness. The term "Testimony" refers to the tablets of the Law, the Ten Commandments, which were housed within the Ark of the Covenant inside the tabernacle. The wilderness journey lasted 40 years, a period of testing and reliance on God's provision and guidance. The tabernacle symbolized God's presence and covenant with Israel, emphasizing His holiness and the need for atonement and worship.

It was constructed exactly as God had directed Moses,
The construction of the tabernacle was a divine mandate, with God providing detailed instructions to Moses on Mount Sinai. This is recorded in Exodus 25:9, where God specifies that the tabernacle should be made according to the pattern shown to Moses. The precision in its construction underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands and the sacredness of the space where God would dwell. The meticulous details highlight the order and intentionality of God's design, reflecting His character and the seriousness of worship.

according to the pattern he had seen.
Moses received a vision or revelation of the heavenly pattern, which he was to replicate on earth. This concept is echoed in Hebrews 8:5, where the earthly tabernacle is described as a shadow of the heavenly one. The pattern signifies the heavenly reality of God's presence and the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who is the true tabernacle (John 1:14). The earthly tabernacle was a type, a foreshadowing of Christ's work of redemption and His role as the mediator between God and humanity. The adherence to the pattern also points to the importance of divine revelation and the need for humanity to align with God's heavenly purposes.

And our fathers who received it
This phrase refers to the Israelites, the descendants of the patriarchs, who received the Ark of the Covenant. The Ark symbolized God's presence and covenant with Israel. It was central to their worship and identity as God's chosen people.

brought it in with Joshua
Joshua succeeded Moses as the leader of Israel and led them into the Promised Land. The Ark was carried across the Jordan River, signifying God's guidance and the fulfillment of His promise to give them the land. Joshua 3:14-17 describes this miraculous crossing.

when they dispossessed the nations
This refers to the conquest of Canaan, where the Israelites, under God's command, drove out the Canaanite nations. This was a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:18-21. The conquest was both a divine judgment on the Canaanites and a provision for Israel.

God drove out before them
The success of the Israelites in conquering Canaan was attributed to God's intervention. Passages like Deuteronomy 7:1-2 emphasize that it was God who delivered these nations into Israel's hands, underscoring His sovereignty and faithfulness.

It remained until the time of David
The Ark stayed in various locations, including Shiloh and Kiriath-jearim, until King David brought it to Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6:12-17). David's desire to bring the Ark to Jerusalem highlighted his commitment to centralizing worship and establishing Jerusalem as the spiritual and political center of Israel.

who found favor in the sight of God
This phrase refers to King David, who is described in the Bible as a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14, Acts 13:22). David's favor with God is evident in his anointing as king and his victories over Israel's enemies. His deep devotion and repentance, as seen in the Psalms, highlight his relationship with God. This favor is not based on David's perfection but on his faith and obedience.

and asked to provide a dwelling place
David expressed a desire to build a temple for God, as recorded in 2 Samuel 7:1-2. This request was motivated by his reverence for God and his desire to honor Him with a permanent place of worship. The concept of a dwelling place for God reflects the importance of the temple in Jewish worship, serving as a central location for sacrifices and festivals.

for the God of Jacob
The reference to "the God of Jacob" emphasizes the continuity of God's covenant with the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It underscores the faithfulness of God to His promises and His enduring relationship with the people of Israel. The temple was to be a symbol of God's presence among His chosen people, fulfilling the covenantal promises made to the forefathers.

But it was Solomon
Solomon, the son of King David and Bathsheba, is a central figure in the history of Israel. He is known for his wisdom, wealth, and building projects, most notably the Temple in Jerusalem. Solomon's reign marked a period of peace and prosperity for Israel, allowing him to undertake such grand projects. His role in building the Temple fulfills the promise God made to David that his son would build a house for God's name (2 Samuel 7:12-13). Solomon's wisdom and leadership are highlighted in 1 Kings 3:5-14, where God grants him wisdom because he asked for discernment to govern the people rather than for personal gain.

