হান ৰাজবংশ

হান ৰাজবংশ (ইংৰাজী: Han dynasty) (চীনা: {{{c}}}) হৈছে কিন (Qin) ৰাজবংশৰ (খ্ৰী:পূ: ২২১-২০৭) পিছতে চীনৰ দ্বিতীয়টো ৰাজবংশ। এই ৰাজবংশৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাতা আছিল বিদ্ৰোহী নেতা লিউ বাং। মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তেওঁ হান সম্ৰাট গাউজু হিচাপে পৰিচয় লাভ কৰে। মাজতে কিছু বছৰ জিন (Xin) ৰাজবংশৰ (৯-২৩ চন) আধিপত্য চলিছিল যদিও হান ৰাজবংশই পুনৰ ক্ষমতা দখল কৰে। জিনসকলৰ উত্থানে হান সাম্ৰাজ্যক পূব হান বা পুৰণি হান (২০৬ খ্ৰী:পূ:-৯ চন) আৰু পশ্চিম হান বা পৰৱৰ্তী হান (২৫-২২০ চন) হিচাপে দুটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰে। চাৰিশ বছৰজোৰা হান শাসনকালক চীনা ইতিহাসৰ সোণালী যুগ বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান সময়ত চীনৰ অধিকাংশ থলুৱা লোকে নিজকে হান লোক বুলি পৰিচয় দিয়ে আৰু চীনা লিপিক হান আখৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। হান সাম্ৰাজ্যক পোনপটীয়াকৈ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ (Commandery বা আদেশকৰ্তা) দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত কিছুমান অঞ্চল আৰু কেইখনমান আংশিকভাৱে স্বায়ত্বশাসিত ৰাজ্যত ভগোৱা হৈছিল। সাতখন ৰাজ্যৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ পিছত এই ৰাজ্যসমূহে নিজৰ স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱায়। খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০০-ত জিয়ংনো মিত্ৰজোঁটৰ হাতত হানসকলৰ পৰাজয় ঘটে। কিন্তু হান সম্ৰাট ৱুৰ নেতৃত্বত চলা সামৰিক অভিযানৰ অন্তত জিয়ংহোসকল হানৰ কৰতলীয়া হ’ব লগাত পৰে। এই অভিযানৰ ফলস্বৰূপে হান সাম্ৰাজ্যই মধ্য এচিয়াৰ টেৰিম অৱবাহিকালৈকে বিস্তৃতি লাভ কৰে আৰু ই বিখ্যাত বাণিজ্য পথ ছিল্ক ৰোডৰ সূচনাত বৰঙণি যোগায়। সম্ৰাট ৱুয়ে হান-নান্যুৰ যুদ্ধ (খ্ৰী:পূ: ১১১) আৰু ডিয়ানসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অভিযানৰ (খ্ৰী:পূ: ১০৯) যোগেদি দক্ষিণফালেও ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰে।

হান ৰাজবংশ Han dynasty 漢朝
খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০৬–২২০ চন
২ চনৰ হান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পশ্চিম অংশ
Status	সাম্ৰাজ্য
ৰাজধানী	চাংগান (206 BC – 9 AD, 190–195 AD) লুঅ'য়াং (25–190 AD, 196 AD) জুচাং (196–220 AD)
সাধাৰণ ভাষা	প্ৰাচীন চীনা ভাষা
ধৰ্ম	তাও, কনফুচিয়াছ, চীনৰ থলুৱা ধৰ্ম
Government	ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
সম্ৰাট
• খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০২–১৯৫	সম্ৰাট গাউজু
• ২৫-৫৭ চন	সম্ৰাট গুৱানগো
আচাৰ্য
• খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০৬-১৯৩	জিয়াও হি (Xiao He)
• খ্ৰী:পূ: ১৯৩-১৯০	কাও কান (Cao Can)
• ১৮৯-১৯২ চন	ডং ঝুঅ’ (Dong Zhuo)
• ২০৮-২২০ চন	কাও কাও (Cao Cao)
• ২২০ চন	কাও পাই (Cao Pi)
ইতিহাস
• প্ৰতিষ্ঠা	খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০৬
• গেইছিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ, চীনত হান ৰাজত্বৰ আৰম্ভণি	খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০২
• জিন ৰাজবংশৰ উত্থান	৯–২৩ চন
• কাও ৱেইলৈ সিংহাসন ত্যাগ	২২০ চন
মাটিকালি
খ্ৰী:পূ: ৫০	60,00,000 বৰ্গ কি.মি. (23,00,000 বৰ্গ মাইল)
জনসংখ্যা
• ২ চন	57,671,400

৯২ চনৰ পিছৰ পৰা সাম্ৰাজ্ঞী আৰু পূৰ্বৰ সাম্ৰাজ্ঞীসকলৰ  অঙহী-বঙহীৰ মাজত চলা ক্ষমতাৰ অঁৰিয়াঅৰিৰ কাৰণে হানসকলৰ পতন আৰম্ভ হয়। ধৰ্মীয় দাও গোটেও সম্ৰাটৰ ক্ষমতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰত্যাহ্বান হৈ থিয় দিয়ে আৰু য়েল্ল’ টাৰ্বান বিদ্ৰোহ তথা ফাইভ পেকছ অফ ৰাইচ বিদ্ৰোহৰ সূচনা কৰে। সম্ৰাট লিংৰ (১৬৮-১৮৯ চন) মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সামৰিক নেতাসকলে ব্যাপক হত্যালীলাৰ সূত্ৰপাত কৰে। ৰজা কাও পায়ে (Cao Pi) সম্ৰাট জিয়ানৰ পৰা ক্ষমতা হস্তগত কৰি ৰাজপাটত বহাৰ লগে লগে হান ৰাজত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে।

হান ৰাজত্বৰ কালছোৱাক অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নৰ  যুগ বুলি কোৱা হয়। সেই সময়ত ঝাও ৰাজবংশই (খ্ৰী:পূ: ১০৫০-২৫৬) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি থৈ যোৱা মুদ্ৰা অৰ্থনীতিৰো চকুত লগাকৈ উন্নতি ঘটে। হান শাসনকালত বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যাৰো বিকাশ ঘটে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কাগজ নিৰ্মাণ, নাবিকৰ ষ্টিয়েৰিং, গণিতত ঋণাত্মক সংখ্যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ, চিছম’গ্ৰাফ ইত্যাদি উল্লেখযোগ্য।

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