Coal

Coal
	; ;
	(1) Sarong halimbawa nin coal o karbon na gapo (2) Istrakturang kimikal nin coal (3) Sarong plantang pang-enerhiya na minagamit nin coal bilang panggatong

An coal o karbon na gapo iyo sarong kombustableng maitom o malakayumanggi-itom na sedimentaryong gapo, na nabibilog bilang gapong istrata na inaapod na "coal seams". An coal iyo harus karbon na may mga baryenteng bilang nin ibang elemento; arug kan hidroheno, asupre, oksiheno, asin nitroheno.^[1]

Pormasyon

An coal iyo nahihimo kapag an gadang tanom na materya iyo nalapa pasiring sa "peat" asin naliliwat pasiring sa coal sa paagi nin init asin presyon sa hararom na piglubungan mga milyong taon na an nakaagi.^[2] Mahiwas na deposito nin coal an naggikan sa nagligad na "basang daga" —na inaapod na "kagubatan nin coal"—na tuminaklob sa kadakulaan nin tropikong kadagaan nin Kinaban kan nagligad na Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) asin Permiano na oras.^[3]^[4] Alagad, nagkapirang mga signipikong deposito nin coal an mas huben digdi asin naggikan sa panahong Mesozoic asin Cenozoic.

Paggamit

Panggatong sa enerhiya

An coal iyo primerong ginagamit bilang panggatong. Maski ngani an coal aram na asin piggagamit na nin sangribong taon na an nakaagi, an kagamitan kaini iyo limitado bago pa an Rebolusyong Industriyal. Sa pagka-imbento kan "steam engine", naglangkaw an konsumo nin coal. Hasta 2016, an coal mantinido bilang importanteng panggatong kun sain ini nagsusuplay nin harus kwarterya nin pankinabang primerong enerhiya sagkod duwang-taglimang elektrisidad.^[5] An ibang paragibong bakal asin steel sagkod ibang prosesong industriyal iyo nagsusulo man nin coal.

Mga epekto asin paglikay

Sarong protesta sa Australya laban sa paggamit nin coal. An paggatong kaya nin coal pinapaurog an pagbabago nin klima na iyo may maraot na epekto sa mga coral reefs sa irarom nin kadagatan.

An ekstraksyon asin paggamit nin coal nagkakawsa nin nagkapirang amay na pagkagadan asin labing paghelang.^[6] An industriya nin coal nakakaraot sa kalibotan, kabale na an pagbabago nin klima huli ta ini an pinakadakulang antropohenikong ginikanan nin karbon dioksido, 14.4 gigatonnes (Gt) kaidtong 2018,^[7] na iyo 40% kan bilog na emisyon nin fossil fuel sagkod harus 25% kan bilog na pankinabang emisyon nin greenhouse gas.^[8]

Bilang parte kan pankinabang enerhiyang transisyon, nagkapirang mga nasyun an nagbawas o pighali an paggamit nin enerhiya hale sa coal, sagkod an UN Secretary General nakiulay sa mga gobyerno na punduhan na an paghaman nin mga bagong plantang coal sa pag-abot nin 2020.^[9] An paggamit nin coal pinakahalangkaw kaidtong 2013^[10] pero para maabot an target sa Paris Agreement na mamantinir an pankinabang pag-init nin mas hababa sa 2 °C (3.6 °F), an paggamit nin coal nangangaipo na mabanga puon 2020 hasta 2030.^[11]

Pagkonsumo

An pinakadakulang nagkokonsumo asin importer nin coal iyo an Tsina. Namimina kan Tsina an harus kabanga nin coal sa bilog na kinaban, na pigsusundan nin Indya na igwang tagsampulong porsyento. An Australya iyo nag-aakwant para sa harus tagtolo nin export kan pankinabang suplay nin coal na pigsusundan man nin Indonesya asin Rusya.^[12]

Hilingon man

Iba pang babasahon

Thurber, Mark (2019). Coal. Polity Press. ISBN 978-1509514014.
Freese, Barbara (2003). Coal: A Human History. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-7382-0400-0. OCLC 51449422.

Toltolan

↑ Blander, M. "Calculations of the Influence of Additives on Coal Combustion Deposits" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. p. 315. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ "Coal Explained". Energy Explained. US Energy Information Administration. 21 April 2017. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Cleal, C. J.; Thomas, B. A. (2005). "Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates: is the past the key to the present?". Geobiology 3: 13–31. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2005.00043.x.
↑ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica". Geology 38 (12): 1079–1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. Bibcode: 2010Geo....38.1079S.
↑ "Global energy data". International Energy Agency.
↑ "Lignite coal – health effects and recommendations from the health sector" (PDF). Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
↑ "CO2 emissions by fuel". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
↑ "Dethroning King Coal – How a Once Dominant Fuel Source is Falling Rapidly from Favour". Resilience (in English). 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
↑ "Tax carbon, not people: UN chief issues climate plea from Pacific 'frontline'". The Guardian. 15 May 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/15/tax-carbon-not-people-un-chief-issues-climate-plea-from-pacific-frontline.
↑ "Coal Information Overview 2019" (PDF). International Energy Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-16. Retrieved 2020-03-28. peak production in 2013
↑ "Analysis: Why coal use must plummet this decade to keep global warming below 1.5C". Carbon Brief (in English). 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
↑ "Global energy data". International Energy Agency.

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[1] Blander, M. "Calculations of the Influence of Additives on Coal Combustion Deposits" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. p. 315. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[EIA_Coal_Explained-2] "Coal Explained". Energy Explained. US Energy Information Administration. 21 April 2017. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[ClealThomas2005-3] Cleal, C. J.; Thomas, B. A. (2005). "Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates: is the past the key to the present?". Geobiology 3: 13–31. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2005.00043.x.

[SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse-4] Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica". Geology 38 (12): 1079–1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. Bibcode: 2010Geo....38.1079S.

[IEAstats2-5] "Global energy data". International Energy Agency.

[Heal-6] "Lignite coal – health effects and recommendations from the health sector" (PDF). Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2021-02-11.

[7] "CO2 emissions by fuel". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2021-01-22.

[8] "Dethroning King Coal – How a Once Dominant Fuel Source is Falling Rapidly from Favour". Resilience (in English). 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-02-08.

[9] "Tax carbon, not people: UN chief issues climate plea from Pacific 'frontline'". The Guardian. 15 May 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/15/tax-carbon-not-people-un-chief-issues-climate-plea-from-pacific-frontline.

[:1-10] "Coal Information Overview 2019" (PDF). International Energy Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-16. Retrieved 2020-03-28. peak production in 2013

[11] "Analysis: Why coal use must plummet this decade to keep global warming below 1.5C". Carbon Brief (in English). 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2020-02-08.

[IEAstats-12] "Global energy data". International Energy Agency.

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(1) Sarong halimbawa nin coal o karbon na gapo (2) Istrakturang kimikal nin coal (3) Sarong plantang pang-enerhiya na minagamit nin coal bilang panggatong