who built the house
The "house" refers to the Temple in Jerusalem, a permanent dwelling place for the Ark of the Covenant and a central place of worship for the Israelites. Before the Temple, the Ark was housed in a tent, the Tabernacle, which was a temporary and mobile sanctuary. The construction of the Temple signified a shift from a nomadic to a more settled form of worship. The building of the Temple is detailed in 1 Kings 6-7, describing its grandeur and the materials used, such as cedar from Lebanon and gold overlay. The Temple served as a symbol of God's presence among His people and a place where sacrifices and offerings were made.

for Him
The "Him" refers to God, emphasizing that the Temple was built for the worship and glory of God, not for Solomon's own honor. This aligns with the biblical theme that all things are ultimately for God's glory (1 Corinthians 10:31). The Temple was a place where God's name would dwell, and it was meant to be a house of prayer for all nations (Isaiah 56:7). The dedication of the Temple by Solomon, as recorded in 1 Kings 8, includes a prayer acknowledging God's greatness and asking for His presence and blessing upon the people of Israel. Solomon's Temple also foreshadows the coming of Jesus Christ, who referred to His body as the true Temple (John 2:19-21), indicating that God's presence would ultimately dwell in Him.

However, the Most High does not dwell in houses made by human hands.
This phrase challenges the Jewish understanding of the temple as the exclusive dwelling place of God. In the Old Testament, the temple in Jerusalem was seen as the central place of worship and the dwelling place of God's presence (1 Kings 8:27-30). However, Stephen, in his speech, emphasizes that God is not confined to physical structures. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God is omnipresent and transcends human limitations (Isaiah 66:1-2). The phrase also echoes Solomon's acknowledgment during the temple's dedication that even the highest heavens cannot contain God (1 Kings 8:27). This understanding is crucial for the early Christian community, which is moving away from temple-centric worship to a more spiritual understanding of God's presence, as seen in Jesus' conversation with the Samaritan woman in John 4:21-24.

As the prophet says:
Stephen refers to the prophet Isaiah, specifically Isaiah 66:1-2, to support his argument. This prophetic reference underscores the continuity between the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus and the apostles. By quoting Isaiah, Stephen aligns himself with the prophetic tradition that critiques empty ritualism and emphasizes a heart-oriented relationship with God. This connection to Isaiah also highlights the prophetic role of Jesus, who fulfills and expands upon the messages of the prophets. The use of prophecy here serves to validate Stephen's message to his Jewish audience, showing that his teachings are rooted in their own scriptures and not a departure from them.

Heaven is My throne
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and majesty, indicating that He reigns supreme over all creation. The imagery of a throne in heaven is consistent with other biblical passages, such as Isaiah 66:1, from which this quote is derived, and Psalm 11:4, which speaks of the Lord's throne being in heaven. It underscores the transcendence of God, who is not confined to earthly limitations. The throne symbolizes authority and kingship, reminding believers of God's ultimate rule over the universe.

and the earth is My footstool.
The earth as God's footstool conveys His dominion over the world. This imagery suggests that while God is exalted and sovereign, He is also intimately involved with His creation. The footstool metaphor is used in other scriptures, such as Psalm 110:1, where it is prophesied that the enemies of the Messiah will be made a footstool for His feet. This reflects the idea of subjugation and control, indicating that all things are under God's authority.

What kind of house will you build for Me, says the Lord,
This rhetorical question challenges human attempts to contain or limit God within physical structures. It echoes Solomon's acknowledgment in 1 Kings 8:27 that even the heavens cannot contain God, much less a temple built by human hands. The question highlights the futility of trying to confine the divine presence to a specific location, emphasizing that God cannot be limited by human constructs or understanding.

or where will My place of repose be?
The concept of a "place of repose" suggests a resting place or dwelling. In the context of the temple, it refers to the idea of God dwelling among His people. However, this phrase points to the inadequacy of any earthly structure to serve as a true resting place for God. It foreshadows the New Testament revelation that God's true dwelling is not in temples made by hands but within the hearts of believers, as seen in 1 Corinthians 3:16, where believers are described as the temple of God. This shift from a physical to a spiritual dwelling aligns with the coming of Jesus Christ, who embodies the presence of God among humanity.

Has not My hand
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and creative power. The "hand" of God is often used metaphorically in Scripture to denote His power and authority (Isaiah 41:10, Exodus 15:6). It signifies God's direct involvement in creation and His ability to shape and control the universe. The hand of God is a symbol of His active presence in the world, guiding and sustaining all things.

made
The act of making refers to God's role as the Creator. This echoes the creation narrative in Genesis 1, where God speaks the world into existence. It underscores the belief that everything in the universe is a result of God's intentional design and purpose. The verb "made" also connects to the idea of God as the potter, shaping and forming His creation (Isaiah 64:8).

all these things?
This phrase encompasses the entirety of creation, highlighting the vastness and complexity of the universe that God has made. It reflects the biblical worldview that everything, from the smallest particle to the largest galaxy, is under God's dominion. This statement challenges human pride and self-sufficiency, reminding believers of their dependence on God. It also connects to the theme of God's omnipresence and omnipotence found throughout Scripture (Psalm 24:1, Colossians 1:16-17).

You stiff-necked people
This phrase is a metaphorical expression used to describe stubbornness and unwillingness to submit to God's will. It originates from the imagery of an ox that refuses to be guided by the yoke. In the Old Testament, God frequently used this term to describe the Israelites when they were rebellious (Exodus 32:9, Deuteronomy 9:6). It highlights a spiritual condition of pride and resistance to divine guidance.

with uncircumcised hearts and ears!
Circumcision was a physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants (Genesis 17:10-14). However, Stephen uses "uncircumcised hearts and ears" to indicate a lack of spiritual sensitivity and receptivity to God's message. This echoes the prophetic call for inner transformation rather than mere outward compliance (Jeremiah 4:4, Ezekiel 44:7). It emphasizes the need for a heart that is open to God's truth and a willingness to listen and obey.

You always resist the Holy Spirit,
The resistance to the Holy Spirit is a recurring theme in the history of Israel, as seen in their rejection of the prophets and ultimately, Jesus Christ. The Holy Spirit's role is to convict, guide, and empower believers (John 16:8-13). By resisting the Holy Spirit, the people were rejecting God's direct influence and guidance in their lives. This resistance is a continuation of the pattern of disobedience and rebellion against God's messengers.

just as your fathers did.
Stephen draws a parallel between the current generation and their ancestors, who repeatedly rejected God's messengers, including Moses and the prophets (Nehemiah 9:26, Matthew 23:31-32). This historical context underscores the continuity of rebellion and highlights the tragic pattern of ignoring God's call to repentance and faithfulness. It serves as a warning and a call to break the cycle of disobedience by embracing the message of the Gospel.

Which of the prophets did your fathers fail to persecute?
This phrase highlights the consistent pattern of Israel's history, where prophets sent by God were often met with resistance and persecution. The Old Testament is replete with examples, such as Elijah being pursued by Jezebel (1 Kings 19:2-3) and Jeremiah being thrown into a cistern (Jeremiah 38:6). This rhetorical question underscores the rebellious nature of the people against God's messengers, emphasizing a historical pattern of rejecting divine warnings and guidance.

They even killed those who foretold the coming of the Righteous One.
This refers to the prophets who spoke of the coming Messiah, often at great personal risk. Isaiah, for instance, prophesied about the suffering servant (Isaiah 53), and tradition holds that he was martyred. The "Righteous One" is a messianic title, pointing to Jesus Christ, who fulfills the prophecies of a savior. The killing of these prophets illustrates the severity of the rejection of God's plan and the foretelling of Christ's own rejection and crucifixion.

And now you are His betrayers and murderers—
Stephen, the speaker in this passage, directly accuses the Jewish leaders of being responsible for the betrayal and murder of Jesus, the Righteous One. This accusation is a culmination of the historical pattern of rejecting God's messengers, now reaching its peak in the rejection of the Messiah himself. The term "betrayers" connects to Judas Iscariot's betrayal (Matthew 26:14-16), while "murderers" points to the crucifixion (Acts 2:23). This statement serves as a powerful indictment of the leaders' actions and a call to recognize their role in the fulfillment of the prophecies concerning the suffering of the Messiah.

you who received the law
This phrase refers to the Jewish people, specifically the religious leaders, who were entrusted with the Mosaic Law. The Law was given to the Israelites at Mount Sinai, as described in Exodus 19-20. It was a significant covenant between God and His chosen people, setting them apart from other nations. The Law included moral, ceremonial, and civil regulations that were meant to guide the Israelites in their relationship with God and with each other.

ordained by angels
The involvement of angels in the giving of the Law is mentioned in several places in Scripture, such as Galatians 3:19 and Hebrews 2:2. This suggests that angels played a role as mediators in the transmission of the Law from God to Moses. The presence of angels underscores the divine authority and sacredness of the Law, highlighting its importance in the Jewish faith.

yet have not kept it.
This phrase is a direct accusation against the Jewish leaders for their failure to adhere to the very Law they received. Despite their knowledge and outward observance, they often missed the Law's deeper spiritual and moral requirements. This critique echoes the words of the prophets, who frequently called out Israel for their disobedience (e.g., Isaiah 1:10-17, Jeremiah 7:21-26). It also aligns with Jesus' own rebukes of the Pharisees and scribes for their hypocrisy (Matthew 23:23-28). The failure to keep the Law points to the need for a savior, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who perfectly kept the Law and offered redemption through His sacrifice.

On hearing this
This phrase refers to the reaction of the Sanhedrin to Stephen's speech. Stephen had just delivered a powerful sermon recounting Israel's history and accusing the Jewish leaders of resisting the Holy Spirit, similar to their ancestors. His words were a direct challenge to their authority and spiritual condition, echoing the prophetic tradition of calling Israel to repentance.

the members of the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the supreme religious council in Jerusalem, composed of chief priests, elders, and scribes. It held significant authority over Jewish religious and civil matters. This body had previously condemned Jesus to death and was now confronting His followers, indicating the continuity of opposition to the early Christian movement.

were enraged
The Greek term used here conveys intense emotional turmoil, suggesting a deep-seated anger and frustration. This reaction highlights the conviction and truth of Stephen's message, which exposed the Sanhedrin's spiritual blindness and hypocrisy. Their rage is reminiscent of the anger directed at prophets like Jeremiah and Elijah, who also faced hostility for speaking God's truth.

and they gnashed their teeth at him
Gnashing of teeth is a biblical expression of extreme anger and hostility, often associated with judgment and condemnation. This imagery is used in the Old Testament and by Jesus in the Gospels to describe the anguish of those who reject God's message. The Sanhedrin's reaction foreshadows the judgment they would face for rejecting the Messiah and His messengers.

But Stephen, full of the Holy Spirit
Stephen, one of the first deacons of the early church, is described as being "full of the Holy Spirit." This indicates his complete submission and empowerment by the Spirit, a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8 that believers would receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon them. The Holy Spirit's presence in Stephen's life is evident in his wisdom, faith, and ability to perform great wonders and signs among the people (Acts 6:8).

looked intently into heaven
Stephen's gaze into heaven signifies a divine revelation and a connection between the earthly and the heavenly realms. This mirrors the experiences of prophets like Isaiah (Isaiah 6:1) and Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1:1), who also received visions of God. It underscores the biblical theme of God revealing Himself to His faithful servants.

and saw the glory of God
The "glory of God" is a manifestation of God's presence and majesty. In the Old Testament, the glory of God was often associated with the tabernacle and the temple (Exodus 40:34-35, 1 Kings 8:10-11). Stephen's vision affirms that God's glory is not confined to a physical location but is accessible to those who are in Christ.

and Jesus standing at the right hand of God
Jesus standing at the right hand of God is significant for several reasons. The right hand is a position of honor and authority, fulfilling the prophecy in Psalm 110:1. Jesus' standing posture, as opposed to sitting, may indicate His active role as an advocate or His readiness to welcome Stephen into heaven. This vision confirms Jesus' exaltation and His divine authority, as also seen in Hebrews 1:3 and Ephesians 1:20-21.

“Look,” he said,
This phrase captures Stephen's urgent call for attention. In the context of Acts 7, Stephen is addressing the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. His exclamation is a pivotal moment, as he is filled with the Holy Spirit and is about to witness a divine vision. The urgency in his voice underscores the significance of what he is about to reveal.

“I see heaven open”
The opening of heaven is a significant biblical motif, symbolizing divine revelation and approval. In the Old Testament, similar visions were granted to prophets like Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1:1) and Isaiah (Isaiah 6:1). This imagery indicates a direct communication from God, affirming Stephen's testimony and his role as a prophet. It also signifies the accessibility of God's presence through Jesus Christ, breaking the barrier between the divine and human realms.

“and the Son of Man”
The title "Son of Man" is deeply rooted in Jewish apocalyptic literature, particularly in Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a messianic figure endowed with authority and glory. Jesus frequently used this title for Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and His divine authority. Stephen's vision confirms Jesus' identity and His exalted position, reinforcing the early Christian belief in Jesus as the Messiah.

“standing at the right hand of God.”
The right hand of God is a position of power and honor, as seen in Psalm 110:1, a messianic psalm frequently quoted in the New Testament (e.g., Matthew 22:44, Hebrews 1:13). Jesus standing, rather than sitting, may indicate His active role as an advocate or intercessor for Stephen, as well as His readiness to receive Stephen into glory. This vision serves as a powerful testament to Jesus' divine authority and His ongoing work in the lives of believers.

At this
This phrase refers to the reaction of the Sanhedrin and others present to Stephen's speech. Stephen had just delivered a powerful sermon, recounting Israel's history and accusing the Jewish leaders of resisting the Holy Spirit and betraying and murdering the Righteous One, Jesus Christ. This moment marks the climax of their anger and rejection of his message.

they covered their ears
Covering their ears symbolizes a refusal to listen or accept what is being said. In Jewish culture, this act can be seen as a way to avoid hearing blasphemy. Stephen's declaration that he saw Jesus standing at the right hand of God was perceived as blasphemous by the Jewish leaders, who were strict monotheists and could not accept Jesus as divine. This act of covering their ears is reminiscent of the rejection of the prophets in the Old Testament, who were often ignored or persecuted for speaking God's truth.

cried out in a loud voice
The loud cry signifies an emotional and vehement rejection of Stephen's words. It reflects the intensity of their anger and their collective outrage. This reaction is similar to the crowd's response during Jesus' trial, where they shouted for His crucifixion. The loud voice also serves to drown out Stephen's words, further emphasizing their unwillingness to hear the truth.

and rushed together at him
The phrase indicates a sudden and violent action. The Sanhedrin, typically a deliberative body, abandons its usual decorum in a frenzied mob-like behavior. This rush towards Stephen is a physical manifestation of their spiritual blindness and hard-heartedness. It parallels the mob mentality seen in other parts of Scripture, such as the crowd's demand for Barabbas over Jesus. This act of rushing together also foreshadows the persecution that the early church would face, as seen in the subsequent chapters of Acts.

They dragged him out of the city
In the context of ancient Jewish law, executions were to be carried out outside the city limits to avoid defiling the city with bloodshed (Leviticus 24:14, Numbers 15:35-36). This practice was also a reflection of the Old Testament law that required the removal of blasphemers from the community (Leviticus 24:14). Stephen, accused of blasphemy, was taken outside Jerusalem, symbolizing his rejection by the religious leaders. This act parallels the treatment of Jesus, who was crucified outside the city (John 19:17-20), highlighting the rejection of God's messengers by the religious authorities.

and began to stone him.
Stoning was a common method of execution for blasphemy and other serious offenses under Jewish law (Deuteronomy 17:7). It was a communal act, with the first stones typically thrown by the witnesses of the alleged crime (Deuteronomy 17:6-7). This method of execution was brutal and public, serving as a deterrent to others. Stephen's stoning marks him as the first Christian martyr, echoing Jesus' own words about the persecution of prophets (Matthew 23:37). His death fulfills Jesus' prophecy that His followers would face persecution (John 15:20).

Meanwhile the witnesses laid their garments
The act of laying down garments indicates preparation for the physical exertion of stoning, as removing outer garments would allow for greater freedom of movement. This detail underscores the premeditated and deliberate nature of the execution. The witnesses, by laying down their garments, were also symbolically transferring responsibility for the act, as they were the ones who testified against Stephen, in accordance with the law that required witnesses to initiate the execution (Deuteronomy 17:7).

at the feet of a young man named Saul.
This introduction of Saul is significant, as he later becomes the Apostle Paul, a pivotal figure in the spread of Christianity. At this point, Saul is a zealous Pharisee, consenting to Stephen's death and actively persecuting the early church (Acts 8:1, Philippians 3:5-6). His presence at Stephen's stoning foreshadows his dramatic conversion and future role in the church (Acts 9:1-19). Saul's transformation from persecutor to apostle exemplifies the power of God's grace and the fulfillment of His purposes, as seen in the life of Paul, who later reflects on his past with remorse (1 Timothy 1:13-16).

While they were stoning him
This phrase describes the method of execution used against Stephen, which was stoning. Stoning was a common form of capital punishment in ancient Jewish law for certain offenses, as outlined in Leviticus 24:16 and Deuteronomy 17:7. The act of stoning was typically carried out by the community, symbolizing collective judgment. Stephen's stoning was instigated by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, after he was accused of blasphemy. This reflects the intense opposition faced by early Christians from Jewish authorities. The stoning took place outside the city, as was customary, to avoid defiling the city with bloodshed.

Stephen appealed
Stephen's appeal during his execution highlights his role as a faithful witness to Christ, even unto death. His appeal is a direct communication with Jesus, indicating his deep faith and the early Christian belief in Jesus' divine authority. Stephen's actions mirror those of Jesus, who also prayed for his persecutors during his crucifixion (Luke 23:34). This parallel underscores Stephen's Christ-like character and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers.

“Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.”
Stephen's invocation of Jesus as "Lord" affirms the early Christian belief in the divinity of Christ. By entrusting his spirit to Jesus, Stephen echoes the words of Jesus on the cross, "Father, into your hands I commit my spirit" (Luke 23:46), demonstrating his unwavering faith and hope in the resurrection. This phrase also reflects the Christian understanding of life after death and the assurance of being in the presence of the Lord. Stephen's martyrdom is seen as a powerful testimony to the truth of the Gospel and the hope of eternal life, serving as an inspiration for future generations of believers.

Falling on his knees
This phrase indicates a posture of humility and submission, often associated with prayer and worship in biblical times. Kneeling is a physical expression of reverence and earnestness, seen in other scriptures such as Daniel 6:10 and Ephesians 3:14. It signifies Stephen's complete surrender to God's will, even in the face of death.

he cried out in a loud voice
The loud voice signifies urgency and the intensity of Stephen's prayer. This mirrors Jesus' own loud cries on the cross (Matthew 27:46, Mark 15:34), highlighting Stephen's Christ-like demeanor. It also ensures that those around him, including his persecutors, hear his final words, emphasizing the public nature of his testimony.

“Lord, do not hold this sin against them.”
Stephen's plea for forgiveness for his executioners echoes Jesus' words on the cross in Luke 23:34, demonstrating a spirit of forgiveness and love for enemies, a core Christian teaching. This reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' command to love one's enemies (Matthew 5:44) and shows Stephen's deep spiritual maturity and alignment with Christ's teachings.

And when he had said this, he fell asleep.
The term "fell asleep" is a euphemism for death, used in the New Testament to describe the death of believers (1 Thessalonians 4:13-14, John 11:11-14). It conveys the Christian hope of resurrection and eternal life, suggesting that death is not the end but a transition to being with the Lord. This phrase underscores the peace and assurance Stephen had in his faith, even in martyrdom.